# data[].attributes.body
c- Aug. 18, 2017
r- It shows both sides of the subject
a- Anna Dubenko
a-No
p- Inform

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The political news cycle is fast, and keeping up can be overwhelming. Trying to find differing perspectives worth your time is even harder. That's why we have scoured the internet for political writing from the right and left that you might not have seen. Has this series exposed you to new ideas? Tell us how. Email us at ourpicks@nytimes.com.

Image

A statue honoring Robert E. Lee in Charlottesville, Va. Credit... Matt Eich for The New York Times

* Gracy Olmstead in The Federalist:
"We should also consider which parts of our history we are most proud of, and most eager to uphold. Conservatives believe in preserving and carrying on the best of the past - not its worst."
If the events of the past week prove anything to Ms. Olmstead, "it's that these memorials are splitting us further and further apart." She urges her readers - even those who do not want to see these statues taken down - to "seek to understand and sympathize" with those who support their removal. At the very least, she writes, "we can mitigate their toxic effect" by adding context or erecting new memorials. Read more "

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* Ben Shapiro in The Daily Wire:
"Everyone is trying to use the issue of Confederate monument removal as a club to wield against political opposition, and as a broadening mechanism for their own movements."
For Mr. Shapiro, the issue at hand has nothing to do with Confederate monuments. The reason we're really "talking about statues," he writes, is that they serve as a proxy argument for larger, political fights. The "truth" is that "Confederate statue removal is a local issue, not a national one." Read more "

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* Rod Dreher in The American Conservative:
"He fought for the wrong side and deserved to lose. But notice that after he lost, he called on all defeated Southerners to cease hostilities and to commit themselves to the service of the United States. [...] It mattered that he did not urge bitter resistance, but rather nobly counseled patriotism."
After New Orleans decided to take down its statue of Robert E. Lee in May, Mr. Dreher wrote a response to the controversy. He said he is "not losing sleep" over the removal of other Confederate leaders, but he's troubled by the move to take down a memorial to Lee, a "far more complex man" than many people realize. Read more "

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* Jonathan S. Tobin in The New York Post:
"A generation ago, nobody would have thought Washington or Jefferson controversial. Now it appears that even Mount Rushmore isn't safe, since among its quartet of greats, only Lincoln might be exempt from the iconoclasts."

Mr. Tobin believes the slippery slope reasoning of the president and others is not merely hypothetical - the logical result of the left's attempt to take down offensive statues has already been borne out in real life. He cites as his example an attempt to take down a famous statue of Theodore Roosevelt in front of New York's Natural History Museum. Read more "

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The empty pedestal of a statue that was pulled down by protesters in Durham, N.C., on Monday. Credit... Madeline Gray for The New York Times

* Gersh Kuntzman in The New York Daily News:
"Ever wonder why there are no statues of Adolf Hitler in Berlin?"
Mr. Kuntzman argues that Americans should treat their Confederate history the same way that Germany treats its Nazi past. He points out that "monuments are never about history itself" but rather about "what the people putting up the monument think about history." Read more "

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* Tyler Zimmer in Jacobin:
"The Confederate flag lionizes both racists and class traitors - indeed the two are inseparable."
According to Mr. Zimmer, the symbols of the Confederacy are not just about white supremacy, but also, inextricably, about class. Confederate flags and monuments, he writes, signify a "campaign by elites to hoodwink poor whites into throwing their lives away to protect ruling class wealth and privilege." Read more "

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* Adam Serwer in The Atlantic:
"To describe this man as an American hero requires ignoring the immense suffering for which he was personally responsible, both on and off the battlefield."

Mr. Serwer takes on the "myth of the kindly General Lee," arguing that this was a man "whose devotion to white supremacy outshone his loyalty to his country." There's no way, he writes, that one can defend Lee in "good conscience" unless one puts "tribe and race over country." Read more "

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Workers in Baltimore removed a Confederate statue early on Wednesday. Credit... Jerry Jackson/The Baltimore Sun, via Associated Press

* Eric Boehm in Reason:
"Baltimore offers a primer on the nonsensical slippery slope argument offered by defenders of the Confederate monuments."
At his news conference, Mr. Trump posed a rhetorical question to the assembled reporters, "Where does it stop?" Mr. Boehm responds by citing the example of the Baltimore City Council, which just this week unanimously passed a resolution to remove the city's Confederate monuments. Writing in the libertarian publication, Reason, Mr. Boehm puts it simply: "It stops....where it stops." Read more "

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* Ilya Somin in The Washington Post:
"The vast majority of monuments to Confederate leaders were erected to honor their service to the Confederacy, whose main reason for existing was to protect and extend slavery."
There are historical figures that pose a greater moral dilemma than that of Robert E. Lee, posits Mr. Somin. Woodrow Wilson poses one such example. However, he argues, "giving undeserved honor to the evil is at least as grave an error as denying proper recognition to those who merit it." Read more "

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* James M. McPherson in The New York Review of Books:
"The theme of liberty, not slavery, as the cause for which the South fought became a mantra in the writings of old Confederates and has been taken up by neo-Confederates in our own time."

