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This exhibit of items has been carefully curated to focus on how technology is related to all the branches of science, and how it relates to the big ideas of the Grade 10 science curriculum. The items were chosen using a careful search to make sure that only the most relevant and interesting items were showcased. This search focused on finding items that related to the board themes of science. There is also a wide variety of different types of items to make this exhibit more interesting. It is our hope that these items will provide you with valuable insight relating to science, and that it will encourage you to look further into these topics. These items will help you understand our world in greater detail (such as the Earth and Space Science items), and with a finer lens (such as the Physics items).

This exhibit is organized as such from top to bottom, each category contains items and careers (save for Scientific investigation Skills):
Scientific Investigation Skills
Chemistry
Biology
Physics
Earth and Space Science

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Scientific Investigation Skills and Career Exploration

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Scientific Investigation Skills and Career Exploration

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Big Idea: Identify and describe a variety of careers related to the fields of science under study, and identify scientists, including Canadians, who have made contributions to those fields.

This image is an overview of Canadian scientists. These scientists have all contributed greatly to their fields. These have significance as they are recognized around the world and their work has been studied numerous times. All of these scientists have also worked with technology in one way or another. For example, Michael Smith used microscopes to work properly on molecular biology. This relates to the big idea, as all of these scientists are Canadians, and have all worked in different fields of science.

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Modi, Y. (2020). Famous Canadian Scientists. [image].

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Big Idea: Chemicals react with each other in predictable ways.

This is a video that explains how batteries work. It explains how batteries were discovered, and how the scientists that originally discovered them misinterpreted how electricity was stored within them. The three main parts of a battery are the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte. A reaction happens within the battery, which is what lets it store its power. Batteries have slowly started to be used in more and more things as well. Additionally, as batteries are a form of technology, the video also briefly goes over how battery technology has improved over the years.

TED-Ed (2015). How batteries work. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OVtk6G2TnQ [Accessed 17 Jan. 2020].

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Big Idea: Chemical reactions may have a negative impact on the environment, but they can also be used to address environmental challenges.

This is an article about a new reaction that has been discovered. The significance of it is that it could play a part in reversing climate change. Scientists found that using a catalyst (in this case carbon and copper) could reverse the combustion reaction that causes CO2 to be released into the atmosphere in the first place. However, it must be explored more in-depth before it can be used. This shows that even though some reactions, such as the combustion reactions that release greenhouse gases, can have negative effects, others can have positive effects. Technology would play a large role in implementing this if it does get researched more, as it would have to be used to make carbon collection occur at a large scale.

Siomko, S. (2017). New chemical reaction could help reverse climate change. [online] The Gettysburgian. Available at: https://gettysburgian.com/2017/01/new-chemical-reaction-could-help-reverse-climate-change/ [Accessed 17 Jan. 2020].

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By Sam Siomko, Staff Writer

Sometimes, new scientific discoveries are not the result of enormous research ventures or million-dollar companies. Often, breakthroughs are the result of accidents. And one accident that recently came from Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee might have the potential to save the world. Researchers happened to discover a chemical reaction that can turn carbon dioxide into ethanol, which, if widely implemented, could help slow or even reverse global climate change.

Hold up. Reverse climate change? That seems like the stuff of science fiction. While Oak Ridge may not be able to save the planet single handedly, its discovery proves that it is possible to reverse the reaction that released over 400ppm of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere since the industrial revolution. Energy that comes from burning things such as coal, fossil fuels, and wood is the result of a simple reaction known as combustion. Combustion is the result of a fuel which reacts with oxygen to produce energy, usually in the form of fire, light, or heat, as well as water and carbon dioxide.

It is easy enough to make this reaction happen with just a simple match. But imagine taking that light or heat and turning it back into a piece of coal. The Oak Ridge team discovered that to reverse this reaction, a simple catalyst was needed. A catalyst is a chemical or element that makes it easier for a reaction to happen. Combustion does not need a catalyst, but the reverse reaction does. And while studying a small part of this reaction, the team discovered that their chosen catalyst was so reactive that it was essentially turning carbon dioxide into ethanol all by itself.

