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Conclusion:All classes should begin in the afternoon

Reason 1: Most students try to schedule afternoon or evening classes

Evidence to support : Student rarely upset from being off 8 am class anyway

Reason 2: Experts say that students who are alert learn more and learn more quickly

Evidence to support: A study in SS University: students who study a psychology class in the afternoon had better averages than another group of students who learn the same class in the morning..

Value assumption:

Student’s preference matters to teachers

Alertness is important to studying

Descriptive assumptions:

Students prefer afternoon classes to morning classes.

The experiment results in this certain day in this certain class by this certain teacher is true for every other day, in every other class.

The two groups of students are the same.

Alertness is higher in the afternoon.

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Reasons:
1. Students try to study in the afternoon and evening

Evidence: Students don't get upset without classes at 8 am
2. Students learn more and more quickly when alert
Evidence: students who study in the afternoon had better averages

Conclusion: Classes should begin in the afternoon

Assumption:

- Students are more alert in the afternoon and evening

- Students who have higher averages learn more and more quickly

- The two groups of students are similar

- Learning more and more quickly are the most important values
- Students' preference is an important aspect

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Conclusion: All classes should begin in the afternoon

Reasons:

1. Most students try to schedule afternoon and evening classes
Evidence: You rarely hear of a student who is upset at being closed out of the 8 am

2. According to experts, alert students learn more and learn more quickly

Evidence: Better course grades in psychology (According to a study)

Assumptions:
- Students are more alert in the afternoon than in the morning
- Not being alert results in lower grades

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Activity 2 (15 minutes, answer should be provided at 1.45p.m.)

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Activity 2 (15 minutes, answer should be provided at 1.45p.m.)

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For a better college learning environment, all classes should begin in the afternoon. Most students try to schedule afternoon or evening classes anyway; you rarely hear of a student who is upset at being closed out of the 8 a.m. section of a class. Also, experts say that students who are alert learn more and learn more quickly. For example, at Southern State University, one group of students took an 8 a.m. psychology course from Dr. Miller while another group took the same course from Dr. Miller at 2 p.m. The students in the afternoon course had slightly higher averages than those in the morning class. Changing the starting time for classes at universities to the afternoon will help students.

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Reasoning structure:
Reasons:
1- criteria for being valuable: in good condition,  rarity, age
2-this stamp: fine specimen, printing error, old
Conclusion: This stamp is valuable.

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When we need to find value and descritive assumptions?

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Conclusion: This stamp is probably highly valuable
Reasons:
1. It exhibits printing error
2. It is a fine specimen and is quite old
Evidence: The most important factors in determining a stamp's value, assuming it is in good condition, are its rarity and age

Assumptions:
1. Descriptive assumption:
- The stamp is in a good condition
- Printing error is a rare asset
2. Value assumption:
- "Quite old" is old enough to be valuable

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Reasoning Structure:
Conclusion: Probably this stamp is highly valuable
Reason 1: Exhibit printing error
Reason 2: The stamp is a fine specimen and it is quite old
Supporting idea: The most important factors in determining a stamp's value, assuming it is in good condition, are its rarity and age

Key: Definitional assumption (descriptive assumption): How the author defines rarity, good condition, age
=> Assumption 1: Printing error is considered rarity
Assumption 2: The author assumes that the stamps is ''in good condition'' because it is ''a fine speciment''
Assumption 3: The stamp is old enough to be considered valuable according to the ''age'' standard

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Conclusion: This stamp is probably highly valuable

Reasons:
Reason 1: The stamps exhibit printing error
Reason 2: The stamp is a fine specimen and it is quite old

Evidence to support reasons: The most important factors in determining a stamp’s value are rarity and age.

→Simplify argument: Because the stamp is a fine and old specimen and has a printing error, it is probably highly valuable.

Assumptions:

Descriptive assumption:Printing errors relate to a stamp’s rarity and age, making it valuable.

Value assumption: Everyone values old age and the rarity of the stamp the most.