In a 2001 article, Mr. McPherson traces the ways in which Confederate history has been rewritten to excise slavery as the animating issue at the heart of the Civil War and replace it with a "Lost Cause" theory of the conflict. The Lost Cause myth posits that "slavery was merely an incident," and the conflict was in fact all about "a difference of opinion about the Constitution." Read more "

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* Robert E. Lee in 1869 in The Republican Vindicator, via PBS:
"I think it wiser, moreover, not to keep open the sores of war but to follow the examples of those nations who endeavored to obliterate the marks of civil strife, to commit to oblivion the feelings engendered."
How did Lee feel about Confederate statues? Perhaps it's best to refer to his own writing on the matter. Here, in a letter declining an invitation to attend an event memorializing the battle at Gettysburg, he writes about the importance of moving on. Read more "

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* The New York Times in 1865:
"So long as the South has an admiration for the rebellion, so long will the South be rebel at heart. [...] True patriotic devotion should redeem any portion of the Republic from reproach. It should bury forever every memorial calculated to perpetuate dishonor and disparagement."
On Aug. 16, 1865, 152 years before the most recent debate over memorializing Confederate statues, writers for The Times published this article, advocating the preservation of the "memorials of rebel cruelty." Read more "

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Right and Left on Removal of Confederate Statues (Published 2017)

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The political news cycle is fast, and keeping up can be overwhelming. Trying to find differing perspectives worth your time is even harder. That's why we have scoured the internet for political writing from the right and left that you might not have seen. Has this series exposed you to new ideas?

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c- April 11
r- Shows both sides of subject
a- Katie Couric
a- No
p- Inform

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"History is what the present chooses to remember about the past." ~ Carl Becker (AHA President, 1931)
You may have found this webpage thanks to National Geographic Channel's documentary series, "AMERICA INSIDE OUT WITH KATIE COURIC." The premiere episode, "Re-Righting History," discusses various perspectives and controversies in the wake of the violence in Charlottesville, Virginia last August. Historical context is essential for understanding the legacy of Confederate monuments and the contemporary debates over their place in public spaces. The American Historical Association is proud to provide a resource for our communities to engage in these conversations, and we will gladly provide any community with a list of historians qualified to contribute the relevant expertise. We hope you will read through this collection of resources to expand your knowledge of the issues raised in "Re-Righting History."

The American Historical Association is the nation's largest organization advocating for history education, the professional work of historians, and the critical role of historical thinking in public life. We welcome history advocates in all fields of work to join us. You can to learn more about the AHA.

AHA Statement on Confederate Monuments (August 2017)

In the wake of the Charlottesville tragedy, the AHA released a statement about the role of history and historians in these public conversations. Rather than seeking to provide definitive answers to the questions posed by individual monuments, the AHA emphasizes the imperative of understanding historical context in any consideration of removing or recontextualizing monuments, or renaming public spaces.

Resources on Confederate Monuments and History

On this page, you will find links to interviews, op-eds, and other writings that our members, fellow historical societies, AHA Council members, and staff have made about the importance of historical thinking and knowledge within the current debate. If you would like to find a historian who can speak to your community, please contact Jane Green for a referral.

AHA Teaching Resources

The Future of the African American Past Video Resources (August 2017)

AHA Council, Letter of Support for National Monument to Reconsruction (November 16, 2016)

James Grossman, " Whose Memory? Whose Monuments? History, Commemoration, and the Struggle for an Ethical Past," Perspectives on History (February 1, 2016)

Carol Anderson, " K-12 Educators Workshop: The Long Civil Rights Movement," AHA Annual Meeting (January 9, 2016)

Sarah Fenton, " AHA Plenary: "The Confederacy, Its Symbols, and the Politics of Public Culture," AHA Today (January 9, 2016)

Stephanie Kingsley, " Plotting Freedom: Data Mapping Leads to New Visions of Reconstruction," Perspectives on History (October 1, 2015)

Seth Denbo, " All History Is Local: Debating the Fate of a Confederate Soldier Statue in Maryland," AHA Today (July 27, 2015)

Ernie Price, " Footsteps to Freedom: Rethinking the Legacy of Appomattox," AHA Today (May 26, 2015)

James Grossman, " Historical Malpractice and the Writing of Textbooks," Perspectives on History (December 1, 2010)

AHA Council Op-Eds and Interviews

David Bell, " Is It Still Okay to Venerate George Washington and Thomas Jefferson?" Washington Post (August 17, 2017)

Kevin Boyle, " Charlottesville Violence Was the Result of Political Pressure Cooker, Experts Say," Boston Globe (August 13, 2017)

Kevin Boyle, " Donald Trump's response to Charlottesville - too little too late?," CBC (August 15, 2017)

Kevin Boyle, " Five books to shed light on America's problem with white supremacy," The Guardian (August 18, 2017)

Tyler Stovall, " Irena's Lamp," Perspectives on History (December 2017)

AHA Executive Director Interviews

Goldie Blumenstyk, " When White Supremacists Descend, What Can a College President Do?" Chronicle of Higher Education (August 12, 2017)

Jennifer Schuessler, " Historians Question Trump's Comments on Confederate Monuments," New York Times (August 15, 2017)

Michael Steele, " You Can't Erase History. What Has Happened Has Happened," Steele and Ungar Show (August 16, 2017)