What is this miracle catalyst? The Oak Ridge researchers found that a simple "spike" of carbon and copper, along with a little electricity, was enough to make this reverse reaction happen. The secret was to make these spikes so tiny that the electric current could be concentrated. These tiny energy-focusing catalysts were the result of advances in nanotechnology which allowed researchers to get the tips of the spikes to be so small (50 nanometers to be exact, which is about 2000 times smaller than a human cell).

Not only could this technique be used to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, it would also be using extra electricity from the grid that is otherwise wasted. Since raw electricity cannot be stored, it usually dissipates without being used. Since this reaction requires electricity to work, researcher suggest using the extra electricity to "store" energy in the form of ethanol, which is another highly-combustible substance usually obtained from corn.

Researchers do not know when this technique could be implemented, but they hope to explore it more thoroughly. They are just happy that they were able to discover such a breakthrough entirely by accident. So don't worry about making a mistake on your chemistry test - who knows? It could be the first step to a new scientific discovery.

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New chemical reaction could help reverse climate change

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By Sam Siomko, Staff Writer Sometimes, new scientific discoveries are not the result of enormous research ventures or million-dollar companies. Often, breakthroughs are the result of accidents. And one accident that recently came from Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee might have the potential to save the world.

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Big Idea: Chemicals react with each other in predictable ways.

This article gives a description of a Chemical Technologist. Their significance is that they are involved in research and in quality control, both of which help ensure the consumers trust of the product. People who work this job analyse chemicals, and perform experiments to determine what something is made out of. They will also often work as a team. The experiments that these people preform take use of the fact that chemicals react in predictable ways, otherwise they would not work. They also use this fact when checking that a chemical is in fact the one that they think it is. This is related to technology as they use many scientific apparatuses to accomplish their work.

ECO Canada. (n.d.). Chemical Technician/Technologist | ECO Canada. [online] Available at: https://www.eco.ca/career-profiles/chemical-techniciantechnologist/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2020].

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Chemical technicians/technologists perform chemical sampling and analysis and are involved in a variety of projects, for example analytical testing, quality control protocols, and product research and development. They often work as members of multidisciplinary teams with chemists, chemical engineers, and other related professions. Chemical technicians/technologists can specialize in a number of disciplines, including environmental testing, mining and exploration, pharmaceuticals, and hazard waste, and opportunities for technicians/technologists can be very diverse depending on the industry and their education.

At a glance Imagine you are sitting at your lab bench pipetting a clear solution into a small Erlenmeyer flask. You are a chemical technician/technologist and you are preparing to analyze this solution to determine if there are potentially toxic compounds present at concentrations high enough to make people sick. This sample has been taken from the drinking fountain of one of the country's largest gold mines, where several workers have fallen ill and been hospitalized over the last week. Occupational hygienists at the mine have taken air and water samples and sent them to your lab for analysis. Now your lab is busy trying to determine if the employees' air or water is the cause of their illnesses. As a chemical technician/technologist, you work as part of a team with other technicians, technologists, and supervising chemists. Your team has been assigned to analyze the water sample, so you have been busy prepping equipment, solutions, and reagents for the battery of tests your team will run. You start by testing the water for the presence of cyanide, the highly toxic chemical the mine uses as part of the process of extracting gold from ore. Despite all safety precautions, there is always a chance this poison could have contaminated the drinking water. Following the cyanide test, your team will also test for high levels of chlorine, iron, and manganese as possible culprits, along with bacterial agents such as E. coli or coliform contamination. The mine's employees and owners are hoping your lab can isolate the cause of the illnesses so it can be cleaned up and dealt with and the mine can return to operation.

Job duties
Duties vary significantly from job to job, but the following list includes typical job duties one might encounter as a chemical technician/technologist:

Collect air, water, and soil samples, including stack testing for emissions and pollutants.

Operate and maintain laboratory equipment.

Set up equipment and apparatuses for experiments and analyses.

Perform chemical tests following laboratory procedures, including process control, quality control, and research.

Test materials for quality, performance, and composition.

Record, validate, and interpret results of tests and analyses.

Record actions taken for tests and analyses.

Present results and prepare reports.

