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Martin Luther King's Last Speech: "I've Been To The Mountaintop"

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Nat King Cole - Unforgettable (Live in HD)

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What we used before everyone had a cell phone...

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What does a yoke have to do with what Cecile wants for her daughters?

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a wooden bar or frame by which two draft animals (such as oxen) are joined at the heads or necks for working together; an arched device formerly laid on the neck of a defeated person; a frame fitted to a person's shoulders to carry a load in two equal portions...

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Mata Hari was a dancer and mistress who later became a spy for France. Accused of being a double agent, she was executed in France in 1916. Learn more at Biography.com.

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The girls dream of going here.

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Welcome to the official website of the Disneyland Resort in California.

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Delphine is reading this to her sisters.

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Peter Pan (Barnes & Noble Classics Series)

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The Paperback of the Peter Pan (Barnes & Noble Classics Series) by J. M. Barrie at Barnes & Noble. FREE Shipping on $25 or more!

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Delphine checked this book out of the library. We also have it in our classroom library.

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How the great children's novel about a girl left alone on an island in the Pacific was written-and the real girl whose story inspired it.

Simon Roy

On any given afternoon of my 11 th summer, I could be found in the most unkempt corner of my family's suburban California back yard, building tiny racks with twigs and grass and draping strips of uncooked bacon over them. I dug pits lined with stones and attempted to fashion splintered chicken bones into spearheads. A neighborhood friend often joined me there; we'd just read Scott O'Dell's Island of the Blue Dolphins and we were obsessed.

Published in 1960, winner of the Newbery Medal, with more than 8.5 million copies in print, O'Dell's novel, about a Native American girl, Karana, stranded alone on an island after the rest of her village leaves, is one of the most successful children's novels of the 20 th century. Despite its age, despite a bad 1964 film adaptation featuring (predictably) a white actress playing Karana, and despite dramatic changes in what cultural arbiters view as acceptable portrayals of Native peoples, the novel remains a fixture on school reading lists. Not many of the books I adored as a kid hold up to adult scrutiny, but this is one that does. A new "complete reader's edition" of the novel has just been issued by the University of California Press, featuring an account of the composition of Island of the Blue Dolphins, an annotated text that includes (at the end) two chapters excised from the final version and essays by an archaeologist and a critic writing on the historical figure who inspired it.

That figure is known as the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island, the outermost of the Channel Islands off the coast of Southern California. In 1814, her people (usually called the Nicoleños, after the name the Spanish gave to the island) clashed violently with Kodiak Islanders from Alaska, Natives who were conscripted by the Russian American Company to hunt otter in the kelp forests off the island's coast. A massacre ensued, and 20 years later a ship from Mexican California arrived at San Nicolas to bring the remnants of the community to the mainland. According to dubious popular accounts, one woman leapt from the deck of the departing ship upon learning that her child had been left behind. After the child was killed by a pack of feral dogs, she lived on San Nicolas alone for 18 years, until an expedition led by the explorer George Nidever persuaded her to leave the island for the Santa Barbara Mission, where she was baptized and christened Juana Maria. Authorities were unable to locate anyone who could speak her language. She died, from obscure causes, seven weeks later.

O'Dell's novel compresses the interval between the massacre and the evacuation to a single year and makes Karana a 12-year-old who jumps overboard to rejoin her little brother. O'Dell kept the homicidal wild dogs, however, and the rest of Island of the Blue Dolphins recounts Karana's struggle to survive on her own, using both the skills she learned growing up and new ones, such as making weapons and hunting, prohibited to girls in her culture. As a kid, I regarded it as the best how-to story ever, better even than the Little House series.

It's also a love story. At first, Karana vows revenge on the pack of wild dogs that killed her brother, and she takes out a half-dozen of its members. Finally, one of her arrows strikes her archnemesis, the gray-furred, yellow-eyed leader of the pack, a creature she believes was brought to the island by the otter hunters who killed her father. But when the moment comes to finish him off with a final shot, Karana can't do it: "I stood on the rock with the bow pulled back and my hand would not let it go." She brings the dog to the house she's built and nurses him back to life. The dog, Rontu, one of the great literary canines, becomes her constant companion as she explores the island's tidal caves in her canoe, fishes for abalone, and battles a giant "devilfish" (octopus).

Elizabeth Hall

Not long ago, when I rhapsodized about Island of the Blue Dolphins to a friend, she shuddered and said she was surprised the book still got assigned to children. Wasn't it awfully traumatic, a story about being abandoned by your entire family? That pulled me up short; in decades of loving the book, it had never occurred to me to see it in that light. Instead what I saw was an intrepid heroine, living-thriving, in fact-by her own wits and courage, accompanied by an assortment of animal pals. Karana even befriends a sea otter-what could be better than that? As the new edition confirms, different readers see very different things in the book, partly because the novel, unlike so much children's fiction, doesn't instruct readers on how to interpret it. O'Dell's style is notably spare; when Karana does refer to her own loneliness and grief, it comes in a strategically placed line or two. As a child, I could easily overlook this; to an adult reader, the restraint multiples the novel's power: "I came to the mound where my ancestors had sometimes camped in the summer," Karana relates after the rescue ship finally arrives. "I thought of them and of the happy times spent in my house on the headland, of my canoe lying unfinished beside the trail. I thought of many things, but stronger was the wish to be where people lived, to hear their voices and their laughter."

O'Dell was 60 when he wrote Island of the Blue Dolphins, a veteran of the early film industry, in which he worked as a cameraman, and the newspaper business. He thought like a reporter, working, as Sara Schwebel's introduction to the new reader's edition details, from multiple primary and secondary sources on the Lone Woman and the indigenous peoples of the Channel Islands. He also ran early drafts of the novel past friends involved in the nascent academic discipline of anthropology. But next to nothing is known about the Nicoleños. The Lone Woman's neighbors and relatives dispersed into the general population of California, and anyone who recalled their language, history, or beliefs did not write any of it down. O'Dell combined legends and customs from nearby peoples on the Channel Islands and the mainland, and he describes some of the region's artifacts, like the pitch-lined baskets used to carry water, in careful detail. Other details, like the islanders' use of two names-a public one for strangers and a true one for trusted intimates-he simply made up.