Lucía Cohen, " La ignorante comparación que hace Trump de los generales sureños con Washington y Jefferson," Univision (August 16, 2017)

James Grossman, " Monuments Removed," CNN Newsroom (August 16, 2017)

Lindsey Bever, " Politicians Blamed 'Both Sides' during the Civil Rights Movement," Washington Post (August 16, 2017)

Kristine Phillips, " Historians: No, Mr. President, Washington and Jefferson Are Not the Same as Confederate Generals," Washington Post (August 16, 2017)

Judith Siers-Poisson, " Confederate Memorials Removed from Madison Cemetery," Wisconsin Public Radio (August 17, 2017)

Rhod Sharp, " Listen at 1:26:15," BBC Radio 5 Live (August 17, 2017)

Kellie Meyer, " Debate over Removing Confederate Statues on Capitol Hill," Gray TV (August 17, 2017)

James Grossman, " A Historian Explains Why Trump's Defense of Confederate Statues Doesn't Make Any Sense," ATTN: Video (August 17, 2017)

James Grossman, " Listen at 0:00:50," BBC World Service Radio Newsday (August 17, 2017)

Nova Safo, " Are Confederate Monuments Important Works of Art?" Agence France-Presse (August 18, 2017)

James Grossman, " The History of Confederate Statues," Radio National Breakfast - AuBC (August 18, 2017)

Jon Schuppe, " Toppling of Confederate Statues Fuels Opposition to Other Markers," NBC News (August 18, 2017)

Viviana Mazza, " E le statue sovietiche? Spostare I monumenti non cancella mai la Storia," Corriere della Sera (August 18, 2017)

"Interview with James Grossman," Medi1 Moroccan Radio (August 18, 2017)

Interview with Jim Grossman, Australian Broadcasting Corporation (August 18, 2017)

James Grossman, " Weekends with Alex Witt," Weekends with Alex Witt, MSNBC Live (August 19, 2017)

Kimberly Atkins, " James Grossman on Removal of Confederate Monuments," C-SPAN Washington Journal (August 20, 2017)

Miles Parks, " Confederate Statues Were Built to Further a 'White Supremacist Future'," NPR Politics (August 20, 2017)

AHA Member Op-Eds
* Indicates former Council member
Yoni Applebaum, " Take the Statues Down," The Atlantic (August 13, 2017)

Justin Behrend, " Steeped in Racism, Confederate Flag Evokes the Worst of Us," Livingston County News (August 17, 2017)

Günter Bischof, " Why Not a Confederate Theme Park?" New Orleans Advocate (August 20, 2015)

Adam Blackler, " White Supremacy on Campus: An Ahistorical Campaign of Racial Prejudice," The Society Pages (March 14, 2017)

*David Blight, "' The Civil War Lies on Us Like a Sleeping Dragon': America's Deadly Divide-and Why It Has Returned," The Guardian (August 20, 2017)

W. Fitzhugh Brundage, " I've Studied Confederate Memorials. Here's What to Do about Them," Vox.com (August 18, 2017)

Edward Carson, " Confederate Monuments and American Citizenship," Christian Century (March 22, 2016)

Jane Censer, " Historians: 'Defending History' is Complicated in the US," CNN Opinion (August 19, 2017)

Julian Chambliss, " Don't Call Them Memorials," Frieze.com (August 17, 2017)

Marcia Chatelain, " How Universities Embolden White Nationalists," Chronicle of Higher Education (August 17, 2017)

Christopher Church, " UNR History Professor's Letter to Students about Charlottesville," Reno Gazette-Journal (August 16, 2017)

Anthony Comegna, " Debasing Roger Taney," Libertarianism.org (August 21, 2017)

Nathan Connolly, " Charlottesville Showed That Liberalism Can't Defeat White Supremacy. Only Direct Action Can," Washington Post (August 15, 2017)

Jane Dailey, " Baltimore's Confederate Monument Was Never About 'History and Culture,'" Huffington Post (August 17, 2017)

Rebecca Davis, " Condemning Racism Is a Start, But We Have Work to Do in Delco," Delaware County Times (August 17, 2017)

Jerome de Groot, " Monuments to the Past," History Today (August 17, 2017)

Catherine Denial, " Wrestling with America's Past," Galesburg Register-Mail (August 20, 2017)

Chris Doyle, " So, Do We Pull Down George Washington's Statue?" Hartford Courant (August 17, 2017)

Laura Edwards, " Why Confederate Statues Fails to Represent Southern History," The Hill (August 23, 2017)

Jennifer Evans, " The Nazi Next Door-Make No Mistake, White Supremacists Live among Us," Ottawa Citizen (August 18, 2017)

*Eric Foner, " Confederate Statues and 'Our' History," New York Times (August 20, 2017)

Lesley Gordon, " Empty Pedestals: What Should Be Done with Civic Monuments to the Confederacy and Its Leaders?" Civil War Times (October 2017)

Adam Goodheart, " Regime Change in Charlottesville," Politico (August 16, 2017)

Annette Gordon-Reed, " Charlottesville: Why Jefferson Matters," New York Review of Books (August 19, 2017)

Sarah Handley-Cousins, " Falling Out of Love with the Civil War," Nursing Clio (August 21, 2017)

