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There are three basic types of magma: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic, each of which has a different mineral composition.

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There are three basic types of magma: basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic, each of which has a different mineral composition.

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Folds result from the slow deformation of rocks. This happens deep underground where the rocks are under pressure and temperatures are higher. Folded rocks are common in mountain ranges like the Alps, Himalayas and the Scottish Highlands. Up-folds are called anticlines.

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Folds result from the slow deformation of rocks. This happens deep underground where the rocks are under pressure and temperatures are higher. Folded rocks are common in mountain ranges like the Alps, Himalayas and the Scottish Highlands. Up-folds are called anticlines.

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source: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/page3574.html#:~:text=Folds%20result%20from%20the%20slow,Up%2Dfolds%20are%20called%20anticlines.

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Dominant eruption type: Flowing

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Dominant eruption type: Flowing and moderately explosive

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Dominant eruption type: Very explosive

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1-BC5jY49M

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Common types of folds (anticlines,  synclines and monoclines)

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There are four types of faulting -- normal, reverse, strike-slip, and oblique.

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There are four types of faulting -- normal, reverse, strike-slip, and oblique.

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A normal fault is one in which
the rocks above the fault plane, or hanging wall, move down relative to the rocks below the fault plane, or footwall.

A reverse fault is one in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall

When rocks on either side of a nearly vertical fault plane move horizontally, the movement is called strike-slip.

An oblique-slip fault is special type fault that forms when movement is not exactly parallel with the fault plane. Oblique movement occurs when normal or reverse faults have some strike-slip movement and when strike-slip faults have either some normal or reverse movement.

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There are three main types of Rock Stress.

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There are three main types of Rock Stress.

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When the plates are pulled or pushed together, stress occurs. Three types of stresses affect the Earth’s crust or rocks: compression, tension, and shear stress.

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All types of magma have a significant percentage of silicon dioxide. 

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All types of magma have a significant percentage of silicon dioxide. 

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Basaltic magma is high in iron, magnesium, and calcium but low in potassium and sodium. Andesitic magma has moderate amounts of these minerals. Rhyolitic magma is high in potassium and sodium but low in iron, magnesium, and calcium.

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An anticline is a structural trap formed by the folding of rock strata into an arch-like shape. The rock layers in an anticlinal trap were originally laid down horizontally and then earth movement caused it to fold into an arch-like shape called an anticline.

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An anticline is a structural trap formed by the folding of rock strata into an arch-like shape. The rock layers in an anticlinal trap were originally laid down horizontally and then earth movement caused it to fold into an arch-like shape called an anticline.

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source : https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/anticlines

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1.)Decompression melting caused by lowering the pressure.  It involves the upward movement of earths mostly solid mantle. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of convection.                                             2) Flux melting, Flux melting occurs when water and other volatile components are introduced to hot solid rock, depressing the solidus.                                               3) heat-induced melting caused by increasing the temperature.          

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1.)Decompression melting caused by lowering the pressure.  It involves the upward movement of earths mostly solid mantle. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the process of convection.                                             2) Flux melting, Flux melting occurs when water and other volatile components are introduced to hot solid rock, depressing the solidus.                                               3) heat-induced melting caused by increasing the temperature.          

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Heat-induced melting, transforming solid mantle into liquid magma by simply applying heat, is the least common process for generating magma.

https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)/04%3A_Igneous_Processes_and_Volcanoes/4.03%3A_Magma_Generation

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Monoclines are folds consisting of two horizontal (or nearly so) limbs connected by a shorter inclined limb. They can be compared to anticlines, which consist of two inclined limbs dipping away from each other, and synclines, which consist of two inclined limbs dipping towards each other.

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Monoclines are folds consisting of two horizontal (or nearly so) limbs connected by a shorter inclined limb. They can be compared to anticlines, which consist of two inclined limbs dipping away from each other, and synclines, which consist of two inclined limbs dipping towards each other.

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source: https://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/geology-and-oceanography/geology-and-oceanography/monocline

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A Synclines are the low parts of folds in the rocky layers of the Earth's surface. Synclines form with anticlines, which are the the upper crests of the folds. In a syncline, the youngest rock layers are in the center, near the axis of the fold. The curves of synclines can often be seen in the rock layers of the face of a cliff.

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A Synclines are the low parts of folds in the rocky layers of the Earth's surface. Synclines form with anticlines, which are the the upper crests of the folds. In a syncline, the youngest rock layers are in the center, near the axis of the fold. The curves of synclines can often be seen in the rock layers of the face of a cliff.