Work environment
Chemical technicians/technologists work in a variety of locations, including: In the lab:

Preparing test solutions and processing samples

Testing samples and conducting experiments

Developing test methodology

Calibrating and maintaining instruments

In the office:

Recording analytical results

Doing paperwork and analyzing data for reporting

Communicating on the phone and in meetings with clients, government departments, colleagues, and other scientists

Maintaining inventory and ordering new stock

In the field:
Collecting samples for analysis, including quality-assurance samples of raw materials and finished products

Where to work
There are a number of places chemical technicians/technologists can find employment. They include:

Federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal government departments

Colleges, universities, and research institutes

Biotechnology firms

Waste management firms

Environmental consulting firms

Chemical processing plants

Forensic labs

Firms in other industries, for example oil and gas, pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, food production, and health care

Education & requirements
If you are a high school student considering a career as a chemical technician/technologist, you should have strong marks or an interest in:

Chemistry

Mathematics

Physics

Computer Science

In most cases, the minimum education requirement to work as a chemical technician/technologist is a college technical diploma. If you are a post-secondary student considering a career as a chemical technician/technologist, the following programs are most applicable:

Chemistry

Environmental Technology

Environmental Science

Chemical Engineering

Certification is not mandatory for chemical technicians/technologists, though many practitioners choose to become certified technicians or technologists through their provincial associations. Requirements for certification vary among provinces.

Related Careers

Air quality technician

Analytical chemist

Biochemist

Biological technician

Biotechnologist

Ecotoxicologist

Environmental chemist

Environmental monitoring technician

Environmental technician

Hazardous materials specialist

Hazardous materials technician

Pollution control technologist

Reclamation specialist

Water and wastewater laboratory technologist

Water quality technician

Role Model

Taina Reidl
"It's a funny story," says Taina Redl. She was working at a pharmacy in Saskatoon when she got a call about a job opening with the Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC). The chemical technology graduate had let a former teacher know she was looking for work in the field. "This former instructor called the SRC and said 'I've got somebody who's got a lot of education'...and they hired me within a day." Since then, Taina has been enjoying the challenges of her job as a chemical technologist in the inorganic chemistry department. "I like doing technical work...and my job is very much hands-on." As a "floater" in the lab, Taina is not assigned to a specific "bench" or job duty. Instead, she must be fluent in all the tests the lab conducts. She is also able to operate any of the lab's sophisticated equipment. Adding to her responsibilities are the test deadlines, which are usually two weeks but in some cases 48 hours. "I like the fast-paced environment...because your day just flies by...you come into work and next thing you know, your day is done." Despite all the positive aspects of her job, Taina says that one drawback within the industry is the professional glass ceiling. "If you want to make the leap from technologist to manager in this industry, you really need to get more education. You need a degree." She believes this is the result of a gross misconception within the industry-that technologists with a diploma have less experience and knowledge than their counterparts with a degree. "Chemical technologists [with a diploma] leave school with a good combination of education and hands-on training." Taina believes this combination is overlooked by many within the chemical technology industry when it comes to hiring and promoting employees. She credits her own professional success in the chemical technology industry to this combination of learning.

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Chemical Technician/Technologist | ECO Canada

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Chemical technicians/technologists perform chemical sampling and analysis and are involved in a variety of projects, for example analytical testing, quality control protocols, and product research and development. They often work as members of multidisciplinary teams with chemists, chemical engineers, and other related professions.

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Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things — Item

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Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things — Item

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Big Idea: Plants and animals, including humans, are made of specialized cells, tissues, and organs that are organized into systems.

This article gives an overview of the history of cell theory. It's significance is that cells have changed the field of biology greatly, and learning how they were discovered helps you see how scientist found things out. The article talks about the people who developed cell theory. It mentions when specialized cells were discovered, and how our understanding of tissues and organs grew. The medicine that came from this work is also discussed in detail. You can also see the technology that were used to make these discoveries, and how it got better over time.

National Geographic Society. (2019). History of the Cell: Discovering the Cell. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/history-cell-discovering-cell/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2020].