Jeffery Herf, " Lessons from German History after Charlottesville," History News Network (September 10, 2017)

Brian Hosmer, " Trauma, Reconciliation, and Historical Responsibility," Reconciliation Annual Symposium (May 2016)

Kyung Moon Hwang, " Monuments Are Not Untouchable," The Korea Times (August 30, 2017)

Mark Jacobson, " Rename US Army Bases for Heroes, not Confederates," Defense One (August 17, 2017)

Caroline E. Janney, " Why We Need Confederate Monuments," Washington Post (July 17, 2017)

Ibram Kendi, " What Would Jefferson Say about White Supremacists Descending upon His University?" Washington Post (August 13, 2017)

Keri Leigh, " Charlottesville and the Confederate Legacy ," Bill Moyers (August 17, 2017)

Jim Leloudis, " History Speaks on Intentions Behind Confederate Statues," The News & Observer (August 23, 2017)

Earl Lewis and Nancy Cantor, " After Charlottesville," Medium (August 22, 2017)

Patrick Lewis, " History Is a High Stakes Profession," Kentucky Historical Society (August 15, 2017)

Stuart MacKay, " Those Confederate Monuments Are Built on Racist Lies. Tear Them Down," iPolitics (August 17, 2017)

Nancy McTygue, " We Can Do Better: Lessons from Charlottesville," California History-Social Science Project (August 14, 2017)

Keri Leigh Merritt, " Charlottesville and the Confederate Legacy," Moyers & Co. (August 17, 2017)

David Motadel, " The United States Was Never Immune to Fascism. Not Then, Not Now," The Guardian (August 17, 2017)

Carly Muetterties, " The Histories Told and Ignored at Cheapside," Kentuckians for the Commonwealth (August 16, 2017)

Giuliana Perrone, " Confederate Monuments Always Embodied a White Heritage of Hate," Haaretz (August 17, 2017)

David Perry, " Why It's Important To Name The Nazis," Pacific Standard (August 17, 2017)

Katherine Pickering Antonova, " How the British Defeated Homegrown Fascism-and How Americans Can Do the Same," Washington Post (August 16, 2017)

Susan Reverby, " This Doctor Experimented on Slaves: It's Time to Remove or Redo His Statue ," The Hastings Center (August 7, 2017)

Jon Sensbach, " The Face of Terror, 1931 to Today," Daily Progress (August 16, 2017)

Daniel Sherman, et. al., " Tear Down the Confederate Monuments-But What Next? 12 Art Historians and Scholars on the Way Forward," ArtNetNews (August 23, 2017)

Nina Silber, " Worshiping the Confederacy Is about White Supremacy-Even the Nazis Thought So," Washington Post (August 17, 2017)

Manisha Sinha, " Heather Heyer Is Part of a Long Tradition of White Anti-Racism Activists," Washington Post (August 16, 2017)

Manisha Sinha, " What Those Monuments Stand For," New York Daily News (August 18, 2017)

Richard Steigmann-Gall, " How to Resist the Trump Administration: Lessons from Nazi Germany," Huffington Post (January 5, 2017)

Richard Steigmann-Gall, " Star-Spangled Fascism: American Interwar Political Extremism in Comparative Perspective," Taylor and Francis Online (January 6, 2017)

Richard Steigmann-Gall, " One Expert Says Yes, Donald Trump is a Fascist. And It's Not Just Trump," Huffington Post (July 18, 2016)

Paul Sturtevant, " Leaving 'Medieval' Charlottesville," The Public Medievalist (August 17, 2017)

Jeremi Suri, " The Guns of Auguest 'Locked and Loaded'," American Prospect (August 16, 2017)

Marc Tucker, " Teaching History in Troubled Times," Education Week (August 23, 2017)

Nancy Unger, " From 'Sip-in' to the Hairpin Drop Hear Round the World, Protests Can Work," Nursing Clio (March 23, 2017)

Kevin Waite, " The Largest Confederate Monument in America Can't Be Taken Down," Washington Post (August 22, 2017)

Kevin Waite, " The Struggle over Slavery Was Not Confined to the South, LA Has a Confederate Memorial Problem Too," Los Angeles Times (August 4, 2017)

Jason Ward, " The Myth of Southern Blood," Washington Post (August 21, 2017)

Darin Waters, " Whose Story? Democratizing America&rsquo;s Collective Historical Memory," Mountain Xpress (June 16, 2014)

Victoria W. Wolcott, " Six Flags has taken down its Confederate flag. But that's not the only legacy of Jim Crow at the park.," Washington Post (August 28, 2017)

Timothy Wright, " Removing Confederate Memorial Will Not Erase Seattle's History of White Supremacy ," Seattle Times (August 21, 2017)

Jonathan Zimmerman, " The Civil War, Race, and the Whitewashing of History," Newsday (August 14, 2017)

Jonathan Zimmerman, " In Charlottesville, Some on the Left Attacked Free Speech: Even White Supremacists Get to Talk without Being Hit," New York Daily News (August 16, 2017)

Jonathan Zimmerman, " The Progressive Case for Keeping Confederate Statues Standing: We Shouldn't Cart Away Reminders to Our White Supremacist History," New York Daily News (August 21, 2017)

