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Enthalpy, Free Energy and Entropy relationship

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Enthalpy, Free Energy and Entropy relationship

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Gibbs free energy is associated with a chemical reaction that can do useful work. It equals the enthalpy minus the product of the temperature and entropy of the system.

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2H2O (l) --->  2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

3O2 (g) + hv ---> 2O3 (g)

N2 (g) + O2 (g) ---> 2NO (g)

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A great example of a non-spontaneous reaction is photosynthesis. In this process, plants take energy from the sun and it converts it into CO2 and the H2O into Sugar and Oxygen. This process wouldn't be possible if the plants didn't depend on the sun.

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Non-spontaneous reactions are chemical reactions that do not take place on their own. Non-spontaneous reactions require other factors like energy or heat to happen. This reactions are endothermic and usually have a Gibbs free energy increase.

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Imagine you're walking past a natural waterfall. The water that tumbles downhill does so of its own accord and doesn't need any help from levees or dams. Now imagine something even more commonplace -- taking a nice, cold soda out of your fridge and putting it down next to your computer. After a while, the soda becomes room temperature; again, without any intervention on your part.

From this, we can define a spontaneous reaction as a reaction that occurs in a given set of conditions without intervention. A spontaneous reaction proceeds to completion without any outside help.

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Most spontaneous chemical reactions are exothermic - they release heat and warm up their surroundings: for example: burning wood, fireworks, and alkali metals added to water

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A spontaneous process in thermodynamics is one that occurs without any external input to the system. Because spontaneous processes are defined by a reduction in the system's free energy, they do not require an external source of energy to operate.

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The Third Law of Thermodynamics is concerned with the limiting behavior of systems as the temperature approaches absolute zero. The Third Law states, “The entropy of a perfect crystal is zero when the temperature of the crystal is equal to absolute zero (0 K).” It also must be at 0 K; otherwise there will be thermal motion within the crystal, which leads to disorder.” If you could get to absolute zero, it would violate the Second Law.

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Increased Entropy, says that over time the state of disorganization or entropy in a system will always increase. What do we mean by this? For example – why do our rooms always get messier as the week progresses? Or more importantly, why don't our rooms go from messy to clean without you having to do work on it? This is the arrow of time in thermodynamics. As time increases, so too does disorganization.

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When your tea kettle starts to boil, it transforms some of the water into steam which releases from the spout at the top. This converted energy crosses a boundary from the system within the metal container to the surroundings outside of it. This is thermodynamics at work, the transference of energy and matter between systems and surroundings.

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This process of exchange where energy transforms from one state to another all happens within a set of systems and surroundings. When you turn on your electric tea kettle in the morning, you have water enclosed within a metal container, that’s your system. The rest of the kitchen, even the rest of the house, those are the surroundings.

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We all live in a system where matter and energy are being continuously exchanged; it’s an endless flow.

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We all live in a system where matter and energy are being continuously exchanged; it’s an endless flow.

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Take for example the process of eating, you take in the chemical energy of food, and convert it into a form that can be used by your body. Now that your body has energy gained from food, it can go about doing work out in the world.

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The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of the Conservation of Energy, says that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form.

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The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of the Conservation of Energy, says that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form.

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Thermodynamics is not just the study of heat and work; it’s the study of how energy, the stuff that you and I and everything around you is made of, works. Thermodynamics is the study of life.

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Thermodynamics is not just the study of heat and work; it’s the study of how energy, the stuff that you and I and everything around you is made of, works. Thermodynamics is the study of life.

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For example, turning on a light switch does not create energy, it simply converts electrical energy into radiant energy (light) and thermal energy (heat).

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German Physicist responsible for developing the First & Second Law of Thermodynamics alongside William Thomson and other scientists.

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HOW IT ALL BEGAN