Inevitably in the five-and-a-half decades since Island was published, questions about the legitimacy of a white man writing from the point of view of a Native American woman have cropped up, but no one's ever really made such criticism stick. An essay, "A Counterstory of Native American Persistence" by Carole Goldberg, included in this new edition, labels the novel a "vanishing Indian" narrative, a story of "the extinction or complete assimilation of the peoples who occupied North America before Europeans invaded," and treats such disappearances as a sad, sentimental inevitability. But to support this view, Goldberg has to lean heavily on O'Dell's brief author's note, in which he reports that the Lone Woman's people "had long since disappeared" by the time she reached Mission Santa Barbara. The novel itself, narrated by Karana, ends with her boarding the ship she hopes will reunite her with her family and former neighbors, looking forward to a new life, with Rontu's pup by her side.

On the other hand, the notion, cherished by many educators, that Island of the Blue Dolphins represents an advance for diversity in children's literature also seems like a species of wishful thinking. It isn't really a novel about being Nicoleño or Native American because those identities have little meaning for Karana once she gets left behind. Above all, Island of the Blue Dolphins is a novel about being alone, and cultural identity becomes vaporous when you have nobody to share it with. The diction O'Dell chose for Karana's voice-unsophisticated but not simple, bluntly practical yet infused with significance-may remind some critics of the terse, article-free English spoken by stereotypical "movie Indians," but its closest family resemblance is to Hemingway, another novelist with a newspaper background. It isn't hunter-gatherers who fantasize about a rugged individual's life triumphing in a battle against nature, after all. They know better; there's survival in numbers.

Schwebel does have an inkling of how much Island of the Blue Dolphins taps into the unconscious of 20 th-century European-American life. She notes that O'Dell, writing during the peak of the Cold War, played up the role of Russian colonialism in the depredation of the island and the massacre of Karana's fellow villagers. But she misses a far more significant parallel in the dilemma the islanders face after the Russian-led trappers slaughter most of the village's able-bodied men. The old man who takes charge proclaims that "the women, who were never asked to do more than stay at home, cook food, and make clothing, now must take the place of the men and face the dangers which abound beyond the village." As a result, Karana pointedly reports, the women work so hard that the village "fared better than when the hunting was done by men." The remaining men, predictably, take exception to this, complaining "that the women had taken the tasks that were rightfully theirs and now that they had become hunters the men looked down on them." Island of the Blue Dolphins has often been celebrated for its portrayal of a strong female character, but no one, that I can find, has noted the marked parallels between this part of Karana's story and American life during and just after World War II.

In a way, Island of the Blue Dolphins also anticipates the post-apocalyptic narratives that are a staple of publishing for young readers today. Karana inherits a vacated world, scavenging an initially precarious existence amid the rubble of plenty and community. Once she burns down the village to purge the memory of what she's lost, she gets to make island life over to her own liking. What enchanted me about Island of the Blue Dolphins as a child was exactly what dismays my adult friend now, a dream that the Nicoleños too would probably have regarded as a nightmare: complete freedom from adult authority, from interfering neighbors, from everything else that annoyed me about other people. A daydream of self-sufficiency in the company of trusty (and uncritical) animal companions.

Mini-individualist that I was, I came away from the book without much sense of what it meant to be an indigenous Channel Islander-in fact, I had the vague notion that the novel was set in the Pacific Northwest instead of relatively close to my own hometown. Its value had nothing to do with the lessons on cultural representation and feminism it supposedly imparts, just as the pathos I find in Karana's story as an adult transcends any vanishing Indian cliché; it is entirely particular to her because her experience, the Lone Woman's experience, is so extraordinary. The bacon strips I hung out to dry on my makeshift backyard racks were the closest thing to abalone that I could find in our refrigerator; they were not, of course, like the protected mollusk at all. The dream of a great work of fiction is to make us feel, however briefly, that a distance like that doesn't matter.

Island of the Blue Dolphins: The Complete Reader's Edition by Scott O'Dell, edited by Sara L. Schwebel. University of California Press.

Read the rest of the pieces in the Slate Book Review.

Check out this great listen on Audible.com. Island of the Blue Dolphins is the remarkable story of a strange and beautiful Indian girl who lives a serene and courageous life as the solitary survivor on a rocky island off the California coast. The island looks like a big fish sunning itself in the...

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The True Story of the Lone Woman Behind Island of the Blue Dolphins

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On any given afternoon of my 11 th summer, I could be found in the most unkempt corner of my family's suburban California back yard, building tiny racks with twigs and grass and draping strips of uncooked bacon over them. I dug pits lined with stones and attempted to fashion splintered chicken bones into spearheads.

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A West Coast supermarket chain

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1968-69 Television Season 50th Anniversary: Julia

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Brenda And The Tabulations ~ Dry Your Eyes

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You might know her as a conductor for the Underground Railroad. She was also a spy.

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Gwendolyn Brooks is one of the most highly regarded, influential, and widely read poets of 20th-century American poetry. She was a much-honored poet, even in her lifetime, with the distinction of being the first Black author to win the Pulitzer Prize. She also was poetry consultant to the Library of Congress-the first Black woman to hold that position-and poet laureate of the State of Illinois. Many of Brooks's works display a political consciousness, especially those from the 1960s and later, with several of her poems reflecting the civil rights activism of that period. Her body of work gave her, according to critic George E. Kent, "a unique position in American letters. Not only has she combined a strong commitment to racial identity and equality with a mastery of poetic techniques, but she has also managed to bridge the gap between the academic poets of her generation in the 1940s and the young Black militant writers of the 1960s."

Brooks was born in Topeka, Kansas, but her family moved to Chicago when she was young. Her father was a janitor who had hoped to become a doctor; her mother was a schoolteacher and classically trained pianist. They were supportive of their daughter's passion for reading and writing. Brooks was 13 when her first published poem, "Eventide," appeared in American Childhood; by the time she was 17 she was publishing poems frequently in the Chicago Defender, a newspaper serving Chicago's African American population. After attending junior college and working for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, she developed her craft in poetry workshops and began writing the poems, focusing on urban Black experience, that comprised her first collection, A Street in Bronzeville (1945).

Her poems in A Street in Bronzeville and the Pulitzer Prize-winning Annie Allen (1949) were "devoted to small, carefully cerebrated, terse portraits of the Black urban poor," commented Richard K. Barksdale in Modern Black Poets: A Collection of Critical Essays. Brooks once described her style as "folksy narrative," but she varied her forms, using free verse, sonnets, and other models. Several critics welcomed Brooks as a new voice in poetry; fellow poet Rolfe Humphries wrote in the New York Times Book Review that "we have, in A Street in Bronzeville, a good book and a real poet," while Saturday Review of Literature contributor Starr Nelson called that volume "a work of art and a poignant social document." In Annie Allen, which follows the experiences of a Black girl as she grows into adulthood, Brooks married social issues, especially around gender, with experimentation: one section of the book is an epic poem, "The Anniad"-a play on The Aeneid. Langston Hughes, in a review of Annie Allen for Voices, remarked that "the people and poems in Gwendolyn Brooks' book are alive, reaching, and very much of today."