AHA Member Interviews
* Indicates former Council member
Interview with Sean Adams, " Daytona Beach Removes Confederate Markers," Daytona Beach News-Journal (August 17, 2017)

Interview with Jennifer Allen, " What Our Monuments (Don't) Teach Us About Remembering The Past," NPR Code Switch (August 23, 2017)

Interview with David Atkinson, " Before Charlottesville, Purdue Got a White Nationalist Wake-Up Call," Journal & Courier (August 14, 2017)

Interview with Ed Ayers, " Battle over Confederate Monuments Renewed after Charlottesville Violence," NBC Nightly News (August 15, 2017)

Interview with Ed Ayers, " The History of White Supremacist Groups in the US," NPR Here and Now (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Ed Ayers, " The Shifting History of Confederate Monuments," PBS NewsHour (August 14, 2017)

Interview with Brian Balogh, " Moral Leadership in the Wake Of Charlottesville," Christian Science Monitor (August 15, 2017)

Interview with Brian Balogh, "' Sadly, This Is Not New': UVA Professor Reflects on History of Racism in America," EdSurge (August 15, 2017)

Interview with Brian Balogh, " Shock and Outrage at University of Virginia after White Nationalist Rally," NPR Here and Now (August 14, 2017)

Interview with Brian Balogh, " White Supremacists Don't Just Arrive in Charlottesville. They've Always Been There," Washington Post (August 14, 2017)

Interview with Ruth Ben-Ghiat, " President Trump and the Alt-Right: A Test of Leadership," NPR On Point (August 14, 2017)

Interview with Marty Blatt, " Reckoning with the Past: The Civil War and Its Role in Current Politics," News@Northeastern (May 12, 2017)

Interview with *David Blight, " Confronting Hate: Tolerance, Intolerance, and the Rise of White Nationalism," WNPR Where We Live (August 22, 2017)

Interview with Nathan Connolly, " The Statue at the Center of Charlottesville's Storm," New York Times (August 13, 2017)

Interview with *David Blight, " Is America Headed for a New Kind of Civil War?," The New Yorker (August 14, 2017)

Interview with *David Blight, " How the Cult of Robert E. Lee Was Born," History (August 14, 2017)

Interview with *David Blight, " Stunned historians wrestle with calls to remove Confederate statues," Boston Globe (August 21, 2017)

Interview with A'Lelia Bundles, " Trump Defiantly Defends White Nationalists, Provoking Fury," MSNBC (August 16, 2017)

Interview with *David Blight, " Racism in America: Should the U.S. Get Rid of All Confederate Monuments?," Newsweek (September 9, 2017)

Interview with Nathan Connolly, " The History of White Supremacist Groups in the US," NPR Here and Now (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Nathan Connolly, " Terror in Charlottesville," WYPR (August 14, 2017)

Interview with Matt Drwenski, " Matt Drwenski at Houston City Council Public Forum 8/15/2017," Houston City Council Public Forum (August 15, 2017)

Interview with Donna Gabaccia, "' Say No to Hate': Hundreds of Toronto Rally Decry Racial Violence in Charlottesville Attack," CBC News (August 14, 2017)

Interview with Alexi Garrette, " Listen at 0:19:20," BBC Outside Source (August 14, 2017)

Interview with Joy Hakim, " What Should Teachers Say about the Hate Speech Seen in Charlottesville?" USA Today (August 14, 2017)

Interview with David Hopkins, " Midland College Professor Explains Recent Racially Motivated Rallies from Historical Standpoint," News West0 (August 18, 2017)

Interview with Ann Keating, " Confederate Monument Stands on Chicago's South Side as Questions Swirl around the Country," Chicago Tribune (August 17, 2017)

Interview with Ibram Kendi, " Panel Discuss Family Repudiates Son Over Racist Charlottes Ville Rally. #Virginia #Breaking," CNN (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Ibram Kendi, " Washingtonians Process Violence And White Nationalism In Charlottesville, Va.," The Kojo Nnamdi Show (August 14, 2017)

Interview with JoAnne Mancini, " There Has Always Been a Discomfort about the Statues," Newstalk (August 18, 2017)

Interview with Glenna Matthews, " California Confronts Its Confederate Past as Monuments Are Abruptly Removed," Los Angeles Times (August 16, 2017)

Mary Niall Mitchel, " A Tale of Two Cities: New Orleans and the Fight Over Confederate Monuments," The History Channel (May 11, 2017)

Interview with David Nirenberg, " Why the Charlottesville Marchers Were Obsessed with Jews," The Atlantic (August 15, 2017)

News coverage of Jenifer Parks, " Understanding Confederate Monuments: Crowd Hears from Montana Historians at Billings Library," Billings Gazette (October 10, 2017)

Interview with Sara Patenaude, " Group Seeking to Remove Decatur's Confederate Monument May Have Found a Legal Solution," Decaturish.com (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Sara Patenaude, " Legal Questions Loom over Georgia Confederate Memorials," Fox 5 Atlanta (August 17, 2017)

Interview with Christopher Phelps, " White Supremacists Have Been Emboldened by Trump," Aljazeera (August 13, 2017)

