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US const didn't apply to acquired colonies

We are also of opinion that the power to acquire territory by treaty implies, not only the power to govern such territory, but to prescribe upon what terms the United States will receive its inhabitants, and what their status shall be in what Chief Justice Marshall termed the 'American empire.' ...

Indeed, it is doubtful if Congress would ever assent to the annexation of territory upon the condition that its inhabitants, however foreign they may be to our habits, traditions, and modes of life, shall become at once citizens of the United States. In all its treaties hitherto the treaty-making power has made special provision for this subject; ...

In all these cases there is an implied denial of the right of the inhabitants to American citizenship until Congress by further action shall signify its assent thereto. ...

It is obvious that in the annexation of outlying and distant possessions grave questions will arise from differences of race, habits, laws, and customs of the people, and from differences of soil, climate, and production, which may require action on the part of Congress that would be quite unnecessary in the annexation of contiguous territory inhabited only by people of the same race, or by scattered bodies of native Indians.

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Open Door Notes (Hay)
Open Door Policy - China

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Roosevelt Corollary

It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the other nations of the Western Hemisphere save such as are for their welfare. All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous. Any country whose people conduct themselves well can count upon our hearty friendship. If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States.

Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power. If every country washed by the Caribbean Sea would show the progress in stable and just civilization which with the aid of the Platt amendment Cuba has shown since our troops left the island, and which so many of the republics in both Americas are constantly and brilliantly showing, all question of interference by this Nation with their affairs would be at an end.

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The Philippines are ours forever, "territory belonging to the United States," as the Constitution calls them. And just beyond the Philippines are China's illimitable markets. We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty in the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the Orient. We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustee, under God, of the civilization of the world. And we will move forward to our work, not howling out regrets like slaves whipped to their burdens but with gratitude for a task worthy of our strength and thanksgiving to Almighty God that He has marked us as His chosen people, henceforth to lead in the regeneration of the world...

Our largest trade henceforth must be with Asia. The Pacific is our ocean...

And the Pacific is the ocean of the commerce of the future. Most future wars will be conflicts for commerce. The power that rules the Pacific, therefore, is the power that rules the world. And, with the Philippines, that power is and will forever be the American Republic. . . .

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Much as we abhor the war of "criminal aggression" in the Philippines, greatly as we regret that the blood of the Filipinos is on American hands, we more deeply resent the betrayal of American institutions at home...

Whether the ruthless slaughter of the Filipinos shall end next month or next year is but an incident in a contest that must go on until the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States are rescued from the hands of their betrayers. Those who dispute about standards of value while the foundation of the Republic is undermined will be listened to as little as those who would wrangle about the small economies of the household while the house is on fire. The training of a great people for a century, the aspiration for liberty of a vast immigration are forces that will hurl aside those who in the delirium of conquest seek to destroy the character of our institutions.

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interest of america in sea power

Is the United States . . . prepared to allow Germany to acquire the Dutch stronghold of Curacao, fronting the Atlantic outlet of both the proposed canals of Panama and Nicaragua? Is she prepared to acquiesce in any foreign power purchasing from Haiti a naval station on the Windward Passage, through which pass our steamer routes to the Isthmus? Would she acquiesce to a foreign protectorate over the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii] that great central station of the Pacific?

Whether they will or no, Americans must now look outward. The growing production of the country demands it. An increasing volume of public sentiment demands it. The position of the United States, between the two Old Worlds and the two great oceans, makes the same claim, which will soon be strengthened by the creation of the new link joining the Atlantic and Pacific. The tendency will be maintained and increased by the growth of the European colonies in the Pacific, by the advancing civilization of Japan, and by the rapid peopling of our Pacific States. . . .

Three things are needful: First, protection of the chief harbors, by fortifications and coast-defense ships. . . . Secondly, naval force, the arm of offensive power, which alone enables a country to extend its influence outward. Thirdly, no foreign state should henceforth acquire a coaling position within three thousand miles of San Francisco. . . .

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Then will the world enter upon a new stage of its history-the final competition of races, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled. Long before the thousands millions are here, the mighty centrifugal tendency, inherent in this stock and strengthened in the United States, will assert itself. Then this race of unequaled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth behind it-the representative, let us hope, of the largest liberty, the purest Christianity, the highest civilization-having developed peculiarly aggressive traits calculated to impress its institutions upon mankind, will spread itself over the earth. If I read not amiss, this powerful race will move down upon Mexico, down upon Central and South America, out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa and beyond. And can anyone doubt that the result of this competition of races will be the "survival of the fittest"? . . .