In the 1950s Brooks published her first and only novel, Maud Martha (1953), which details its title character's life in short vignettes. Maud suffers prejudice not only from white people but also from lighter-skinned African Americans, something that mirrored Brooks's experience. Eventually, Maud takes a stand for her own dignity by turning her back on a patronizing, racist store clerk. One way of looking at the book, then," commented Harry B. Shaw "is as a war with... people's concepts of beauty." In a Black World review, Annette Oliver Shands noted the way in which "Brooks does not specify traits, niceties or assets for members of the Black community to acquire in order to attain their just rights... So, this is not a novel to inspire social advancement on the part of fellow Blacks. Nor does it say be poor, Black and happy. The message is to accept the challenge of being human and to assert humanness with urgency."

Brooks's later work took on politics more overtly, displaying what National Observer contributor Bruce Cook termed "an intense awareness of the problems of color and justice." Toni Cade Bambara reported in the New York Times Book Review that at the age of 50 "something happened to Brooks, a something most certainly in evidence in In the Mecca (1968) and subsequent works-a new movement and energy, intensity, richness, power of statement and a new stripped lean, compressed style. A change of style prompted by a change of mind." This shift or change is often depicted as the result of Brooks's attendance at a gathering of Black writers at Fisk University in 1967; however, recent scholars such as Evie Shockley and Cheryl Clark challenge the idea that Brooks's career can be so neatly divided. Clark, for example, has described In the Mecca as Brooks's "final seminar on the Western lyric." Brooks herself noted that the poets at Fisk were committed to writing as Blacks, about Blacks, and for a Black audience. If many of her earlier poems had fulfilled this aim, it was not due to conscious intent, she said; but from this time forward, Brooks thought of herself as an African determined not to compromise social comment for the sake of technical proficiency.

Although In the Mecca and Brooks's subsequent works have been characterized as possessing what a Virginia Quarterly Review critic called "raw power and roughness," several commentators emphasized that these poems are neither bitter nor vengeful. Instead, according to Cook, they are more "about bitterness" than bitter in themselves. Essayist Charles Israel suggested that In the Mecca's title poem, for example, shows "a deepening of Brooks's concern with social problems." A mother has lost a small daughter in the block-long ghetto tenement, the Mecca; the long poem traces her steps through the building, revealing her neighbors to be indifferent or insulated by their own personal obsessions. The mother finds her little girl, who "never learned that black is not beloved," who "was royalty when poised, / sly, at the A and P's fly-open door," under a Jamaican resident's cot, murdered. R. Baxter Miller, writing in Black American Poets between Worlds, 1940-1960, observed, " In the Mecca is a most complex and intriguing book; it seeks to balance the sordid realities of urban life with an imaginative process of reconciliation and redemption." Other poems in the book, occasioned by the death of Malcolm X or the dedication of a mural of Black heroes painted on a Chicago slum building, express Brooks's commitment to her community's awareness of themselves as a political as well as a cultural entity.

Brooks's activism and her interest in nurturing Black literature led her to leave major publisher Harper & Row in favor of fledgling Black publishing companies. In the 1970s, she chose Dudley Randall's Broadside Press to publish her poetry collections Riot (1969), Family Pictures (1970), Aloneness (1971), Aurora (1972), and Beckonings (1975) and Report from Part One (1972), the first volume of her autobiography. She edited two collections of poetry- A Broadside Treasury (1971) and Jump Bad: A New Chicago Anthology (1971)-for the Detroit-area press. The Chicago-based Third World Press, run by Haki R. Madhubuti-formerly Don L. Lee, one of the young poets she had met during the 1960s-also brought many Brooks titles into print. Brooks was the first writer to read in Broadside's original Poet's Theatre series and was also the first poet to read in the second opening of the series when the press was revived under new ownership in 1988. Brooks, however, felt that Riot, Family Pictures, Beckonings, and other books brought out by Black publishers were given only brief notice by critics of the literary establishment because they "did not wish to encourage Black publishers."

Later Brooks poems continue to deal with political subjects and figures, such as South African activist Winnie Mandela, the onetime wife of antiapartheid leader-and later president of the country-Nelson Mandela. Brooks once told interviewer George Stavros: "I want to write poems that will be non-compromising. I don't want to stop a concern with words doing good jobs, which has always been a concern of mine, but I want to write poems that will be meaningful... things that will touch them." Brooks's work was objective about human nature, several reviewers observed. Janet Overmeyer noted in the Christian Science Monitor that Brooks's "particular, outstanding, genius is her unsentimental regard and respect for all human beings... She neither foolishly pities nor condemns-she creates." Overmeyer continued, "From her poet's craft bursts a whole gallery of wholly alive persons, preening, squabbling, loving, weeping; many a novelist cannot do so well in ten times the space." Littlejohn maintained that Brooks achieves this effect through a high "degree of artistic control," further relating, "The words, lines, and arrangements have been worked and worked and worked again into poised exactness: the unexpected apt metaphor, the mock-colloquial asides amid jewelled phrases, the half-ironic repetitions-she knows it all." More important, Brooks's objective treatment of issues such as poverty and racism "produces genuine emotional tension," the critic wrote.

Among Brooks's major prose works are her two volumes of autobiography. When Report from Part One was published, some reviewers expressed disappointment that it did not provide the level of personal detail or the insight into Black literature that they had expected. "They wanted a list of domestic spats," remarked Brooks. Bambara noted that it "is not a sustained dramatic narrative for the nosey, being neither the confessions of a private woman poet or the usual sort of mahogany-desk memoir public personages inflict upon the populace at the first sign of a cardiac... It documents the growth of Gwen Brooks." Other critics praised the book for explaining the poet's new orientation toward her racial heritage and her role as a poet. In a passage she presented again in later books as a definitive statement, Brooks wrote: "I-who have 'gone the gamut' from an almost angry rejection of my dark skin by some of my brainwashed brothers and sisters to a surprised queenhood in the new Black sun-am qualified to enter at least the kindergarten of new consciousness now. New consciousness and trudge-toward-progress. I have hopes for myself... I know now that I am essentially an essential African, in occupancy here because of an indeed 'peculiar' institution... I know that Black fellow-feeling must be the Black man's encyclopedic Primer. I know that the Black-and-white integration concept, which in the mind of some beaming early saint was a dainty spinning dream, has wound down to farce... I know that the Black emphasis must be not against white but FOR Black... In the Conference-That-Counts, whose date may be 1980 or 2080 (woe betide the Fabric of Man if it is 2080), there will be no looking up nor looking down." In the future, she envisioned "the profound and frequent shaking of hands, which in Africa is so important. The shaking of hands in warmth and strength and union."