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Thursday, May 23, 2019

Although they are externally very different, internally, an elephant, a sunflower, and an amoeba are all made of the same building blocks. From the single cells that make up the most basic organisms to the trillions of cells that constitute the complex structure of the human body, each and every living being on Earth is comprised of cells. This idea, part of the cell theory, is one of the central tenants of biology. Cell theory also states that cells are the basic functional unit of living organisms and that all cells come from other cells. Although this knowledge is foundational today, scientists did not always know about cells.

The discovery of the cell would not have been possible if not for advancements to the microscope. Interested in learning more about the microscopic world, scientist Robert Hooke improved the design of the existing compound microscope in 1665. His microscope used three lenses and a stage light, which illuminated and enlarged the specimens. These advancements allowed Hooke to see something wondrous when he placed a piece of cork under the microscope. Hooke detailed his observations of this tiny and previously unseen world in his book, Micrographia. To him, the cork looked as if it was made of tiny pores, which he came to call "cells" because they reminded him of the cells in a monastery.

In observing the cork's cells, Hooke noted in Micrographia that, "I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular... these pores, or cells,...were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this..."

Not long after Hooke's discovery, Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek detected other hidden, minuscule organisms- bacteria and protozoa. It was unsurprising that van Leeuwenhoek would make such a discovery. He was a master microscope maker and perfected the design of the simple microscope (which only had a single lens), enabling it to magnify an object by around two hundred to three hundred times its original size. What van Leeuwenhoek saw with these microscopes was bacteria and protozoa, but he called these tiny creatures "animalcules."

Van Leeuwenhoek became fascinated. He went on to be the first to observe and describe spermatozoa in 1677. He even took a look at the plaque between his teeth under the microscope. In a letter to the Royal Society, he wrote, "I then most always saw, with great wonder, that in the said matter there were many very little living animalcules, very prettily a-moving."

In the nineteenth century, biologists began taking a closer look at both animal and plant tissues, perfecting cell theory. Scientists could readily tell that plants were completely made up of cells due to their cell wall. However, this was not so obvious for animal cells, which lack a cell wall. Many scientists believed that animals were made of "globules."

German scientists Theodore Schwann and Mattias Schleiden studied cells of animals and plants respectively. These scientists identified key differences between the two cell types and put forth the idea that cells were the fundamental units of both plants and animals.

However, Schwann and Schleiden misunderstood how cells grow. Schleiden believed that cells were "seeded" by the nucleus and grew from there. Similarly, Schwann claimed that animal cells "crystalized" from the material between other cells. Eventually, other scientists began to uncover the truth. Another piece of the cell theory puzzle was identified by Rudolf Virchow in 1855, who stated that all cells are generated by existing cells.

At the turn of the century, attention began to shift toward cytogenetics, which aimed to link the study of cells to the study of genetics. In the 1880s, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri were responsible for identifying the chromosome as the hub for heredity-forever linking genetics and cytology. Later discoveries further confirmed and solidified the role of the cell in heredity, such as James Watson and Francis Crick's studies on the structure of DNA.

The discovery of the cell continued to impact science one hundred years later, with the discovery of stem cells, the undifferentiated cells that have yet to develop into more specialized cells. Scientists began deriving embryonic stem cells from mice in the 1980s, and in 1998, James Thomson isolated human embryonic stem cells and developed cell lines. His work was then published in an article in the journal Science. It was later discovered that adult tissues, usually skin, could be reprogrammed into stem cells and then form other cell types. These cells are known as induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are now used to treat many conditions such as Alzheimer's and heart disease.

The discovery of the cell has had a far greater impact on science than Hooke could have ever dreamed in 1665. In addition to giving us a fundamental understanding of the building blocks of all living organisms, the discovery of the cell has led to advances in medical technology and treatment. Today, scientists are working on personalized medicine, which would allow us to grow stem cells from our very own cells and then use them to understand disease processes. All of this and more grew from a single observation of the cell in a cork.

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History of the Cell: Discovering the Cell

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Thursday, May 23, 2019 Although they are externally very different, internally, an elephant, a sunflower, and an amoeba are all made of the same building blocks. From the single cells that make up the most basic organisms to the trillions of cells that constitute the complex structure of the human body, each and every living being on Earth is comprised of cells.