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gimme some of that imported wine from CANADA
and some of the bathtub gin

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18th amendment of prohibition caused organized crime

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18th amendment of prohibition caused organized crime

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bootlegging
Al Capone
became rich and successful from everyone who still wanted to drink
didn't pay tax!!!!!!!!!
bribed govt officials like police officers and judges

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WCTU
Carry Nation (ax lady)
izzy and moe

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fundamentalism
the germans drank
alcoholism was bad bad bad

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US never ratifies treaty of versailles, has other treaty instead in 1922

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US never ratifies treaty of versailles, has other treaty instead in 1922

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US senate had to ratify treaty
many were repubs and opposed wilson and his ideas of league of nations
thought it would lead to more wars
henry cabot lodge
Wilson tries to get treaty passed

tries to get a dem senate

tries to tour america

has a stroke

too weak to fight the republicans so treaty never ratified

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germany is crushed and wilson is upset that he had to give up so much of his 14pts just to keep the league of nations

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germany is crushed and wilson is upset that he had to give up so much of his 14pts just to keep the league of nations

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big four = Britain, Italy, France, US
forced germany to accept the terms
Guilt Clause: germany was to blame for the whole war
germany military reduced
all reparations had to be paid by germany
germany lost land and resources
league of naitons created

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new germany govt takes over and surrenders ON TERMS OF WILSONS 14 PTS
kaiser fled

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freedom of seas/trade
disarmament of all
reform colonial system
change political boundaries in eruope, ethnic
open diplomacy
self-determination
shared reparations
league of nations

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women industry service: guidelines for female labor
alice paul
fight for women's suffrage

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note: farmers exempt from draft b/c needed to produce food for soldiers overseas

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note: farmers exempt from draft b/c needed to produce food for soldiers overseas

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great migration: blacks go north to take the vacant industrial jobs

opportunities for women; took men's places, COULD be in military in some areas, rewarded w/ 19th amend -- women's suffrage
anti-immigrant hysteria

patriotism = intolerance

100% americanism

distrust radicals/aliens/pacifists

German americans targeted

KKK

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If speech/press against the war effort caused a clear and present danger, it was then illegal → Schenck was convicted of his anti-war pamphlets because the court deemed them causing a clear and present danger

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Made it illegal to speak against the war effort

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Illegal to interfere w/ draft system, there was censorship of mail

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espionage act
sedition act
schenck v. US

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business booms supplying for war (food, weapons, automobiles)
opportunities for blacks in america w/ great migration

blacks go north to take the vacant industrial jobs

opportunities for women; took men's places, COULD be in military in some areas, rewarded w/ 19th amend -- women's suffrage

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Committee on Public Information = their job was to boost american support for the war

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Committee on Public Information = their job was to boost american support for the war

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George Creel
Publicity campaigns and propaganda (pamphlets, movies, posters)
increase patriotism!!!!! 'MERICA
loyalty leagues
parades and rallies
ideals:

US was fighting for democracy

germans = baaad

bonds are patriotic

threat of german invasion on america

everyone can join war effort

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new taxes
liberty and victory drives: war bonds
national debt did increase tho):

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lever act = co-op between services
nat'l war labor board =Arbitrate disputes between workers and employers
bureaucratic state
industry and science co-op

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Govt and labor and business worked together for the war effort

Food Administration, Fuel Administration, govt controlled RR, farmers and RR workers’

wages increased

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US military in euro = American Expeditionary Force

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US military in euro = American Expeditionary Force

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gen pershing
western front
replaced or reimburse french soldiers (russians dropped out b/c of communist rev.!!!)
trench warfare

filth, disease, poison gas, shell shock, trench foot

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getting over to euro: we used convoy system

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getting over to euro: we used convoy system

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warships on outside, soldiers on inside

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shipyard/navy workers exempt from draft
***Fabrication: new way to build ships quickly w/ multiples of same parts distributed
mass production

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blacks in the army: still segregated units, usually noncombat but proved many people wrong by fighting valiantly along side whites YOU GO GLENN COCO

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blacks in the army: still segregated units, usually noncombat but proved many people wrong by fighting valiantly along side whites YOU GO GLENN COCO