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source: https://study.com/academy/answer/how-are-synclines-formed.html

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Fault, in geology, a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust, where compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture.

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Fault, in geology, a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust, where compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture.

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Source:  https://www.britannica.com/science/fault-geology

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Fault: Fault, in geology, a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of the Earth's crust, where compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture. Faults range in length from a few centimetres to many hundreds of kilometres, and

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1. Compression Stress
Compression is a type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one another. It targets the center of the rock and can cause either horizontal or vertical orientation. In horizontal compression stress, the crust can thicken or shorten. In vertical compression stress, the crust can thin out or break off. The force of compression can push rocks together or cause the edges of each plate colliding to rise. Mountains are a result of high-impact compression stress caused when two plates collided.

2. Tension Stress
Tension is the opposite of compression. While compression forces the rocks and crust to collide and move together, tension forces the rocks to pull apart. Tension can happen in two ways. Two separate plates can move farther away from each other, or the ends of one plate can move in different directions.Some scientists think tension stress caused the ancient, massive continent Pangaea to break off into the seven continents we have today.

3. Shear Stress
When shear stress occurs, the force of the stress pushes some of the crust in different directions. When this happens, a large part of the crust can break off, which makes the plate size smaller. Shear stress usually happens when two plates rub against each other as they move in opposite directions. The friction of a shear stress at the edges of the plate can cause earthquakes.

Reference:
Pierce, R. (2019, March 2). What Are the Types of Stresses in the Earth's Crust? Sciencing. Retrieved December 14, 2021, from https://sciencing.com/types-stresses-earths-crust-22473.html

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Types of Faults:
1.) Normal fault—the block above the inclined fault moves down relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by extensional forces and results in extension. [Other names: normal-slip fault, tensional fault or gravity fault]
Examples include Basin & Range faults.

2.) Reverse fault—the block above the inclined fault moves up relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by compressional forces and results in shortening. A reverse fault is called a thrust fault if the dip of the fault plane is small. [Other names: reverse-slip fault or compressional fault.]
Examples include the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayan Mountains.

3.) Strike-slip fault—movement of blocks along a fault is horizontal and the fault plane is nearly vertical. If the block on the far side of the fault moves to the left, as shown in this animation, the fault is called left-lateral (Figure 2). If it moves to the right, the fault is called right-lateral. The fault motion of a strike-slip fault is caused by shearing forces. [Other names: trans current fault, lateral fault, tear fault or wrench fault.]
Examples include the San Andreas Fault, California; Anatolian Fault, Turkey.

Reference:
Fault types: 3 basic responses to stress - incorporated research institutions for seismology. IRIS. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/fault_types_3_basic_responses_to_stress_

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Fault Types: 3 Basic responses to stress

52s Novice

How does rock respond to stress?

[updated 2021] A fault is a rock fracture where the two sides have been displaced relative to each other.Faults are categorized into three general groups based on the sense of slip or movement.

SEE TABS ABOVE for stand-alone versions of each fault type.

This clip includes selected excerpts from the more-in-depth animation, " Earthquake Faults, Plate Boundaries, & Stress"

- the block above the inclined fault moves down relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by extensional forces and results in extension. [Other names: normal-slip fault, tensional fault or gravity fault] Examples include Basin & Range faults.

- the block above the inclined fault moves up relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by compressional forces and results in shortening. A reverse fault is called a thrust fault if the dip of the fault plane is small. [Other names: reverse-slip fault or compressional fault.] Examples include the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayan Mountains.

-movement of blocks along a fault is horizontal and the fault plane is nearly vertical. If the block on the far side of the fault moves to the left, as shown in this animation, the fault is called left-lateral (Figure 2). If it moves to the right, the fault is called right-lateral. The fault motion of a strike-slip fault is caused by shearing forces. [Other names: trans current fault, lateral fault, tear fault or wrench fault.]Examples include the San Andreas Fault, California; Anatolian Fault, Turkey.

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Fault Types: 3 Basic responses to stress - Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology

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updated 2021] A fault is a rock fracture where the two sides have been displaced relative to each other. Faults are categorized into three general groups based on the sense of slip or movement: normal, reverse, and strike-slip. This clip includes selected excerpts from the animation,

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The upper block moves downward relative to the lower block.

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The upper block moves upward relative to the lower block.

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Both blocks slide horizontally across one another.