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In summary, Abe was hit by a car while texting and driving. He lost a leg and, due to the collision, could possibly have chronic brain damage.

His wife is trying to help him to contribute to society and loves him no matter what.

This unconditional love and pressure to be a productive member of society could be causing him more stress than what he is already experiencing from the accident.

His therapist believes that his trouble at work is from his mom telling him he is not good enough, which is a sign of an authoritarian parenting style.

This is contrary to what Abe believes, which is that his trouble is from the pain after the accident.

His therapist is also working on his breathing and slowing his heart rate when he is stressed. She tells Abe to smile throughout the day to improve his mood.

She is also encouraging Abe to take online classes to understand his self-worth.

Abe's manager is trying to improve his attendance by allowing him to earn lunch by showing up to work on time.

His manager is going out of his way, perhaps showing prosocial behavior.

In conclusion, Abe's case was an interesting study, and we learned a lot from it.

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Abe's manager is showing signs of prosocial behavior by giving Abe opportunities to show up to work and earn lunch for the employees.

Abe's wife wants him to contribute to his family, community, and society.

This could be her way of enhancing Abe's rooted need to affiliate with other people and form connections (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 540).

Abe may be using a self-handicapping mechanism which is a tactic that makes one feel better and removes themselves from uncomfortable situations they feel they may fail in (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p 518).

Abe's manager said that Abe works better in a group.

Abe could be dependent on his team to reach their goals using a relationship process called mutual interdependence (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 557).

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Sheila Smith, Abe's wife, reported that Abe is always seeking a calm, quiet environment.

Abe may be showing signs of being an introvert (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 381).

Abe's wife loves him no matter what.

She could be showing Abe unconditional positive regard which is when you show affection towards someone regardless of the wrong that they do (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p 402.).

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According to Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, there are five classifications of human motivation. Abe appears to be "stuck" in the fourth stage called esteem and self-esteem (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 316).

Abe feels that people label him as disabled and treat him differently. This could imply that he has low self-esteem.

Abe's manager, Bob Jones, is setting attendance goals with him and he is working towards lunch for his team.

Bob could be attempting to use a biological need, such as food, to improve Abe's attendance (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 314-315).

After the accident, Abe gained 20 lbs and is trying to lose it.

The process of losing weight could be stressful. If the stress continues, instead of losing weight, he could gain weight from emotional eating (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 321).

When Abe hears the song or a similar-sounding song, he experiences what can be labeled as discomfort or "fear."

This sensory response could come from activity related to the amygdala which plays a part in emotion(Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 334).

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Abe is 47 years old and married with two children in college.

According to Erikson's psychosocial dilemmas,  someone like Abe would be considered to be in their middle adulthood phase. In this phase, individuals may experience conflict between generativity (care for others) and stagnation (care for yourself) (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 100).

With balancing his job, his children's college fees, marriage, and losing weight, Abe could be experiencing a lot of stress.

Abe's wife reported that Abe is always seeking a calm and quiet environment, but his wife wants him to be active in the family and community.

This could be a form of an approach-approach conflict because Abe wants to be alone, but at the same time, he wants to do what his wife says (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 428).

In work, Abe feels that he is treated unfairly and his managers are overly directive.

This could be his way of using scapegoating which is a process of blaming another person or group for conditions that you do not see fair (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 427).

After the accident, Abe reported his reaction to hearing the song as being "troubled."

He could be affected by traumatic stress. Evidence comes from his wife who describes him as quiet, tense, anxious, and unfriendly (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 430).

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According to Leads, D'Lauro, and Johnson (2019), a strong impact on the head can lead to lower memory performance.

If Abe's accident caused cranial damage, then there is a chance that the injury may have affected his work performance.

According to Bob Jones, Abe has trouble remembering information for more than a few seconds.

This can be linked to encoding failure in which individuals fail to store information to form a useful memory (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 243).

Bob also reported that Abe is having trouble with the filing system which has changed since his accident.

Abe's inability to adjust to the new system could be a sign of proactive interference (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 246).

Abe can remember the song that played and how to drive, but can not remember the accident itself.

This could be a sign of repression, the subconscious attempt to forget painful memories (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 247).

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Andison, F. (1977). TV Violence and Viewer Aggression: A Cumulation of Study Results 1956-1976. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 41(3), 314-331. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/2748569

Coon, D., Mitterer, J., & Martini, T. (2016). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind & Behavior (15th ed.). Boston, Ma: Cengage Learning Inc.

Leeds, D. D., D’Lauro, C., & Johnson, B. R. (2019). Predictive Power of Head Impact Intensity Measures for Recognition Memory Performance. Military Medicine, 184, 206–217. https://doi-org.proxygsu-gamc.galileo.usg.edu/10.1093/milmed/usy415

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Abe's wife reported that after watching violent television, Abe treated her unkindly. Abe could be reflecting what he sees on the TV towards his wife.

According to F. Scott Andison, there is a positive correlation between television violence and human aggression (Andison, 1997).

Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning revealed that trauma could come from learning.

The car accident may have conditioned Abe to react fearfully towards the song that played before the accident (Coon, Mitterer, Martini, 2016, p.197-198).

Abe reported feeling his heart beat faster when he hears the song or a similar-sounding one. This could be labeled as a generalization (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p.200).

Bob Jones, Abe's manager, sets attendance goals for Abe which will result in lunch for everybody based on timely attendance. If Bob's reward increases the likelihood that Abe is on time, then this could be a form of positive reinforcement (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 203).

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After the accident, Abe's therapist reported that Abe had difficulty sleeping, had continued pain, and experienced feelings of sadness and fatigue.

Abe had also reported having gained 20 pounds.

These observations can be tied to Abe's major neurotransmitters.

If his serotonin is high, he can gain weight from increased appetite, and if it's too low, he can experience depression (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 59).

His anxiety may be a result of excess norepinephrine and a deficiency of GABA (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 59).

His fatigue and pain can be linked to a deficiency in glutamate (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 59).

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In the case study, Abe believed that the car that hit him was further away and moving slower.

Since he was texting, he may have experienced inattentional blindness since he didn't fully register the car (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p.122).

After being hit, Abe's "warning system" may have sent messages to his brain that the body may be experiencing pain (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 135).

Receiving damage to his leg, Abe's "reminding system" may have sent messages to his brain that his body was injured (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p. 135).

Abe's colored-blindness could be a result of the absence of cones in his eyes (Coon, Mitterer & Martini, 2016, p.128).

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We chose Abe Smith because:

We believe that a lot of car accidents today are caused by texting and driving.

Anxiety is a common case but among younger age groups.

We believed that choosing Abe Smith's case will challenge our minds to understand what is going on with him.

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Abe Smith is a 47-year-old man who was a victim of a car accident as a result of texting and driving.

Abe Smith is color-blind

He believes that the pain from his accident decreases his ability to work. His therapist believes otherwise.

He gets tense when hearing the song or a similar sounding one that played before his accident.

His wife reported that he becomes violent after watching violent television.

His boss has tried to improve his attendance at work by offering free lunch to his team.

His therapist is trying to help him control his behavior.