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women in the army: Army Corps of Nurses, secretaries and telephone operators

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women in the army: Army Corps of Nurses, secretaries and telephone operators

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selective service act = draft for military

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selective service act = draft for military

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4.8 million enlisted
war for democracy

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Woodrow Wilson's speech to congress, april 2, 1917

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Woodrow Wilson's speech to congress, april 2, 1917

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It is a distressing and oppressive duty, gentlemen of the Congress, which I have performed in thus addressing you. There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts -- for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free. To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other.

key points:
knows the war is terrible
"the right is more precious than peace" --> right to DEMOCRACY
"right of those... to have a voice in their own governments"
fight for democracy around the world( since america's is so great)
"America is privileged" to fight in the war

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defend american honor
america wanted a say in the peace process
built up a military to be prepared... ya know just in case

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from germany to mexico
asked mexico to invade the US and germany would help them and reward them w/ previously lost land from mexican cessian
intercepted by the US
made us angry that germany want to attack us and have "our friend" betray us

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zimmerman note
"butchering of women and children" overseas
War to end all wars
poison gas used
Terrible Hun = germans

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"make the world safe for democracy"
need to create lasting peace
wanted self-determination for all nations
desire to be involved in peace making
Peace w/o Victory
14 pts

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economy grows in US during wartime
traded more w/ allies than central powers anyway

allies had blockade around cent. powers

pacific interests: trade and such, market, wanted islands maybe

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sussex pledge (1916) = German promises to stop sinking passenger ships w/o warning

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sussex pledge (1916) = German promises to stop sinking passenger ships w/o warning

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BROKENNNN

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U-boats, unrestricted submarine warfare
sinking of Lusitania

torpedo to a passenger ship w/ some americans on it

strict accountability = US held germany responsible for all these damages and deaths on the seas

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German Naval Policy
American Economic interests
Wilson's idealism
Propaganda
America's desire to be a world power

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Wilson reelected in 1916 because of slogan "he kept us out of the war"

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Wilson reelected in 1916 because of slogan "he kept us out of the war"

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practically everyone in euro declared war on one another because of these linked alliances

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practically everyone in euro declared war on one another because of these linked alliances

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war = anti-progressive

isolationism

Americans divided anyway → German v. British sympathizers from so many german and british immirgants and ties
didn't want to be forever tied to euro affairs
washington and monroe doctrine say not to
ww1 battlefields most gruesome the world has ever seen --- uh, no thanks. not to mention the now drained economies from the war

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Gavrilo Princip was a Serb a part of the Black Hand, highly against Austria-Hungary’s interest in Bosnia. He assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungarian empire

Started WW1 because of secret treaties

Austria-Hungary w/ Germany

Serbia w/ Russia

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M: militarism
A: alliances
I: imperialism
N: nationalism

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Gen. pershing chased pancho villa through mex for almost 2 years until the gen. was called to help with ww1 on the western front, leaving pancho villa unfound

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Gen. pershing chased pancho villa through mex for almost 2 years until the gen. was called to help with ww1 on the western front, leaving pancho villa unfound

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mexican revolt
led by huerta but soon rebels treid to take over
rebel leader = Pancho Villa, US supported him
BUT after new prez Carranza elected(democratically [us approved])... and Pancho Villa still trying to overthrow HIM, we now DIDN'T like pancho villa

he attacked americans out of anger too

we obvi didnt like that

very bipolar, america

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spread democratic ideals and morals
against dollar diplomacy
wanted to prevent dictatorships
did use Big Stick Diplomacy
intervened in Haiti, Dominican repub, mex, nicaragua, cuba

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moral diplomacy
Mexican Revolt
(ww1... further up in list)

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invest in countries and have them economically dependent on the US
(justification to intervene militarily)
intention was to NOT use big stick diplomacy
intervened in nicaragua tho

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Dollar Diplomacy

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fun fact: TR was the first prez to leave the US during presidency

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fun fact: TR was the first prez to leave the US during presidency

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went to panama

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1904-1914
biggest issue were tropical diseases like MALARIA
very costly $$$ but america was able to get rid of malaria in Panama
built streets/roads to get rid of standing water

cut grass

oil in ponds/puddles

fumigated

insect screens on windows

insecticide

sanitary tools

rations of quinine (anecdote to malaria)