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Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things — Item

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Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things — Item

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Big Idea: Developments in medicine and medical technology can have social and ethical implications.

This Wordle lists the common terms that relate to ethics in medicine. This is significant as doctors and nurses must make sure that the things that they are doing are moral and ethical. The words in this Wordle have ties to the patients, the doctors, their families, and the morality of the treatment. This causes you to think about how developments in medicine may not always be good for the patient, and that that must be considered. For example, lengthening the life of someone in pain may bot always be the best choice. These issues are made more prevalent due to new technology being created which causes more of these conundrums.

Adobe (n.d.). Wordle of Medical Ethics. [image] Available at: https://image.jimcdn.com/app/cms/image/transf/none/path/s56ba071b83ea3bd6/image/ie0bbe171dfb6e3f3/version/1458602348/image.jpg [Accessed 19 Jan. 2020].

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Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things — Career

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Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things — Career

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Big idea: Plants and animals, including humans, are made of specialized cells, tissues, and organs that are organized into systems.

This article gives a general overview of a stem cell scientist. These workers significance is that they are pioneering new developments which have the potential to save hundreds of thousands of people. It explains what you would need to do to become one yourself, and their primary duties. Their main purpose is to cultivate and research stem cells. As these cells can grow into any type of specialized cells, which will further form tissues and organs, they are very valuable. These scientists also study how the the cells will function in these tissues and organs as well. This relates to technology as the experiments that are preformed on stem cells use very advanced technology, such as high power microscopes.

study.com. (2019). Stem Cell Scientist: Job Description, Duties and Requirements. [online] Available at: https://study.com/articles/Stem_Cell_Scientist_Job_Description_Duties_and_Requirements.html [Accessed 18 Jan. 2020].

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Essential Information

Stem cells act as a repair system, replenishing damaged tissues via cell division. The primary goal of a stem cell scientist is to understand how this regeneration process can be influenced. Generally, stem cell scientists work in laboratory settings and follow strict lab protocols. Because of the technical nature of stem cell research, employers generally desire candidates who have a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in a life science and ample related work experience.

Other Requirements
Extensive related experience

Projected Job Growth (2018-2028)
8% for medical scientists, except epidemiologists*

Median Annual Salary (2018)
$84,810 for medical scientists, except epidemiologists*

Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Stem Cell Scientist Job Description

Stem cell scientists primarily study how stem cells can transform into the various tissues of the human body. Understanding this information can shed light on how to treat cell division ailments, such as cancer and birth defects. Additionally, stem cell scientists look at ways to manipulate this genetic information to grow cells into usable organs and tissues.

Duties of a Stem Cell Scientist

Scientists generally work in creating cell lines or cultures of stem cells. These cultures are basically eternal since scientists can continually regrow a line without obtaining additional cells from an organism. Scientists may perform a multitude of tests and augmentations to a cell line. Because stem cells are not fully understood, scientists generally perform research by experimenting on the cells themselves or with organisms.

Stem Cell Scientist Requirements

Educational Requirements

Employers commonly require prospective stem cell scientists to have a doctorate in a biological science, such as microbiology. Prerequisites for a doctoral program in microbiology generally include completion of a bachelor's degree program in a life science and successful completion of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE).

PhD programs in microbiology generally focus on research and laboratory experience and culminate in the planning and presentation of a research project. Courses focused on microbial genetics and prokaryotic molecular biology may be relevant for future stem cell scientists.

Experience Requirements

Many occupations in stem cell research require years of experience in a lab working with specific cultures and techniques. While a PhD program may provide some background, there are a variety of additional options for gaining required experience. For example, after graduation, some prospective scientists may engage in research fellowships in stem cell research. A fellowship may involve working with life science researchers and staff in molecular biology, gene therapy and organ engineering projects.

Salary Info and Job Outlook

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual salary earned by medical scientists (except epidemiologists), the category under which stem cell scientists fall, was $96,420 in May 2018. The employment of medical scientists in general, except epidemiologists, is expected to grow faster than average between 2018 and 2028, per the BLS.

