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Levels of organization are natural structures characterized by part-whole relationships, with things at higher levels made up of things at lower levels. The following levels of organization are commonly found in the literature: atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, group, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and biosphere. References to organizational levels and related centralized depictions of nature are common in the life sciences and their philosophical study and can be found not only in introductory textbooks and lectures but also in cutting-edge research articles and reviews. Perennial philosophical debates such as reduction, emergence, mechanistic explanation, interdisciplinary relations, natural selection, and many others rely heavily on the concept.

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Skeletal system- The skeletal system has many important functions. It protects organs inside your body from any threats that could damage them. The bone marrow inside the bones that makes up the skeletal system creates blood cells.

Muscular System-  The muscular system’s main job is to move bones, but muscles also allow the heart to beat and can act as well for other hollow organs.

Digestive System- The digestive system's job is to turn the food you consume into the nutrients and energy you need in order to survive. Once done with that, it packages your solid waste for disposal when you have a bowel movement.

Circulatory System- Blood is carried out from the heart by arteries and returned to the heart by veins. The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells while also eliminating waste products such as carbon dioxide.

Respiratory System- The respiratory system consists of organs and tissue that work together to allow you to breathe. The respiratory system helps absorb oxygen from the air and cleans out waste like CO2.

Excretory System- The function of the Excretory system is to remove waste from the body. These wastes include water, nitrogen, salts, and heat. The Excretory is composed of two bean-shaped kidneys which are divided into three regions.

Nervous System- The nervous system is the main controlling, regulatory and communicating system in the body. The nervous system is the body's center for all mental activities which includes thoughts, learning, and memory.

Lymphatic (Immune) System- The lymphatic system is part of the body's immune system. It protects your body from illness-causing invaders, maintains fluids, absorbs digestive tract fats, and removes cellular waste.

Endocrine System- The endocrine system consists of glands that generate and secrete hormones, which are chemical substances produced in the body that govern cell or organ activity.

Reproductive System (Male & Female)- The male reproductive system includes producing and transporting sperm, ejaculating sperm into the female reproductive system and also producing male hormones (endocrine). The female reproductive system’s function includes producing eggs, which are also called ova, and also providing space and conditions to allow a baby to develop.

Root System (PLANT)- The root system anchors the plant into the ground, stores food,  and absorbs nutrients, minerals, and water from the soil to feed the plant, which is necessary for supporting the other systems of a plant.

Shoot System (PLANT)- Stems, leaves, and the reproductive elements of the plant, flowers, and fruits, make up the shoot system. The shoot system grows mostly above ground, absorbing the light required for photosynthesis.

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Organs and Functions

Eyes - Responsible for receiving information in the form of light, and sending it to the brain for processing

Lungs- The lungs are located in your chest. Lungs are a group of organs and muscles that allow you to breathe.

Heart- The heart consists of four valves that ensure your blood flows in the right direction

Liver- The liver controls the majority of chemical levels in the blood and excretes bile. This aids in the removal of waste materials from the liver.

Kidneys- Kidneys are made up of about a million filtering units. Each of the nephrons contains a filter and a tubule. There is a two-step process including glomerulus and tubules. The glomerulus filters blood and the tubile gets rid of waste well also returning the needed substances to the blood.

Brain- The brain controls how we think, feel, learn and remember. Think of your brain as the central computer that controls everything the body does.

Thyroid & Parathyroid- The thyroid and Parathyroid glands play a massive role in our metabolism, brain development, and bone growth. It helps to regulate body functions by releasing thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.

Bones- Bones help support and shape our body, they also help protect some of our important organs. Bones also store minerals for us and provide marrow for the development and storage of blood cells.

Epidermis- Each layer of your skin, including your skeletal system, organs, muscles, and tissues, works together to keep your body safe.

Veins & Arteries- Arteries help deliver oxygen and nutrients away from your heart well veins help take oxygen blood back to the heart. The circulatory system pumps blood through a system of blood when the heartbeats.

Muscles- The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body. Muscle tissue is also found in the heart, digestive organs, and blood vessels.

Testicles- They are the organs responsible for making sperm. They are also involved in producing testosterone which is important in male development and muscle growth. They make sperm by the Seminiferous tubules doing something called spermatogenesis.

Ovaries- Ovaries are oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. They produce the egg cells, which are also called the ava or oocytes.

Pancreas- The pancreas plays a major role in digestion. The pancreas is located inside the abdomen, right behind your stomach. Your pancreas during digestion makes pancreatic juices known as enzymes.

Leaves- Leaves functions include Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Guttation, Storage, and Defense. Types of leaf can be divided into six major types; Conifer Leaf, Microphyll Leaf, Megaphyll Leaf, Angiosperm Leaf, Fronds, and the Sheath Leaf.

Flower- The reproductive structure of flowering plants is the flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom. The reproductive organs of the plant are housed in the flower structure, and its purpose is to reproduce seeds.

Roots- The root system has three main functions: Anchoring the plant into the dirt, absorbing the water, minerals, and other nutrients from the ground so that they can be transferred to the shoot system, and finally storing the products from photosynthesis.

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Plant and animal cells are structurally similar as they're both eukaryotic cells. They both have membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Both have membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements that are similar. A plant cell contains a large, single vacuole that stores water and nutrients. It also aids in the maintenance of the cell's shape. Animal cells, on the other hand, have many smaller vacuoles that are also used for water and nutrient storage. encircles the cell membrane. Xylem, phloem, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, epidermis, and meristematic tissue are all plant tissues. Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue are all types of tissues found in animals. Traditional technology, medical technology, and cloning processes all make use of plant and animal tissues.

