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                                                  The Civil War 

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                                                  The Civil War 

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In 1625 Charles I succeded his father James I; he believed that he was king by divine right and ruled without summoning the Parliament until 1640, when he encountered difficulties with Scotland and Ireland.

He was obliged to issue the Triennal Act, which abolished the taxes he had imposed and gave partially back power to the Parliament. However, in 1642 the Civil War broke out.

The "Roundheads", led by Oliver Cromwell, supported the Parliament and opposed the king's side, who included the lords, the gentry and officials of the Church of England. Cromwell's New Model Army (which included the new gentry, small landowners and Puritans) was successful in defeating Charles I, who was executed in 1649 with the proclamation of the Republic (known as the "Commonwealth").

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-Personal interpretation of the Bible
-Salvation depended on God
-Poverty and beauty considered as sins
-Hard work as virtue
-Puritans wanted to be independent from the Church of England and the King

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                               The Restoration of the monarchy

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                               The Restoration of the monarchy

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In 1660, due to the oppression created by the Puritan's strict rules, Parliament invited Charles II to restore the monarchy. However, his government was immoral and unsuccessful and in 1885, after the plague and the Great Fire, he was succeded by James II (who had converted to Catholicism).

He tried to give civic equality to Catholics and Protestants, but when his wife, Mary of Modena gave birth to a son, a group of Protestant nobles appealed to William of Orange to avoid the possibility of a future Catholic king. There were two contrasting modernisation programmes: the James' one opposed religious pluralism, while the Whigs' one was committed to toleration and wanted to create a trading nations (similar to the Ducht style).

In 1689 William defeated James II and established a consitutional monarchy, which brought economic and political progress. The Bill of Rights  prevented the king from raising taxes or keeping an army without the agreement of the Parliament. This historic moment is called the Glorious Revolution.

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                                          The Tories VS The Whigs

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                                          The Tories VS The Whigs

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The Tories:
-Came from the Royalists;
-Believed in the divine right of the monarch;
-Opposed religious toleration;
-Were supported by the Church of England and the landowners;
-Became the Conservative Party in 1832.

The Whigs:
-Came from the Parlamentarians;
-Fought for industrial and commercial development and religious toleration;
-Were supported by the wealthy and commercial classes;
-Became the Liberal Party in the 1860s.

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The UK's Many Political Parties Explained