Stem cell scientists generally work in lab settings, conducting experiments with cultures to shed light on how cell division, diseases, and cell regeneration works. Working in this field typically requires a PhD in the biological sciences. After completing a PhD, prospective candidates can gain lab work experience through fellowships.

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Stem Cell Scientist: Job Description, Duties and Requirements

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Stem cells act as a repair system, replenishing damaged tissues via cell division. The primary goal of a stem cell scientist is to understand how this regeneration process can be influenced. Generally, stem cell scientists work in laboratory settings and follow strict lab protocols.

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Physics: Light and Geometric Optics — Item

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Physics: Light and Geometric Optics — Item

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Big Idea: Light has characteristics and properties that can be manipulated with mirrors and lenses for a range of uses.

This diagram explains how a refractor works by using a see-through model. In summary, it shows the various mirrors that are inside and their placements; where the light rays are, where they intersect, and how they go to your eyes; and the labels of each part and explanations of them. This diagram shows how a refractor uses the properties of light to magnify it for your eyes at the correct size. Additionally, this is related to the main theme as a refractor is a type of technology that is used very often in real life. They are used in ubiquitous objects such as telescopes and binoculars.

How Stuff Works (2000). Refractor. [image] Available at: https://sites.google.com/site/parkviewastro/_/rsrc/1254224025670/home/observatories/visible-astronomy/refracting-telescopes/how-it-works/telescope-basic.jpg [Accessed 14 Jan. 2020].

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Physics: Light and Geometric Optics — Item

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Physics: Light and Geometric Optics — Item

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Big Idea: Society has benefited from the development of a range of optical devices and technologies.

This website is a history of the field of optics and how it developed. This is significant because learning the ways that something developed makes you appreciate what we have now more. The website begins by explaining primitive lenses very long ago, then moves on to Europe in the middle ages, and finally into the Modern Era. It mentions specific developments that influenced society greatly, and devices such as cameras and telescopes. The impact in society is also one of the big ideas of this unit. This relates to technology because of the large list of technologies that use optics and also have a large impact on the world. Things that use optics, such as the microscope, have improved the human world greatly.

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Modi, Y. (2020). Optics in Society. [online] OPTICS IN SOCIETY. Available at: https://opticsinsociety.weebly.com [Accessed 19 Jan. 2020].

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The field of optics began with the ancient Egyptians and the Mesopotamians. They were followed by the Greeks and the Romans. In fact, the word optics comes from the Greek word τα ὀπτικά.

​The earliest lenses were made from polished quartz, and could have existed as far back as 750 BCE. There were many similar lenses in Egypt, Greece, and Babylon. They filled glass spheres with water to make their lenses. However, lenses began to be made of glass starting in the Middle Ages.

In his book called Optics, the Greek mathematician Euclid found that "things seen under a greater angle appear greater, and those under a lesser and appear less". In the following propositions, he relates the apparent size of an object to its distance from your eyes. He was also the first to consider light rays.

In Europe, the study of optics followed a similar path, and in 1600, Johannes Kepler started studying optics, specifically focusing on eclipses and atmospheric refraction. In his published works, he explained reflection with flat and curved mirrors, and pinhole cameras. Later on, Willebrord Snellius developed the law of refraction (or Snell's Law), in 1621. Subsequently, René Descartes discovered that the angular radius of the rainbow is 42°.

All of these discoveries helped lead to modern optics, where it became it an essential part of everyday life.

Optics is in many parts of our everyday lives now. From glasses to cameras, everyone has benefited in some way or another from this subject. Currently, there are many sub-branches of optics, such as crystal optics, statistical optics, and singular optics.

One big use is fibre optics, which allows information to be transmitted a very fast pace. The fibres use the principles of total internal reflection, to make information transfer easier and faster. there are also specially designed fibres used for lighting and imaging. All of this would not have been possible without optics.

Another use of optics is for glasses and cameras. As over 64% of the population wears glasses, lots of people have benefited. And cameras have allowed for our world to be captured in ways not thought possible just a century ago.

As such, all of the devices mentioned above (and many more) have improved our lives greatly. And as scientists continue to learn more about how light works, the uses and technologies created by optics are sure to only grow.

