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Social classes divide people even today. For example the Caste System in India has been separating families, friends, and neighbors simply for being born in a specific caste. In the lowest levels, people are forbidden from conversing and marrying with those from higher castes and vice versa. This also limits job opportunities. In the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, similarities between fiction and reality regarding wealth and marriage can be seen. On pages 156-157, Gatsby describes that part of the reason he was not able to marry Daisy was because of their differences in wealth, saying that "however glorious might be his future as Jay Gatsby, he was at present a penniless man without a past, and at any moment the invisible cloak of his uniform might slip from his shoulders. So he made the most of his time. He took what he could get, ravenously and unscrupulously- eventually he took Daisy one still October night, he took her because he had no real right to touch her hand." In this society, it seems that money is everything and because Gatsby had nothing, despite his love for her, he was therefore unworthy of being with the girl he loved.

(Since Gatsby's obsession with Daisy is the driving force behind most of the conflict (and thus, plot) in the book, class differences are an important motif of the Great Gatsby.)

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https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/h/head_of_the_house.asp
In the first chapter of the book, Nick Carraway says he goes “to have dinner with the Tom Buchanans” (Fitzgerald 10). To refer to your own cousin’s home by her husband name shows that women clearly are not equal to men in this book. Instead of saying just their surname, which would imply Tom, Daisy, and Pammy as their own selves, Nick says Tom’s name first. This act would mean that Daisy and Pammy belong to Tom. He gets the title of “Man of the house” and everything that is inside the house. This is implied even though Daisy has the same amount of work that Tom does. (In addition, after Myrtle Wilson is killed, and Gatsby asks who the woman Daisy hit was, Nick said, "'Her name was Wilson'" (Fitzgerald 151). Myrtle is identified only by her husband's surname. (It only became hers after marriage, so it is more of her husband's name.) In this society, Myrtle's main identity seemed to be "wife of George Wilson", showing a very disrespectful attitude towards women.) This cartoon shows what most American homes look like in the book and real life. The men rule over the rest of the household, and the women have to stay at home to take care of kids or the home. The family structure is reflective of the breadwinner-homemaker family model, which was extremely popular up through the 1950s.

It can be argued that this power imbalance in the household (driven by gender roles), a major motif, plays a part in driving the conflict of the book. The power imbalance and the perception of being superior likely helps to develop Tom's rather aggressive, confident personality. This overly confident personality makes Tom feel like he can have an affair, and Daisy will still be with him. (On page 131, "...Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic. His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitously from his control." This quote explicitly demonstrates that Tom feels like he is in control of both women; they are essentially his, which makes him feel fine about cheating on his wife.) The power imbalance also makes George Wilson believe that he can make his wife move away ("'And now she's going, whether she wants to or not'" (Fitzgerald 130)); Myrtle is extremely distressed by the idea of this forced relocation, a distress that eventually escalates into her running out into the road where she is hit by a car and killed. Wilson's resulting distress leads him to kill Gatsby, a major plot event.

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This book was written in 1925 and the time period is an important part of the story (see race relations and they way they talk about them (e.g. Nick thinking that "anything can happen now" (pg. 73) after some African-Americans in a limousine acted haughtily to him), drinking during prohibition and Gatsby's ability to get an illegal substance, women's rights as in the way that women are used and talked about in the book (e.g. Tom's line "women run around too much these days to suit me" (pg. 110) demonstrates the now antiquated idea that women should be confined to the house; gender roles are explored further in a different post). Here is a link to a Ted Ed video on how development in the 1920s is still relevant today.