Brooks put some of the finishing touches on the second volume of her autobiography while serving as poetry consultant to the Library of Congress. Brooks was 68 when she became the first Black woman to be appointed to the post. Of her many duties there, the most important, in her view, were visits to local schools. Similar visits to colleges, universities, prisons, hospitals, and drug rehabilitation centers characterized her tenure as poet laureate of Illinois. In that role, she sponsored and hosted annual literary awards ceremonies at which she presented prizes funded "out of her own pocket, which, despite her modest means, is of legendary depth," Reginald Gibbons related in Chicago Tribune Books. She honored and encouraged many poets in her state through the Illinois Poets Laureate Awards and Significant Illinois Poets Awards programs.

Proving the breadth of Brooks's appeal, poets representing a wide variety of "races and... poetic camps" gathered at the University of Chicago to celebrate the poet's 70th birthday in 1987, Gibbons reported. Brooks brought them together, he said, "in... a moment of good will and cheer." In recognition of her service and achievements, a junior high school in Harvey, Illinois, was named for her, and she was similarly honored by Western Illinois University's Gwendolyn Brooks Center for African-American Literature. In 2017 celebrations of the centenary of Brooks's birth were held at the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, where Gwendolyn Brooks's papers are held.

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Gwendolyn Brooks is one of the most highly regarded, influential, and widely read poets of 20th-century American poetry. She was a much-honored poet, even in her lifetime, with the distinction of being the first Black author to win the Pulitzer Prize. She also was poetry consultant to the Library...

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Little Bobby Hutton was the first to join the newly formed Black Panther Party for Self Defense. He was only 16 years old when he joined but already believed in the ideals that Seale and Newton had outlined in the Ten-Point Program; he was dedicated to serving his community.

On April 6, 1968, Oakland police ambushed a carload of BPP members on a side street. An hour and a half shootout ensued, resulting in the death of BPP member Bobby Hutton and the arrest of all others present on the scene. Bobby Hutton was shot more than twelve times after he had already surrendered and stripped down to his underwear to prove he was not armed. The murder of Bobby Hutton was a major event in the party's history: it incensed them and inevitably made them stronger.

December 1966
Bobby Hutton is the first recruit to join the Black Panther Party; he is 16 years old.

May 2, 1967
Hutton leads 26 Black Panthers in a march on the State Capitol in Sacramento to protest the new gun bill and all are arrested.

April 6, 1968
Bobby Hutton is killed during a shootout with police in Oakland.

April 12, 1968
Bobby Hutton's funeral is held at the Ephesians Church of God in Berkeley, California; over 2,000 people attend.

The Meaning of Bobby Hutton

Name:
Bobby Hutton

Died:
April 6, 1968, Oakland, California

Position:
Treasurer, Black Panther Party

Copyright 2002 Luna Ray Films, LLC. All Rights Reserved

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A Huey P. Newton Story - People - Bobby Hutton | PBS

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Little Bobby Hutton was the first to join the newly formed Black Panther Party for Self Defense. He was only 16 years old when he joined but already believed in the ideals that Seale and Newton had outlined in the Ten-Point Program; he was dedicated to serving his community.

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(redirected from Negroes)
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia.

Ne·gro
(nē′grō)

n. pl. Ne·groes Often Offensive

1. A black person.

2. A member of the Negroid race. Not in scientific use.

Negro
(ˈniːɡrəʊ)

n, pl -groes

(Peoples) a member of any of the dark-skinned indigenous peoples of Africa and their descendants elsewhere

adj

(Peoples) relating to or characteristic of Negroes

[C16: from Spanish or Portuguese: black, from Latin niger black]

Negro
(ˈneɪɡrəʊ; ˈnɛɡ-)
n

1. (Placename) a river in NW South America, rising in E Colombia (as the Guainía) and flowing east, then south as part of the border between Colombia and Venezuela, entering Brazil and continuing southeast to join the Amazon at Manáus. Length: about 2250 km (1400 miles)

2. (Placename) a river in S central Argentina, formed by the confluence of the Neuquén and Limay Rivers and flowing east and southeast to the Atlantic. Length: about 1014 km (630 miles)

3. (Placename) a river in central Uruguay, rising in S Brazil and flowing southwest into the Uruguay River. Length: about 467 km (290 miles)

(ˈneɪ groʊ;
Ne*gro¹
(ˈni groʊ)

n., pl. -groes,
adj. Older Use: Sometimes Offensive. n.

1. a member of any of the indigenous peoples of sub-Saharan Africa, or one of their descendants.

adj.

2. of or designating Negroes.

[1545-55; < Sp and Portuguese negro black < Latin nigrum, masculine acc. of niger black]

Ne*gro²
Sp. ˈnɛ grɔ)
; Port. ne′gro͝o),
n.

1. a river in NW South America, flowing SE from Colombia into the Amazon. 1400 mi. (2255 km) long.

2. a river in S Argentina, flowing E from the Andes to the Atlantic. 700 mi. (1125 km) long.

3. a river in SE South America, flowing SW from Brazil into the Uruguay River. ab. 500 mi. (800 km) long.

Portuguese, Rio Negro. Spanish, Río Negro.

Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend:

Noun 1.
Negro - a person with dark skin who comes from Africa (or whose ancestors came from Africa)

Africa - the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean

Tom, Uncle Tom - (ethnic slur) offensive and derogatory name for a Black man who is abjectly servile and deferential to Whites

Adj. 1.
negro - relating to or characteristic of or being a member of the traditional racial division of mankind having brown to black pigmentation and tightly curled hair

black - of or belonging to a racial group having dark skin especially of sub-Saharan African origin; "a great people--a black people--...injected new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization"- Martin Luther King Jr.