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The field of optics began with the ancient Egyptians and the Mesopotamians. They were followed by the Greeks and the Romans. In fact, the word optics comes from the Greek word τα ὀπτικά. ​The earliest lenses were made from polished quartz, and could have existed as far back as 750 BCE.

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Physics: Light and Geometric Optics — Career

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Physics: Light and Geometric Optics — Career

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Big Idea: Light has characteristics and properties that can be manipulated with mirrors and lenses for a range of uses.

This image shows a general overview of the optometrist job. This is significant as these people play an important part in making sure that people all around the world can see properly. It tells you the main things that they do. It also gives a median salary, but does not state which country it is for. The image also spans a wide range of optometrists, and does not explain that there are different types. This relates to the big idea as the corrective and contact lenses that they prescribe must use the properties of light and lenses to function. They must also know how light enters the eye to figure out which eye issue a customer may have. Glasses are also a form of technology, and the lenses are created using precise laser technology as well.

Balance (n.d.). What is an Optometrist?. [image] Available at: https://www.thebalancecareers.com/thmb/PKRqdgclhOSHBjTTFzW1YpywEPI=/400x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/what-is-an-optometrist-526049_FINAL-6eede4dda2cc4926803d3d9ef9497415.png [Accessed 18 Jan. 2020].

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Earth and Space Science: Climate Change — Item

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Earth and Space Science: Climate Change — Item

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Big Idea: Climate change affects living things and natural systems in a variety of ways.

This video explains the many issues surrounding climate change. This is significant as learning about these issues is an important step towards solving them. The video begins by outlining many of the reasons that people do not care about climate change anymore, such as the fact that we have been overloaded by fear and that there are many conflicting messages. The video also has a beginning section that explains what climate change is and the effects that it will have on humans and the world in a no-nonsense way. It also has a section on how we cannot rely on techno-optimism to solve climate change, and what we will have to do instead. This is where the relation to the main theme came from.

ACCIONA (2018). How to avoid climate change REALLY FAST. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iw2AHyMmGT8 [Accessed 15 Jan. 2020].

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Earth and Space Science: Climate Change — Career

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Earth and Space Science: Climate Change — Career

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Big Idea: People have the responsibility to assess their impact on climate change and to identify effective courses of action to reduce this impact.

This article is an overview of the work that climatologists do. This job is significant as they help citizens adapt to changes in weather and climate that may occur. They also gather important data that scientists can use. They, along with the help of other scientists use this data to help find methods on reducing climate changes impact. Some of their main responsibilities include analyzing data and conducting research on atmospheric events. The article also covers the pay and some things you may have to do to become a climatologist. This relates to technology because climatologists must use technology such as microscopes and mathematical computer models to do their job properly and efficiently.

environmentalscience.org. (n.d.). How to Become a Climatologist. [online] Available at: https://www.environmentalscience.org/career/climatologist
[Accessed 17 Jan. 2020].

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A climatologist analyzes climate patterns to provide an understanding of the conditions of a particular area, and help the citizens of that area adapt to their surroundings.

What Is Climatology?

Climatology is more than just the study of weather. NASA defines climate as "the description of the long term weather pattern of a particular area." There is even an old saying that sums this up quite nicely, "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get."

Climatology is the study of the myriad factors that influence weather, and the influence of weather on the environment. These include water, atmosphere, and geology. Climatology studies all of these things over the course of time, typically a 30 year cycle.

What Does a Climatologist Do?

The job of a climatologist is varied and exciting. Depending on the position, a climatologist might be called upon to wear many different hats. A climatologist might do hands on research such as taking water or soil samples, then analyze and report on the data. They may make presentations on their research at seminars or conferences, or provide an analysis of other research to employers, government officials, or other interested parties.

Climatologists can also be problem solvers, applying the research to address local climate issues, or to determine how to best work under different climate conditions. For example, they can work with or as weather forecasters, working to improve accuracy through developing new measurement tools and statistical models; conduct simulations; and translate findings into more easily understood terms for the general public.

Environmental Contribution

Climatologists are in a unique position to make a positive impact on the environment by working with industry to mitigate their effect on the environment and also to work within the environmental constraints of an area to maximize savings and profit for the company as well as minimize environmental impact.