Interview with Jason Phillips, " Heritage Vs. Hate: A Military Historian Explains Confederate Memorials in the Mountain State," WV MetroNews (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Jason Philips, " Sunday Edition with Stacy Smith," KDKA-TA Pittsburgh (August 20, 2017)

Interview with Jason Phillips, " Talkline with Hoppy Kercheval," WV MetroNews (August 21, 2017)

Interview with Blain Roberts, " Southern States-and Trump-Resist Calls to Remove Confederate Memorials," McClatchy (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Blain Roberts, " Unsure about Confederate Statues? Ask Yourself If You Support White Supremacy," Fresno Bee (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Blain Roberts, " Fresno State Professor on Confederate Monuments: 'It's the Moral Thing to Do to Take Them Down,'" Your Central Valley (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Joshua Rothman, "#RaceNYT Video," New York Times (Facebook video) (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Adam Rothman, " Confederate Statues Are Coming Down across America," WUSA9 Offscript (August 17, 2017)

Interview with Adam Rothman, " The Story behind DC's Confederate General Statue," WUSA9 Offscript (August 15, 2017)

Interview with Ann Rubenstein, " Say No to Hate': Hundreds at Toronto Rally Decry Racial Violence in Charlottesville Attack," CBC News (August 14, 2017)

Interview with Jonathan Sarna, " Jewish Leaders Say Anti-Semitism around the Nation Is a Disturbing Trend," NPR Around the Nation (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Howard Segal, " WVII Interviews Segal for Story on KKK's History in Maine," WVII Channel 7 (November 22, 2016)

Interview with Manisha Sinha, " FACT CHECK: Did Robert E. Lee Oppose Slavery?" Daily Caller (August 15, 2017)

Interview with Manisha Sinha, " Why The North Honored Confederates: 'These Are Not Just Innocuous Monuments'," Gothamist (August 17, 2017)

Interview with Kevin Waite, " Does Los Angeles Have a Confederate Problem?" KCRW Radio (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Kevin Waite, " Hollywood Forever Cemetery Removes Confederate Monument," KPCC Radio (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Darin Waters, " The Future of the Vance Monument Pt. 1-A Closer Look at Zebulon Vance's Political Career," Blue Ridge Public Radio (August 8, 2017)

Interview with Darin Waters, " NC Confederate statue Debate Likely to Include Vance Monument," Citizen-Times (August 16, 2017)

Interview with Kidada Williams, " A More Perfect Union? The Reconstruction Era," BackStory (March 31, 2017)

Interview with Kidada Williams, " How Should We Deal with Monuments to Deeply Flawed Historical Figures?" WDET Detroit Today (August 17, 2017)

Interview with Jonathan Zimmerman, " Confederate monuments Removed and Covered Up Overnight across the US," The National (CBC News) (August 16, 2017)

Historical Society Statements

On Race and Medieval Studies, A Collective Statement by Medievalists of Color (August 1, 2017)

On Charlottesville and the Study of the South, Center for the Study of the American South (August 15, 2017)

Charlottesville and the Mississippi Flag, Joint Statement of Mississippi College Professors, Jackson Free Press (August 21, 2017)

Statement on Charlottesville, National Council on Public History (August 16, 2017)

Medievalists Respond to Charlottesville, The Medieval Academy of America et al. (August 1, 2017)

NEHA Statement on Charlottesville, Racism and History, New England Historical Association (August, 24, 2017)

ASALH's Position on Confederate Monuments, Association for the Study of African American Life and History (September 2017)

Statement on Confederate Monuments, North Carolina Preservation Consortium (September 26, 2017)

Other Collections

" Charlottesville: HNN's Full Coverage," History News Network

Interactive Resources

See how historians are using the Clio app to offer interpretations of monuments and historic markers around the country. You can join in this crowd-sourced guide to history in your own backyard.

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America Inside Out: Historians on the Confederate Monument Debate | AHA

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"History is what the present chooses to remember about the past." ~ Carl Becker (AHA President, 1931) You may have found this webpage thanks to National Geographic Channel's documentary series, "AMERICA INSIDE OUT WITH KATIE COURIC ." The premiere episode, "Re-Righting History," discusses various perspectives and controversies in the wake of the violence in Charlottesville, Virginia last August.

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c- Aug. 18, 2017
r- Agrees with my claim
a- Lawrence Kuznar
a- No
p- inform

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The statue of Confederate General Robert E. Lee sits at the center of the park formerly dedicated to him, the site of recent violent demonstrations, in Charlottesville. (Jonathan Ernst/Reuters)

Comment Gift Article
As an anthropologist who has studied the meaning of monuments and sacred spaces in other cultures, the recent controversy and violence surrounding Confederate monuments has been ethically challenging. I love my country, and part of my professional responsibility is to foster tolerance. I have also worked with our military to help thwart the Islamic State, an organization that instituted slavery in our time. As such, I detest the legacy of division, bigotry and slavery these monuments represent. But I think they should remain.

In the 1980s, I worked as an archaeologist at ancient Mayan ruins in Central America and saw how monuments to their rulers were defaced during the tumultuous fall of their civilization. The Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten similarly defaced and destroyed statues of earlier Egyptian gods in his religious reform 3,300 years ago, and Spanish conquistadors destroyed Aztec and Inca monuments and statuary in their war on idolatry in the New World.