Negro

[ˈniːgrəʊ] ( pej in US)

B. N ( Negroes (pl)) → negro m

Negro

[ˈniːgrəʊ] [ Negroes] ( pl) (old-fashioned)

Negro

[ˈniːgrəʊ] ( offensive)

2. n (-es (pl)) → negro/a

Negro
(ˈniːgrəu) - feminine ˈNegress: plural ˈNegroes - noun

a name for a person belonging to or descended from the black-skinned race from the area of Africa south of the Sahara.

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References in classic literature?

It is the character bestowed on them by the laws under which they live; and it will not be denied, that these are the proper criterion; because it is only under the pretext that the laws have transformed the negroes into subjects of property, that a place is disputed them in the computation of numbers; and it is admitted, that if the laws were to restore the rights which have been taken away, the negroes could no longer be refused an equal share of representation with the other inhabitants.

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Define Negroes. Negroes synonyms, Negroes pronunciation, Negroes translation, English dictionary definition of Negroes. n. pl. Ne·groes Often Offensive 1. A black person. 2. A member of the Negroid race. Not in scientific use. Ne′gro adj. n , pl -groes a member of any of the...

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Colored definition, having color. See more.

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a flowerless plant which has feathery or leafy fronds and reproduces by spores released from the undersides of the fronds. Ferns have a vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients.

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First Namein the U.S.
866

since 1880

Last Namein the U.S.
<100

in 2010

Meaning and Origin

What does the name Vonetta mean? Find out below.

Origin and Meaning of Vonetta

V is for vision, few can share.

O is for organized, you always know where things are

N is for novel, don't get too complicated!

E is for eager, let's get started!

T is for tender, loving nature.

T is for treasure, that of your friendship.

A is for activities, for you have many.

Notable Persons Named Vonetta

Vonetta McGee was an actor and actress. She was most active from 1968 to 2007. Vonetta was given the name Vonetta Lawrence McGee on January 14th, 1945 in San Francisco, California, U.S. Vonetta is also known as McGee and Vonetta. She breathed her last breath on July 9th, 2010.

Vonetta Flowers is an athlete.

Where is the name Vonetta popular?

Popularity of Vonetta as a first name

The map shows the absolute popularity of the name Vonetta as a first name in each of the states. See other popular names in New York, North Carolina, or Ohio.

Fun Facts about the name Vonetta

How Popular is the name Vonetta? Vonetta is the 11,392nd most popular name of all time.

How many people with the first name Vonetta have been born in the United States? From 1880 to 2016, the Social Security Administration has recorded 866 babies born with the first name Vonetta in the United States. That's more than enough people named Vonetta to occupy the country of Vatican City with an estimated population of 800 (as of March 1, 2011).

What year were 5 or more babies first named Vonetta? The name was first given to 5 or more babies in the year 1921 when it was given as a first name to 9 new born babies.

When was Vonetta first recorded in the United States? The oldest recorded birth by the Social Security Administration for the first name Vonetta is Friday, March 5th, 1897.

What year had the most people named Vonetta born? The highest recorded use of the first name Vonetta was in 1973 with a total of 161 babies.

Random Vonetta Factoid: According to the 1975 U.S. Social Security Administration data, the first name Vonetta is not a popular baby girl's name in Ohio. Imagine that, only 7 babies in Ohio have the same name as you in 1975.

Weird things about the name Vonetta: Your name in reverse order is Attenov. A random rearrangement of the letters in your name (anagram) will give Avtotne. How do you pronounce that?

What Vonettas Have Visited This Page?

Past life for Vonetta born Jul 16, 1978

I do not know how you feel about it, but you were a male in your last earthly incarnation. You were born somewhere around the territory of Turkey approximately on 1675. Your profession was designer, engineering, and craftsman.

You always liked to travel, to investigate, could have been detective or spy. Your lesson - development and expansion of your mental consciousness. Find good teacher, spend a part of your time and energy on his wisdom.

Name poster for Vonetta
(click to save the high quality version)

Sources:

U.S. Census Bureau: Frequently Occurring Surnames from the Census 2000 (public domain).

U.S. Social Security Administration: Popular Baby Names, Death Master File (public domain).

Notable persons via Wikipedia: Titles and License. Click each image for the attribution information.

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First Namein the U.S. 866 since 1880 Last Namein the U.S. <100 in 2010 What does the name Vonetta mean? Find out below. Origin and Meaning of Vonetta V is for vision, few can share. O is for organized, you always know where things are N is for novel, don't get too complicated!

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Delphine - Name Meaning, What does Delphine mean?

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Thinking of names? Complete 2018 information on the meaning of Delphine, its origin, history, pronunciation, popularity, variants and more as a baby girl name.

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Meaning, origin and history of the name Afua

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The meaning, origin and history of the name Afua.

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A program started by the Black Panthers.

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In 1969, a group of children sat down to a free breakfast before school. On the menu: chocolate milk, eggs, meat, cereal and fresh oranges. The scene wouldn't be out of place in a school cafeteria these days-but the federal government wasn't providing the food. Instead, breakfast was served thanks to the Black Panther Party.

At the time, the militant black nationalist party was vilified in the news media and feared by those intimidated by its message of Black Power and its commitment to ending police brutality and the subjugation of Black Americans. But for students eating breakfast, the Black Panthers' politics were less interesting than the meals they were providing.

"The children, many of whom had never eaten breakfast before the Panthers started their program," the Sun Reporter wrote, "think the Panthers are 'groovy' and 'very nice' for doing this for them."

The program may have been groovy, but its purpose was to fuel revolution by encouraging black people's survival. From 1969 through the early 1970s, the Black Panthers' Free Breakfast for School Children Program fed tens of thousands of hungry kids. It was just one facet of a wealth of social programs created by the party-and it helped contribute to the existence of federal free breakfast programs today.

When Black Panther Party founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the party in 1966, their goal was to end police brutality in Oakland. But a faction of the Civil Rights Movement led by SNCC member Stokeley Carmichael began calling for the uplift and self-determination of African-Americans, and soon Black Power was part of their platform.

At first, the Black Panther Party primarily organized neighborhood police patrols that took advantage of open-carry laws, but over time its mandate expanded to include social programs, too.

Free Breakfast For School Children was one of the most effective. It began in January 1969 at an Episcopal church in Oakland, and within weeks it went from feeding a handful of kids to hundreds. The program was simple: party members and volunteers went to local grocery stores to solicit donations, consulted with nutritionists on healthful breakfast options for children, and prepared and served the food free of charge.