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Hay-Bunua Varilla Treaty: ends revolt against Columbia and gets Panama free

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Hay-Bunua Varilla Treaty: ends revolt against Columbia and gets Panama free

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but this treaty also causes only the US to gain form the canal, not the Panamanians (rape of panama)
US  gets control of canal for 99yrs

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panama colonized by Columbia - columbia didn;t want canal
US interfered and helped Panama in a revolt against Columbia

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Hay-Pauncefote treaty between US and Britain replaces old one

says England had no rights to new canal

had to choose between Nicaragua or Panama
France already started but didnt finish an canal in panama and nicaragua had volcanoes

Frenchman Philippe Bunau-Varilla persuaded this to US to get them to choose panama

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Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine

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Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine

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US could intervene anywhere in west. hemisphere when countries could not take care of themselves
policing power *whoop whoop*

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TR also intervened in Cuba, Panama, and Columbia

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TR also intervened in Cuba, Panama, and Columbia

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strong military and navy
use military to police the west. hemisphere for american benefit
intervene  militarily in L.A. countries

concerned w/ euro interveneing b/c of lack of debt collection soooo WE INTERVENED INSTEAD

Dominican Repub

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Big Stick Diplomacy
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Panama Canal and the Hay-Buana Villa Treaty

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US and JApan
respect each other possessions in pacific
respect open door policy in china
broken at pearl harbor

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our brand new and shiny navy tours the world... just HAPPENS to stop in japan

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Russo-Japanese War, 1904 --> TR as arbitrator  

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Russo-Japanese War, 1904 --> TR as arbitrator  

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Treaty of Portsmouth

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Chinese nationalists who were anti western and didn't want spheres of influence or american arbitration of open door policy
very brutal toward christians, chinese or not

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sec. of state John Hay issues two notes
all nations would respect China's sovereignty
open to free trade]
sooo NO spheres of influence

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1908: TR's Gentlemen's Agreement w/ Japan

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1908: TR's Gentlemen's Agreement w/ Japan

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Japan wouldn't let its people immigrate to the US

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China = best market

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@ home: San Fran had segregated schools for Japanese, 1906

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@ home: San Fran had segregated schools for Japanese, 1906

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baaaad

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Cali constitution denied vote to Chinese, idiots, insane, criminals; 1879   ):

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Cali constitution denied vote to Chinese, idiots, insane, criminals; 1879   ):

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Downs v. Bidwell, apart of insular cases, 1901

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Downs v. Bidwell, apart of insular cases, 1901

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US const. did not apply to colonies
weren't Us citizens, did not have all rights

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Cuba was independent
BUT
US naval base in Cuba
US had a say in Cuban diplomacy
**US could intervene(militarily) in Cuban affairs

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US wanted to keep Philippines under its control, filipinos wanted independece
Filipinos led by Aguinaldo
fought w/ guerrilla warfare and was usually advantageous over the inexperienced americans
40,000 US casualties
US won... Taft became governor general of the philippines

did some good

1. schools, infastructure, democracy and strong economic ties

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filipinos fight american rule because they weren't leaving their land... sticking around to control them and the filipinos were not okay with that

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wasn't constitutional, didn't follow American principles of Declaration of Independence
didn't want to mix and mingle with inferior races
saw it as too expensive $$$

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Carnegie, Grover Cleveland, Mark Twain, William Jennings Bryan

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usually democrats

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most controversial of the treaty
rise of imperialists v. anti-imperialists

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3rd treaty of paris
between US and Spain
US "won," got Cuba (which would be independent), Guam, Puerto Rico, and dun dun dun the Philippines

america now a world power

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most important battle of Spanish American War = SAN JUAN HILL

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most important battle of Spanish American War = SAN JUAN HILL

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US unprepared for war, shocking,  BUT WE STILL PREVAILED

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US unprepared for war, shocking,  BUT WE STILL PREVAILED

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thanks to Dewey
thanks to naval blockade
thanks to VP Teddy Roosevelt and his rough riders

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there's a catch: first battle fought in Manila Bay, Philippines

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there's a catch: first battle fought in Manila Bay, Philippines

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Spain controlled Cuba and the philippines --> naval bases there

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US would fight for cuba's independence, but would not take Cuba after war is over and if we won the war (which we did ha)

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prez mckinley asked for war declaration