Where Do Climatologists Work?

Climatologists can work in academic and research institutions as well as government, public or private agencies, and nonprofits. Climatologists can also take on a consulting role, working for engineering and environmental consulting firms.

Work Environment

Climatologists can choose lab, office or field work, or find a position with a combination of all three.

Work Hazards

In any lab or field setting, there can be an element of risk. However, with proper safety precautions, the risk of injury is low for a climatologist.

Work Schedules

Due to the varied types of work available to a climatologist, you should be able to find any type of work schedule that appeals to you. Consulting work can be either full time or part time, and often involves travel. Lab, field and research work are often flexible.

What Is the Average Climatologist Salary?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2012 the median annual salary for atmospheric scientists including climatologists was $89,260 with a salary range between $49,120, and $134,730.

Table data taken from BLS (http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes192021.htm)

Career Trajectory

From entry level workers with a bachelor's degree through PhD level positions, there is tremendous opportunity for growth in this field.

Job Demand

The demand for climatologists is expected to grow at the same rate for all other industries in the next ten years, about 10 percent, according to the BLS. The most likely growth will occur in private industry.

Climatology Jobs & Job Description

A climatologist's job is to study and predict long-term weather patterns and the processes that cause them. This career choice requires a set of responsibilities, which vary significantly from job to job, but the list here includes typical job duties that may be expected of a climatologist:

Analyze and interpret data obtained from meteorological stations, radar and satellite imagery, and computer models

Analyze historical climate data; use models to predict future climate trends

Research influencers that affect climate change

Explain and illustrate how climate may impact wetland ecology, biodiversity, and human health

Communicate research findings to the international scientific community and the public

Conduct research on atmospheric events

Develop and analyze mathematical computer data models

Senior Climatologists often have enhanced job responsibilities that focus on management of the working team's budgeting and collaboration. Such responsibilities often include:

Reporting to and advise policy-makers and other stakeholders regarding the use and interpretation of climatological information

Providing consultation and advice to outside agencies, professionals, or researchers

Making scientific presentations, reports, and articles for internal or external partners or the general public

Engaging in the design and development of new meteorological data collection

Developing software programs to support predictive modeling

Planning, organizing, and participating in outreach programs

Reporting on findings for analysis and conclusions through internal and external channels

Ensuring that systems and methods of design, planning, data analysis, modeling and projections, associated documentation and development meet the goals of the workgroup and stakeholders

Creating funding applications and reporting to senior administrators

Overseeing team budgets, milestones, and systems

Assisting and mentoring team members

Establishing valid and efficient workgroup protocols

Supporting team members' research by providing mentoring

What Are the Education Requirements to Become a Climatologist?

Entry level climatology positions will require a bachelor's degree in climatology or a related field such as meteorology or atmospheric science. For research and academic positions, a Master's or PhD will be required.

Prior Training and Experience

Although prior experience is often not required for entry level positions, it does provide an edge. Look for internship or volunteer experience to fill a potential void on your resume.

Licensing and Certification

Although not required at this time, obtaining a professional certificate provides many advantages. These include demonstrating a level of commitment to the field, entering the profession at a higher level and qualifying for a higher salary.

Related Degree Options for Climatologists

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Professional Organizations and Societies

American Institute of Physics: With a mission to "advance, promote and serve the physical sciences for the benefit of humanity," the AIP and its member societies serve scientists and laymen alike who are interested in staying abreast of the latest research.

American Meteorological Society: Founded almost one hundred years ago, today the AMS has a membership of over 14,000 people. Through the AMS climatologists can pursue certification and attend conferences, and members can access their comprehensive information and education.

The Climate Institute: The Climate Institute is an organization committed to finding practical solutions to climate problems through research and education. Their findings are presented through their website.

Other Resources

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How to Become a Climatologist | EnvironmentalScience.org

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A climatologist analyzes climate patterns to provide an understanding of the conditions of a particular area, and help the citizens of that area adapt to their surroundings. Climatology is more than just the study of weather. NASA defines climate as "the description of the long term weather pattern of a particular area."

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