School officials immediately reported results in kids who had free breakfast before school. "The school principal came down and told us how different the children were," Ruth Beckford, a parishioner who helped with the program, said later. "They weren't falling asleep in class, they weren't crying with stomach cramps."

Soon, the program had been embraced by party outposts nationwide. At its peak, the Black Panther Party fed thousands of children per day in at least 45 programs. (Food wasn't the only part of the BPP's social programs; they expanded to cover everything from free medical clinics to community ambulance services and legal clinics.)

For the party, it was an opportunity to counter its increasingly negative image in the public consciousness-an image of intimidating Afroed Black men holding guns-while addressing a critical community need. "I mean, nobody can argue with free grits," said filmmaker Roger Guenveur Smith in A Huey P. Newton Story, a 2001 film in which he portrays Newton.

Free food seemed relatively innocuous, but not to FBI head J. Edgar Hoover, who loathed the Black Panther Party and declared war against them in 1969. He called the program "potentially the greatest threat to efforts by authorities to neutralize the BPP and destroy what it stands for," and gave carte blanche to law enforcement to destroy it.

The results were swift and devastating. FBI agents went door-to-door in cities like Richmond, Virginia, telling parents that BPP members would teach their children racism. In San Francisco, writes historian Franziska Meister, parents were told the food was infected with venereal disease; sites in Oakland and Baltimore were raided by officers who harassed BPP members in front of terrified children, and participating children were photographed by Chicago police.

"The night before [the first breakfast program in Chicago] was supposed to open," a female Panther told historian Nik Heynan, "the Chicago police broke into the church and mashed up all the food and urinated on it."

Ultimately, these and other efforts to destroy the Black Panthers broke up the program. In the end, though, the public visibility of the Panthers' breakfast programs put pressure on political leaders to feed children before school. The result of thousands of American children becoming accustomed to free breakfast, former party member Norma Amour Mtume told Eater, was the government expanded its own school food programs.

Though the USDA had piloted free breakfast efforts since the mid 1960s, the program only took off in the early 1970s-right around the time the Black Panthers' programs were dismantled. In 1975, the School Breakfast Program was permanently authorized. Today, it helps feed over 14.57 million children before school-and without the radical actions of the Black Panthers, it may never have happened.

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

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How the Black Panthers' Breakfast Program Both Inspired and Threatened the Government | HISTORY

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In 1969, a group of children sat down to a free breakfast before school. On the menu: chocolate milk, eggs, meat, cereal and fresh oranges. The scene wouldn't be out of place in a school cafeteria these days-but the federal government wasn't providing the food. Instead, breakfast was served thanks to the Black Panther Party.

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The style of house Cecile lives in.

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A professional boxer popular from the 1960's until today.

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Who Was Muhammad Ali?

Muhammad Ali was a boxer, philanthropist and social activist who is universally regarded as one of the greatest athletes of the 20th century. Ali became an Olympic gold medalist in 1960 and the world heavyweight boxing champion in 1964.

Following his suspension for refusing military service, Ali reclaimed the heavyweight title two more times during the 1970s, winning famed bouts against Joe Frazier and George Foreman along the way. Diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1984, Ali devoted much of his time to philanthropy, earning the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005.

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Early Life

Born Cassius Clay, Muhammad Ali was born on January 17, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky. His birth name was Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.

At an early age, young Cassius Clay showed that he wasn't afraid of any bout - inside or outside of the ring. Growing up in the segregated South, he experienced racial prejudice and discrimination firsthand.

At the age of 12, Clay discovered his talent for boxing through an odd twist of fate. After his bike was stolen, Clay told a police officer, Joe Martin, that he wanted to beat up the thief.

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"Well, you better learn how to fight before you start challenging people," Martin reportedly told him at the time. In addition to being a police officer, Martin also trained young boxers at a local gym.

Clay started working with Martin to learn how to spar and soon began his boxing career. In his first amateur bout in 1954, he won the fight by split decision.

Clay went on to win the 1956 Golden Gloves tournament for novices in the light heavyweight class. Three years later, he won the National Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions, as well as the Amateur Athletic Union's national title for the light heavyweight division.

Olympic Gold

In 1960, Clay won a spot on the U.S. Olympic boxing team, and traveled to Rome, Italy, to compete. At six feet, three inches tall, Clay was an imposing figure in the ring, but he also became known for his lightning speed and fancy footwork. After winning his first three bouts, Clay defeated Zbigniew Pietrzkowski of Poland to win the light heavyweight Olympic gold medal.

After his Olympic victory, Clay was heralded as an American hero. He soon turned professional with the backing of the Louisville Sponsoring Group and continued overwhelming all opponents in the ring.

Conversion to Islam

Cassius Clay joined the black Muslim group Nation of Islam in 1964. At first he called himself Cassius X before settling on the name Muhammad Ali. The boxer eventually converted to orthodox Islam during the 1970s.

Vietnam and Supreme Court Case

Ali started a different kind of fight with his outspoken views against the Vietnam War.

Drafted into the military in April 1967, he refused to serve on the grounds that he was a practicing Muslim minister with religious beliefs that prevented him from fighting. He was arrested for committing a felony and almost immediately stripped of his world title and boxing license.

The U.S. Department of Justice pursued a legal case against Ali, denying his claim for conscientious objector status. He was found guilty of violating Selective Service laws and sentenced to five years in prison in June 1967 but remained free while appealing his conviction.

Unable to compete professionally in the meantime, Ali missed more than three prime years of his athletic career. Ali returned to the ring in 1970 with a win over Jerry Quarry, and the U.S. Supreme Court eventually overturned the conviction in June 1971.

Muhammad Ali: Record

Muhammad Ali had a career record of 56 wins, five losses and 37 knockouts before his retirement from boxing in 1981 at the age of 39.

Fights

Often referring to himself as "The Greatest," Ali was not afraid to sing his own praises. He was known for boasting about his skills before a fight and for his colorful descriptions and phrases.

In one of his more famously quoted descriptions, Ali told reporters that he could "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee" in the boxing ring. A few of his more well-known matches include the following:

Sonny Liston

After winning gold at the 1960 Olympics, Ali took out British heavyweight champion Henry Cooper in 1963. He then knocked out Sonny Liston in 1964 to become the heavyweight champion of the world.

Joe Frazier

In 1971, Ali took on Joe Frazier in what has been called the "Fight of the Century." Frazier and Ali went toe-to-toe for 14 rounds before Frazier dropped Ali with a vicious left hook in the 15th. Ali recovered quickly, but the judges awarded the decision to Frazier, handing Ali his first professional loss after 31 wins.