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About three years ago, there was a massive leak of user data on a website (Ashley Madison)  that encourages people to cheat on their spouses. Both Daisy and Tom have emotional, if not physical, affairs that become to focus of the novel (I mean Gatsby’s obsession is kinda the cause of this, but still). These affairs drive the conflict. (I feel that Tom taking Nick to a party with Tom’s mistress, Myrtle Wilson, probably made Nick feel less guilty about setting up Daisy, Tom’s wife and Nick’s second cousin, and Gatsby’s affair.) The affairs eventually lead to the climactic confrontation between Gatsby and Tom, where Gatsby goes so far as to try to get Daisy to say that she never loved Tom at all. (Daisy and Gatsby then leave the confrontation, distraught, and Daisy ends up killing Myrtle Wilson because she is too emotional to drive safely. The grief-stricken George Wilson then finds and shoots Gatsby.) Here is a link to a new article about the Ashley Madison hack that exposed many people cheating on their spouses. Also, there's a Last Week Tonight on it, but that's not school appropriate.

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Hackers who stole sensitive customer information from the cheating site AshleyMadison.com appear to have made good on their threat to post the data online.

A data dump, 9.7 gigabytes in size, was posted on Tuesday to the dark web using an Onion address accessible only through the Tor browser. The files appear to include account details and log-ins for some 32 million users of the social networking site, touted as the premier site for married individuals seeking partners for affairs. Seven years worth of credit card and other payment transaction details are also part of the dump. AshleyMadison.com claimed to have nearly 40 million users at the time of the breach about a month ago, all apparently in the market for clandestine hookups.

"Ashley Madison is the most famous name in infidelity and married dating," the site asserts on its homepage. "Have an Affair today on Ashley Madison. Thousands of cheating wives and cheating husbands signup everyday looking for an affair.... With Our affair guarantee package we guarantee you will find the perfect affair partner."

The data released by the hackers includes names, passwords, addresses and phone numbers submitted by users of the site, though it's unclear how many members provided legitimate details to open accounts. A sampling of the leaked data indicates that users provided random numbers and addresses to open accounts. But files containing credit card transactions likely yield real names and addresses, unless members of the site used anonymous pre-paid cards, which offer more anonymity. This data, which amounts to millions of payment transactions going back to 2008, includes names, street address, email address and amount paid, but not the full credit card numbers; instead it includes just four digits for each transaction, which may in fact be the last four digits of the credit card numbers or simply a transaction ID unique to each charge.

One analysis of email addresses found in the data dump also shows that some 15,000 are .mil. or .gov addresses. It's not clear, however, how many of these are legitimate addresses.

The data also includes descriptions of what members were seeking. "I'm looking for someone who isn't happy at home or just bored and looking for some excitement," wrote one member who provided an address in Ottawa and the name and phone number of someone who works for the Customs and Immigration Union in Canada. "I love it when I'm called and told I have 15 minutes to get to someplace where I'll be greeted at the door with a surprise-maybe lingerie, nakedness. I like to ravish and be ravished ... I like lots of foreplay and stamina, fun, discretion, oral, even willingness to experiment-*smile*"

Passwords released in the data dump appear to have been hashed using the bcrypt algorithm for PHP, but Robert Graham, CEO of Erratasec, says that despite this being one of the most secure ways to store passwords, "hackers are still likely to be able to 'crack' many of these hashes in order to discover the account holder's original password." If the accounts are still online, this means hackers will be able to grab any private correspondence associated with the accounts.

It's notable, however, that the cheating site, in using the secure hashing algorithm, surpassed many other victims of breaches we've seen over the years who never bothered to encrypt customer passwords.

"We're so used to seeing cleartext and MD5 hashes," Graham says. "It's refreshing to see bcrypt actually being used."

Here's how the hackers introduced the new data dump:

Following the intrusion last month, the hackers, who called themselves the Impact Team, demanded that Avid Life Media, owner of AshleyMadison.com and its companion site Established Men, take down the two sites. EstablishedMen.com promises to connect beautiful young women with rich sugar daddies "to fulfill their lifestyle needs." The hackers didn't target CougarLife, a sister site run by ALM that promises to connect older women with younger men.

"Avid Life Media has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms, or we will release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses, and employee documents and emails," the hackers wrote in a statement following the breach.

To show they meant business, they posted sample files containing some of the stolen data, which included company financial information detailing employee salaries and documents mapping the company's internal network.