And there are plenty of examples of the desecration of monuments in the 21st century. The Taliban blew up the Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan in 2001; we aided Iraqis in toppling the statue of Saddam Hussein in Firdos Square in 2003; and nothing can compare to the scale of destruction of monuments at the hands of the Islamic State.

Simply removing monuments and moving them so they are out of sight is likewise not new, either. The Inca Empire of South America removed icons of conquered peoples' gods and effectively held them hostage in a temple in the Incan capital of Cuzco. In our time, the post-Soviet Russian government removed many statues of Lenin and others, which now reside in Muzeon Arts Park in Moscow.

People effectively act as though destruction of a monument exorcises its power and removal banishes the power from their midst. But these pieces of metal and stone only have the meaning we assign to them, and that meaning can take any form we like. They can be revered or reviled; honored or ridiculed; or co-opted for a new purpose.

I understand the affront that Confederate monuments are to those whose ancestors were held as slaves or died preserving our country, and to those who suffer and oppose racism today. However, destroying monuments takes a page out of the playbook of mobs across the centuries, lowering one's self to that moral plane.

Further, removing Confederate statues amounts to whitewashing our history, turning our heads away from the inconvenient truths of our past. We should let them stand and use them to remind ourselves of what we are and are not, the cost our forebears paid for our freedom and to educate our children.

And the facts are plain: The South seceded from the United States over the issue of slavery. Many Americans believed in the superiority of Europeans over Africans at that time. Slave owners used that belief to justify the owning and abuse of millions of human beings. In the late 1800s, the era of Jim Crow disenfranchisement of blacks was ushered in and continued until the 1950s. This period witnessed the greatest spike (especially from 1900 to 1930) in monument building honoring the Confederacy. A smaller spike occurred from 1954 to 1968, in reaction to the civil rights movement.

The Civil War was the single most devastating war our nation ever fought. Nearly as many Americans died in that war than all of our other wars combined. Americans never paid so dearly for their country and what it was to be. With regard to fighting against racist ideology, World War II claimed 400,000 American lives. These two wars may account for 80 percent of the blood spilled for our country.

Civil War monuments bear a constant testimony to all of this history, none of which should be forgotten. The monuments should remain, and we should constantly remind ourselves of what they represent.

When racists revere these monuments, those of us who oppose racism should double our efforts to use these monuments as tools for education. Auschwitz and Dachau stand as mute testimonials to a past that Europeans would never want to forget or repeat. Why not our Confederate monuments?

Destroying or removing monuments is the easy way out of our obligation to understand our past and improve our future. Monuments to our nation's racism can be as much a tool to counter it as they can be a tool to foment it. The choice and obligation is ours.

The Post's View: It's time for a full and fair reckoning with Confederate statues
Read more on this topic:
Tony Horwitz: Is the Confederacy finally about to die for good?

Bree Newsome: Go ahead, topple the monuments to the Confederacy. All of them.

E.J. Dionne Jr.: There's a right way to judge America's past
Dana Milbank: Obama offers the perfect response to the Confederate flag wavers

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Opinion | I detest our Confederate monuments. But they should remain.

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Comment Gift Article As an anthropologist who has studied the meaning of monuments and sacred spaces in other cultures, the recent controversy and violence surrounding Confederate monuments has been ethically challenging. I love my country, and part of my professional responsibility is to foster tolerance.

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c- Nov. 20, 2019
r- Shows both sides of subject
a- Elon University
a-No
p- inform

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N.C. residents support keeping Confederate monuments in place

Full Report with Methodology & Cross Tabs
The latest survey by the Elon University Poll conducted Nov. 4-6, 2019, asked N.C. resident their opinions about whether Confederate statues and monuments should be removed from public property, as well as how they viewed other Confederate symbols and the legacy of slavery today.

NOVEMBER 20, 2019 - There is strong support among North Carolina residents to keep Confederate statues and monuments on public property, even as another monument at the center of a prolonged legal battle has come down, according to the results of a new survey by the Elon University Poll.

Early Wednesday morning, the Confederate statue in downtown Pittsboro in Chatham County was removed from its place in front of the county courthouse following recent court rulings and clashes between demonstrators. But a recent Elon University Poll survey has found that a solid majority of North Carolinians believe those symbols should remain.

The survey of nearly 1,500 North Carolina residents found that nearly two-thirds (65 percent) believe that Confederate monuments should remain on public, government-owned property such as parks, city squares and courthouses. The remaining 35 percent say the monuments should be removed.

"Our findings suggest that a compromise might have broad support in local communities grappling with controversies about Confederate monuments," said Jason Husser, director of the Elon University Poll and associate professor of political science. "While we found a substantial majority do not want the monuments removed from public property, we found an even larger majority who support efforts to add context through historical plaques."

The survey gauged support for other steps that could be taken regarding Confederate monuments, with 72 percent saying adding plaques that offer historical context to the monument was a good idea. Sixty-five percent said moving the monuments and statues to history museums was a good idea, 55 percent said it would be a good idea to move them to Confederate cemeteries or memorials, and 37 percent said it would be a good idea to replace them with monuments to honor Southerners who fought to end slavery.

