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the scientific study of mind and behavior. Scientific principles were applied to the study of psychology in 1879.

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"Courage has gone out of our race. Perhaps we never really had it."

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Darwinism is the theory of Evolution that developed in the 1800s which includes the idea of natural selection: the survival of the fittest.

Social Darwinism takes a scientific conflict and MISUSES it by CHERRY PICKING parts of the theory and then MISAPPLYING it to justify racism, slavery, antisemitism, and abuse of the elderly, mentally ill, and others who do not fit whatever norm is the standard.

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"He becomes an echo of someone else's music, an actor of a part that has not been written for him" ().

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"He does not think his natural thoughts, or burn with his natural passions" (22).

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"Because to influence a person is to give him one's own soul"(22).

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An idea that comes from religious practice.

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"His virtues are not real to him. His sins, if there are such things as sins, are borrowed."

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An idea that comes from religious practice.

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"Of course, they are charitable. They feed the hungry and clothe the beggar. But their own souls starve, and are naked" ().

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"The aim of life is self-development. To realize one's nature perfectly—that is what each of us is here for. People are afraid of themselves, nowadays. They have forgotten the highest of all duties, the duty that one owes to one's self"  ().

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the scientific study of mind and behavior. Scientific principles were applied to the study of psychology in 1879.

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Victorianism are the ideas, beliefs, morals, way of living, and other standards common during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901); noted for prudery, moral strictness, and sexual repression. The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde satirizes or goes in the face of these ideals.

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Romanticism - late 18th to early 19th century

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Romanticism - late 18th to early 19th century

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The Romantic Movement emphasized the importance of emotional sensitivity and individual subjectivity (point of view). For the Romantics, imagination, rather than reason, was the most important creative part. Romantic artists depicted nature to be not only beautiful, but powerful, unpredictable and destructive.
source: https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/what-is-romanticism

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Romanticism in literature

Romanticism in English literature started in the late eighteenth century, with the poets William Blake, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It continued into the nineteenth century with the second generation Romantic poets, most notably Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and Lord Byron.

In contrast to the reasoned detachment of the Enlightenment, the poetic works of Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge were characterised by their emotional sensitivity and reverence for nature.

Though the second generation of Romantic poets, especially Shelley and Byron, became notorious for their subversive and salacious works, later Romantic poetry also retained many characteristics established by Blake and Wordsworth. Keats' odes, much like the poetry of Wordsworth, took inspiration from nature, and Bryon's poetry had a strong introspective character.

Shelley, Byron and Keats also acquired a posthumous reputation as 'Romantic' because many aspects of their lives - including their travels around Europe and the fact they died young - conformed to the emerging nineteenth-century ideal-type of a Romantic hero.

Romanticism in art

Nature was also a source of inspiration in the visual arts of the Romantic Movement. Breaking with the longer tradition of historical and allegorical paintings, which took scenes from history or the Bible as their principle subject matter, Romantic artists like J. M. W. Turner and John Constable - as well as print-makers and engravers like Samuel Palmer and Thomas Bewick - chose instead to depict the natural world, most notably landscapes and maritime scenes.

Romantic artists depicted nature to be not only beautiful, but powerful, unpredictable and destructive. This constituted a radical departure from Enlightenment representations of the natural world as orderly and benign.

Romanticism in music

The Romantic Movement in music originated in Beethoven, whose later works drew upon and developed the classical styles of Mozart and Haydn. Beethoven's later symphonies and piano sonatas were made distinctive by their expressiveness and strong emotive quality. These characteristics set the tone for successive generations of Romantic composers in Europe, including Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn.

Romantic music was also highly innovative and technically adventurous. While virtuoso soloist Franz Liszt dazzled audiences in the great concert halls of Europe with his masterly performances and never-before-seen techniques, Polish-born prodigy Frédéric Chopin amazed Parisian salons with his expressive and emotionally complex piano pieces.

The Romantic period was also the 'golden age' of opera in Europe, with composers such as Giuseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner combining music, lyrics and visual imagery to construct dramatic narratives which continue to captivate audiences today.

Romanticism as a mind-set

Romanticism may be best understood not as a movement, but as a mind-set. The artists, poets and musicians of the Romantic period were united by their determination to use their art to convey emotion or provoke an emotional response from audiences.

There was also something pioneering - almost revolutionary - about Romanticism. It involved breaking with the past, and consciously moving away from the ideas and traditions of the Enlightenment. In so doing, Romanticism fundamentally changed the prevailing attitudes toward nature, emotion, reason and even the individual.

Our Romantic places and collections

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Romanticism in English literature started in the late eighteenth century, with the poets William Blake, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It continued into the nineteenth century with the second generation Romantic poets, most notably Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and Lord Byron.

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"The terror of society, which is the basis of morals, the terror of God, which is the secret of religion—these are the two things that govern us" ( ).

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opposition or contrast between two concepts or two aspects of something