The hackers appeared to target AshleyMadison and EstablishedMen over the questionable morals they condoned and encouraged, but they also took issue with what they considered ALM's fraudulent business practices. Despite promising customers to delete their user data from the site for a $19 fee, the company actually retained the data on ALM's servers, the hackers claimed. "Too bad for those men, they're cheating dirtbags and deserve no such discretion," the hackers wrote. "Too bad for ALM, you promised secrecy but didn't deliver."

Avid Life Media defiantly ignored the warnings and kept both sites online after the breach, promising customers that it had increased the security of its networks.

That wouldn't matter for the customers whose data had already been taken. Any increased security would be too little too late for them. Now they face the greatest fallout from the breach: public embarrassment, the wrath of angry partners who may have been victims of their cheating, possible blackmail and potential fraud from anyone who may now use the personal data and bank card information exposed in the data dump.

"Avid Life Media has failed to take down Ashley Madison and Established Men," Impact Team wrote in a statement accompanying the online dump Tuesday. "We have explained the fraud, deceit, and stupidity of ALM and their members. Now everyone gets to see their data.... Keep in mind the site is a scam with thousands of fake female profiles. See ashley madison fake profile lawsuit; 90-95% of actual users are male. Chances are your man signed up on the world's biggest affair site, but never had one. He just tried to. If that distinction matters."

The hackers deflected responsibility for any damages or repercussions that victims of the breach and data dump may suffer.

"Find yourself in here? It was ALM that failed you and lied to you. Prosecute them and claim damages. Then move on with your life. Learn your lesson and make amends. Embarrassing now, but you'll get over it," they wrote.

It's important to note that Ashley Madison's sign-up process does not require verification of an email address to set up an account, so legitimate addresses might have been hijacked and used by some members of the site. One email in the data dump, for example, appears to belong to former UK Prime Minister ( Tony Blair).

Avid Life Media condemned the release of the data.

"This event is not an act of hacktivism, it is an act of criminality. It is an illegal action against the individual members of AshleyMadison.com, as well as any freethinking people who choose to engage in fully lawful online activities," the company said in a statement. "The criminal, or criminals, involved in this act have appointed themselves as the moral judge, juror, and executioner, seeing fit to impose a personal notion of virtue on all of society. We will not sit idly by and allow these thieves to force their personal ideology on citizens around the world."
This story was updated as it developed.

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Hackers Finally Post Stolen Ashley Madison Data

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The other shoe just dropped. The hackers who breached the cheating site AshleyMadison.com appeared to make good on their threat to expose customer data on Tuesday, dumping the stolen information online.

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Appearance vs. Reality in To Kill a Mockingbird

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Appearance vs. Reality in To Kill a Mockingbird

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https://youtu.be/iRmIef02Ajk
(The video clip above depicts the scene where Scout meets Boo Radley.)

Boo Radley, of Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, exemplifies the appearance vs. reality theme. Because of Radley’s reclusive behavior and all the rumors about him, in the minds of many of the children, Radley appears to be an evil, violent maniac while in reality, he is a sweet person (broken by a harsh upbringing) who cares greatly for the Finch children.

Likewise, Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby makes clear use of the appearance vs. reality theme throughout the text. For example, Mrs. Wilson, on her trip with Tom Buchanan, changes clothing/her appearance and personality/reality simultaneously. As Nick describes it, Mrs. Wilson’s change into “an elaborate afternoon dress” from “a spotted dress of dark blue crépe-de-chine” paralleled a change in her personality/reality from “intense vitality” to “impressive hauteur”. Another example of appearance vs. reality can be found by observing Gatsby’s perception of Daisy Buchanan. He sees Daisy as the woman of his dreams rather than as she truly is. A final example of appearance vs. reality in the text is when Nick Carraway tries calling up Gatsby’s friends so that they can attend his funeral; Gatsby, with his lavish parties appears to be very popular, but with only fair weather friends and an obsessive interest in one woman (who is already married to someone else) is likely very lonely in reality.