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Cancer is a condition in which some cells in the body grow out of control and spread to other parts of the body. Cancer can begin practically anywhere in the trillions of cells that make up the human body. Human cells normally expand and multiply (cell division) to generate new cells as needed by the body. Cells die as they become old or injured, and new cells replace them. This ordered process can sometimes break down, resulting in aberrant or damaged cells growing and multiplying when they shouldn't. Tumors, which are masses of tissue, can grow from these cells. Tumors may or may not be malignant (benign).Cancerous tumors can infect adjacent tissues and spread to other parts of the body, resulting in the formation of new tumors (a process called metastasis). Malignant tumors are another name for cancerous tumors. Many malignancies, including leukemias, create solid tumors, whereas cancers of the blood do not.

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The Muscular system interacts with almost every other part of the body. In the respiratory system, the muscles help contract the diaphragm, pushing and releasing the lungs to encourage breathing. Muscles control the diaphragm, lungs that in the end, help control heart rate. The cardiac muscles are used by the muscular system to pump the blood to the arteries that transport it to the body's cells. The heart-driven circulatory system transports "oxygen-rich" blood to the cells. The Circulatory system transports blood and oxygen and circulates them through the body. The circulatory and respiratory systems work simultaneously. The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles transport air into and out of the lungs.

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A cell cycle is a sequence of events that occur in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends the majority of its time in what is known as interphase, which is when it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. The cell then exits interphase, goes through mitosis, and divides completely. Mitosis is the division of a single cell into two identical daughter cells (cell division). One cell divides once during mitosis to form two identical cells. Mitosis is primarily responsible for cell growth and replacement.

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An organelle is a specific structure within a cell that comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. Within a cell, organelles are also known as vesicles. And they serve an important purpose because we need to compartmentalize all of the functions within the cell. As a result, a membrane must surround the mechanisms within a cell that produce a different product. So, in reality, all organelles are membrane-bound. They also distinguish one function from another.

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The digestive system consists of the digestive tract, as well as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a collection of hollow organs connected by a long, twisting tube that runs from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract is made up of hollow organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The digestive system's solid organs are the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The small intestine is divided into three sections. The first section is known as the duodenum. The jejunum is in the center, and the ileum is at the bottom. The appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum are all parts of the large intestine. The appendix is a pouch that is attached to the cecum in the shape of a finger. The cecum is the first section of the small intestine. The colon follows. The rectum is the terminal portion of the large intestine.

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Guts and Bolts Notebook:

Name: Heart

System: Cardiovascular

On the right and left sides of the heart, there are two coronary arteries that link to the aorta. The coronary arteries ensure that the heart receives the oxygen it requires to operate properly. Because your ventricle contracts and provides a rhythmic beat, your heart also has a pulse. An SA node, often known as the pacemaker, is present. It sends a powerful electrical impulse. The atria contract during this time. The AV node sends a signal to the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump.

Name: Intestines

System: Digestive System

Its primary function is to aid in the digestion of meals. The intestine, however, is responsible for more than just digestion: it also creates a variety of compounds that transmit messages to other areas of the body, as well as battling pathogens and maintaining the body's water balance. Recovery of water and electrolytes, creation and storage of feces, and microbial fermentation of some indigestible food items are the four major functions of the large intestine. The ileocecal valve regulates the passage of material from the ileum, the final section of the small intestine.

Name: Lungs

System: Respiratory system

Every cell in your body requires oxygen to survive. Oxygen and other gasses are found in the air we breathe. When oxygen reaches the lungs, it is transported to the bloodstream and carried throughout the body. Oxygen is exchanged for a waste gas called carbon dioxide at each cell in your body. This waste gas is subsequently carried back to the lungs, where it is taken from the bloodstream and expelled. Gas exchange is a vital function that your lungs and respiratory system undertake automatically.

Name: Brain

System: central nervous system

The brain is a complex organ that regulates every process in our body, including thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, and hunger. The central nervous system, or CNS, is made up of the brain and the spinal cord that extends from it. The cerebrum is the brain's biggest portion. It is split into two halves, known as hemispheres. A groove known as the great longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing messages to be sent from one to the other.

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Plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil during photosynthesis. Water is oxidized within the plant cell, which means it loses electrons, whereas carbon dioxide is reduced, which means it gains electrons. This converts water to oxygen and carbon dioxide to glucose. The plant then returns the oxygen to the atmosphere while storing energy within the glucose molecules.

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In a continuous inhale and exhale, the world's oceans have been sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and releasing it back into it. Carbon dioxide is taken up by the ocean through photosynthesis by plant-like organisms (phytoplankton) as well as through simple chemistry: carbon dioxide dissolves in water. Carbonic acid is formed when it reacts with seawater. Carbonic acid emits hydrogen ions, which merge with carbonate in saltwater to form bicarbonate, a form of carbon that is difficult to remove from the ocean.

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According to the cell theory, all biological organisms are made up of cells; cells are the basic unit of life, and all life evolved from preexisting life. Theodor Schwann proposed the classical cell theory in 1839. This theory is divided into three parts. The first section asserts that all organisms are made up of cells. The second section asserts that cells are the fundamental units of life. These sections were based on a conclusion reached in 1838 by Schwann and Matthias Schleiden after comparing their observations of plant and animal cells. Rudolf Virchow described the third part, which asserts that cells arise from preexisting cells that have multiplied, in 1858, when he stated Omnis cellula e cellula (all cells come from cells).