After suffering a loss to Ken Norton, Ali beat Frazier in a 1974 rematch.

In 1975, Ali and Frazier locked horns again for their grudge match in Quezon City, Philippines. Dubbed the "Thrilla in Manila," the bout nearly went the distance, with both men delivering and absorbing tremendous punishment. However, Frazier's trainer threw in the towel after the 14th round, giving the hard-fought victory to Ali.

George Foreman

Another legendary Ali fight took place in 1974 against undefeated heavyweight champion George Foreman. Billed as the "Rumble in the Jungle," the bout was organized by promoter Don King and held in Kinshasa, Zaire.

For once, Ali was seen as the underdog to the younger, massive Foreman, but he silenced his critics with a masterful performance. He baited Foreman into throwing wild punches with his "rope-a-dope" technique, before stunning his opponent with an eighth-round knockout to reclaim the heavyweight title.

Leon Spinks

After losing his title to Leon Spinks in February 1978, Ali defeated him in a September 1978 rematch, becoming the first boxer to win the heavyweight championship three times.

Larry Holmes

Following a brief retirement, Ali returned to the ring to face Larry Holmes in 1980 but was overmatched against the younger champion.

Following one final loss in 1981, to Trevor Berbick, the boxing great retired from the sport at age 39.

Spouse and Children

Ali was married four times and had nine children, including two children he fathered outside of marriage.

Ali married his first wife, Sonji Roi, in 1964; they divorced after one year when she refused to adopt the Nation of Islam dress and customs.

Ali married his second wife, 17-year-old Belinda Boyd, in 1967. Boyd and Ali had four children together: Maryum, born in 1969; Jamillah and Liban, both born in 1970; and Muhammad Ali Jr.; born in 1972. Boyd and Ali divorced in 1976.

At the same time Ali was married to Boyd, he traveled openly with Veronica Porche, who became his third wife in 1977. The pair had two daughters together, including Laila Ali, who followed in Ali's footsteps by becoming a champion boxer. Porche and Ali divorced in 1986.

Ali married his fourth and final wife Yolanda ("Lonnie") in 1986. The pair had known each other since Lonnie was just six and Ali was 21; their mothers were best friends and raised their families on the same street. Ali and Lonnie couple remained married until his death and had one son together, Asaad.

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Parkinson's Diagnosis

In 1984, Ali announced that he had Parkinson's disease, a degenerative neurological condition.

Despite the progression of Parkinson's and the onset of spinal stenosis, he remained active in public life. Ali raised funds for the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center in Phoenix, Arizona. And he was on hand to celebrate the inauguration of the first African-American president in January 2009, when Barack Obama was sworn into office.

A few years before his death, Ali underwent surgery for spinal stenosis, a condition causing the narrowing of the spine, which limited his mobility and ability to communicate.

Philanthropy

In his retirement, Ali devoted much of his time to philanthropy. Over the years, Ali supported the Special Olympics and the Make-A-Wish Foundation, among other organizations. In 1996, he lit the Olympic cauldron at the Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, an emotional moment in sports history.

Ali traveled to numerous countries, including Mexico and Morocco, to help out those in need. In 1998, he was chosen to be a United Nations Messenger of Peace because of his work in developing nations.

Awards

In 2005, Ali received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George W. Bush.

Soon after Obama's 2009 inauguration, Ali received the President's Award from the NAACP for his public service efforts.

Muhammad Ali Center

Ali opened the Muhammad Ali Center in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, in 2005.

"I am an ordinary man who worked hard to develop the talent I was given," he said. "Many fans wanted to build a museum to acknowledge my achievements. I wanted more than a building to house my memorabilia. I wanted a place that would inspire people to be the best that they could be at whatever they chose to do, and to encourage them to be respectful of one another."

Movie

Actor Will Smith played Ali in the biopic film Ali, released in 2001.

Photo: Michael Cooper/Getty Images

Death

Ali died on June 3, 2016, in Phoenix, Arizona, after being hospitalized for what was reportedly a respiratory issue. He was 74 years old.

The boxing legend had been suffering from Parkinson's disease and spinal stenosis. In early 2015, the athlete battled pneumonia and was hospitalized for a severe urinary tract infection.

Funeral and Memorial Service

Years before his passing, Ali had planned his own memorial services, saying he wanted to be "inclusive of everyone, where we give as many people an opportunity that want to pay their respects to me," according to a family spokesman.

The three-day event, which took place in Ali's hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, included an "I Am Ali" festival of public arts, entertainment and educational offerings sponsored by the city, an Islamic prayer program and a memorial service.

Prior to the memorial service, a funeral procession traveled 20 miles through Louisville, past Ali's childhood home, his high school, the first boxing gym where he trained and along Ali Boulevard as tens of thousands of fans tossed flowers on his hearse and cheered his name.

The champ's memorial service was held at the KFC Yum Center arena with close to 20,000 people in attendance. Speakers included religious leaders from various faiths, Attallah Shabazz, Malcom X's eldest daughter, broadcaster Bryant Gumbel, former President Bill Clinton, comedian Billy Crystal, Ali's daughters Maryum and Rasheda and his widow Lonnie.

"Muhammad indicated that when the end came for him, he wanted us to use his life and his death as a teaching moment for young people, for his country and for the world," Lonnie said. "In effect, he wanted us to remind people who are suffering that he had seen the face of injustice. That he grew up during segregation, and that during his early life he was not free to be who he wanted to be. But he never became embittered enough to quit or to engage in violence."

Former President Clinton spoke about how Ali found self-empowerment: "I think he decided, before he could possibly have worked it all out, and before fate and time could work their will on him, he decided he would not ever be disempowered. He decided that not his race nor his place, the expectations of others, positive, negative or otherwise would strip from him the power to write his own story. "

Crystal, who was a struggling comedian when he became friends with Ali, said of the boxing legend: "Ultimately, he became a silent messenger for peace, who taught us that life is best when you build bridges between people, not walls."

"You have inspired us and the world to be the best version of ourselves,' Rasheda Ali spoke to her father. 'May you live in paradise free from suffering. You shook up the world in life now you're shaking up the world in death. Now you are free to be with your creator. We love you so much Daddy. Until we meet again, fly butterfly, fly."

Pallbearers included Will Smith and former heavyweight champions Mike Tyson and Lennox Lewis. Ali was buried at the Cave Hill National Cemetery in Louisville.

Ali's stature as a legend continues to grow even after his death. He is celebrated not only for his remarkable athletic skills but for his willingness to speak his mind and his courage to challenge the status quo.

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Muhammad Ali was a boxer, philanthropist and social activist who is universally regarded as one of the greatest athletes of the 20th century. Ali became an Olympic gold medalist in 1960 and the world heavyweight boxing champion in 1964.

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A popular place in San Francisco

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Fisherman's Wharf San Francisco Travel Guide | California Travel Tips

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Chinatown San Francisco

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A popular Jazz singer. Cecile was said to be a fan of her music.

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A political group most active in the 1960's

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Find a summary, definition and facts about the Black Panthers for kids. The Black Panthers and the leaders of the Black Panther Party (BPP). Interesting facts about the Black Panthers for kids, children, homework and schools.

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This is where the Gaithers lived with Papa, Big Ma and Uncle Darnell.

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Fern's doll looked something like this...

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San Francisco Bay Area Attractions The Official San Francisco Guide

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San Francisco is not a tourist town in the same way that, say, Las Vegas or Key West are tourist towns. But there are so many cool things to do in San Francisco, it has become one of the nation s top destinations for travelers.

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Connects Oakland and San Francisco in California

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The man behind the Black Panther movement

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Kids learn about the biography of Malcolm X including his early life, joining the Nation of Islam, becoming a leader, the civil rights movement, and assassination.

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Big Ma and Sister Mukumbu wore dresses like this.

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Papa"s car

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Introduction: The Buick Wildcat was arguably Buick's first performance car, although it was more a luxury sports coupe than all out performance. Nevertheless, it began Buick's quest for power and even lended its name to several Buick engines of the mid sixties.

Comments: The first Wildcat (officially named the Wildcat Sport Coupe) was part of the Invicta line, but included front bucket seats, a console, tachometer, and a rear floor lamp. It's body style was classy and attractive. Buick engineers adjusted the suspension to improve the handling of the Wildcat. Highlights included a frame which carried boxed cross-members with heavy side rails, coil springs on all four corners, and oversized 10 inch drum brakes. Sporty yes, but light, no. The Wildcat weighed in at 4,150 pounds. Standard power was the Buick LT401 cid V8, rated at a strong 325 bhp. Although this engine was also available in the regular Invicta line, the Wildcat came with a standard 3.42:1 rear end. A 4.45:1 rear end was optional for those wanting even more drag strip performance. Marketed as a "family-sized sports car", approximately 2,000 were sold.

Comments: The Wildcat received some new styling changes for 1963. The name was scripted on the rear fenders, within the rear cove, and across the front of the hood. A custom grille adorned the front. Under the hood, the 401 cid V8 rated at 325 bhp carried over. But the big news was the expansion of the Wildcat line to three models: Model 4639 (the four-door hardtop), Model 4647 (the two-door sport coupe), and Model 4667 (the two-door convertible). Although Buick tried to play up the performance image of the Wildcat, the 4 door model outsold the other two by a wide margin.

Comments: Buick continued to support the Wildcat, calling it "the next best thing to owning a Riviera." More importantly, the carryover standard 401 cid V8 rated at 325 bhp was joined by two optional engines, a 425 cid V8 rated at 340 bhp and the top of the line 425 cid V8 rated at 360 bhp. The extra performance was needed as curb weight was now 4,500 lbs. The suspension was further upgraded and included a link stabilizer bar and a semifloating rear axle using a three-bar link with a track bar. A posi-track rear axle was optional. A fourth model, Model 4669 (the four door sedan) was added, which somewhat diluted the Wildcat's performance image. But sales continued to increase.

Comments: The engines carried over for 1965, but the Wildcat received all new styling, as its sheetmetal was now shared with the LeSabre. The Wildcat still continued with a unique grille and badging. Buick went crazy on the models, expanding the Wildcat lineup to ten models, five sedans and five coupes.

Comments: The Wildcat was basically unchange for 1966 except for the addition of the Wildcat Custom. This included extra niceties such as a deluxe steering wheel, padded armrests, plusher seat materials, and custom bucket seats. But of greater interest to performance fans was the addition of option Y48, the Wildcat Gran Sport Performance Group. For $381.01 over the cost of the 425 V8 360 bhp engine, the package added a high performance 425 cid V8 with a pair of four barrel carbs, a chrome-plated air cleaner, cast aluminum rocker arm covers, dual exhaust, heavy-duty suspension, Posi-Traction rear end, and 8.45×15 inch whitewall tires. This engine (also known as A8 or the Wildcat 465) was good for 380 bhp and 465 lb-ft of torque. This was certainly a rare option as only 21 were believed to have been produced. This would be the only year for this option. Overall Wildcat sales were up, as 68,584 total units were sold.

Comments: The Wildcat received an all new 430 cid engine for 1967. This engine featured 10.5:1 compression, hydraulic lifters, a giant four barrel carb, and was rated at a strong 360 bhp. Much of the added power came from a domed chamber design that greatly increased the efficiency of the engine.

Comments: The Wildcat got an all new look for 1968, with a new grille design and new body side moldings. The Wildcat was still offered in both standard and plusher Custom models.

Comments: The Wildcat continued virtually unchanged for 1969, with the exception of a new grille design with vertical texturing. The Wildcat differed from the LeSabre only in the grille and a broad rocker molding with fender extensions and wheelhouse moldings. The standard equipment was the same for both the LeSabre and the Wildcat, although the Wildcat did come with a unique steering wheel.

Comments: 1970 was the last year for the Wildcat, but it went out with a bang. The standard engine was Buick's all new 455 cid V8, rated at 370 bhp and a earth shaking 510 lb-ft of torque. This new engine had a 10:1 compression ratio, a cast iron block, hydraulic lifters, five main bearings, and a four barrel carburetor. But in the end, the Wildcat was too similar to the LeSabre on which it was based, and sales dropped considerably. The Wildcat would vanish at the height of its performance.

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Introduction: The Buick Wildcat was arguably Buick's first performance car, although it was more a luxury sports coupe than all out performance. Nevertheless, it began Buick's quest for power and even lended its name to several Buick engines of the mid sixties.

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This video was made as part of a blog about this phone. Read more about it here: http://monsterdad69.blogspot.com/2011/11/resurrecting-past-rotary-dial-telephone.html I bought an old rotary dial telephone recently. I've been wanting to get one for a while. It was wired with a regular phone jack (sometimes they have the older style plug).