Asked about the impact the removal of Confederate monuments would have on race relations, 35.5 percent said they believe taking the monuments down will "mostly hurt" race relations while 25 percent said it would "mostly help." The largest segment - 40 percent - said it "does not make much of a difference."

The survey also explored opinions about Confederate flags and symbols, and the level of knowledge about the Civil War.

The survey of 1,467 North Carolina residents was conducted Nov. 4-6, 2019, through an online opt-in sample marketplace. The survey had a credibility interval of +/- 2.8 percent. Different from a margin of error, the credibility interval is used to measure the accuracy of nonprobability surveys such as opt-in online surveys. A fuller explanation of the credibility interval and the survey methodology are available in the full report.

Removing statues, monuments

While two in three North Carolinians support keeping Confederate statues and monuments in place on public property, opinions vary greatly when race and political leanings are taken into account. Among white residents, 77 percent believe the monuments should remain in place, while only 27 percent of black residents hold that view. Republicans overwhelmingly support keeping Confederate statues and monuments on public property, with 91 percent holding that view, while just 36 percent of Democrats support keeping them where they are. Seventy-seven percent of independents want the statues and monuments to remain on public property.

"Perceptions of the past are powerful. We see clear evidence of this in factors that influence support for Confederate monuments remaining on public property," Husser said. "Those viewing the Civil War as more about slavery than states' rights and those seeing slavery as having a lasting legacy on African Americans are quite likely to favor removing the monuments."

Additionally, older residents - those over the age of 65 - are more likely to say monuments should remain on public property than younger residents. Women are more likely to say the monuments should remain (68 percent) than men (62 percent) and those with less than a college education are more likely to say they should remain on public property (68 percent) than those with a college degree (59 percent).

A person's opinions about the legacy of slavery and how different races are treated in modern society also seems to correlate with their view of what should have to Confederate monuments.

Ninety-two percent of those who believe Confederate symbols do not disturb African Americans today and 92 percent of those who believe the legacy of slavery does not have much of an effect on African Americans today say the monuments should remain on public, government-owned property. Similarly, 90 percent of those who believe whites and blacks are treated equally in today's society and 90 percent of those who believe whites are treated less fairly than blacks believe the statues and monuments should remain.

Confederate symbols and Civil War history

The survey also asked for opinions about a range of Confederate monuments and symbols. Residents were much more likely to say that Confederate monuments help people understand an important chapter in American history, and that they honor Confederate soldiers who passed away in the war. Opinions were less clear about whether the monuments glorify for what the Confederacy fought for, with 49 percent saying they agree with that, 29 percent saying they disagree, and 22 percent saying they neither agree nor disagree.

Residents were nearly evenly split on the cause of the Civil War, with 49 percent saying the war was mainly about states' rights, 44 percent saying the war was mainly about slavery, and 7 percent offering some other response.

Sixty-four percent responded that they sometimes or often see the Confederate flag on display around the state, with 32 percent saying they rarely see the flag and 4.5 percent saying they never see it. Residents are split on their reaction to seeing the Confederate flag, with 44 percent saying they have neither a positive nor negative reaction, 36 percent saying they have a negative reaction, and 20 percent saying they have a positive reaction.
There is a recognition that different races may respond to these symbols differently. Sixty-eight percent said they think Confederate symbols are disturbing to blacks today compared to 32 percent who said they don't hold that view.

Legacy of slavery

Nearly two out of three residents said that the legacy of slavery affects the position of blacks in American society "a fair amount" or "a great deal," while 22.5 percent said that legacy affects blacks "not much" and another 14 percent said "not at all."

Additionally, 51 percent said blacks are treated less fairly than whites, while 32 percent said blacks and whites are treated equally and 17 percent said whites are treated less fairly than blacks.

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Elon Poll - Confederate statues and monuments

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Full Report with Methodology & Cross Tabs The latest survey by the Elon University Poll conducted Nov. 4-6, 2019, asked N.C. resident their opinions about whether Confederate statues and monuments should be removed from public property, as well as how they viewed other Confederate symbols and the legacy of slavery today.

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c- June 22, 2019
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a- Sarah Mervosh
a- No
p- Inform

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What Should Happen to Confederate Statues? A City Auctions One for $1.4 Million (Published 2019)

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The debate over whether to remove Confederate monuments divided the country. The question of what to do with them next is just as complicated.

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If critics of Confederate monuments truly want to accomplish their goal of removing such objects from the public square, I'm a good example of the kind of person they ought to be trying to persuade.

I'm a native North Carolinian. While I have relatives who fought and died on both sides of the War, most wore gray, not blue. Confederate Gen. John Bell Hood was a cousin of my great-great grandfather and has always been a subject of great personal interest to me.

On the other hand, I'm no devotee of the Lost Cause. Although my love of state history is broad and deep, it does not extend to the Confederacy itself, the founding principles of which I view with contempt. Not only do I celebrate the abolition of slavery, the destruction of Jim Crow, and the expansion of freedom, but I also believe these events deserve far more official commemoration than North Carolina has yet erected.

I admire the planned North Carolina Freedom Park, for example. To be constructed in Raleigh on land between the General Assembly complex and the Executive Mansion, the park would "celebrate the enduring contributions of African Americans in North Carolina who struggled to gain freedom and enjoy full citizenship."

Similarly, the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation has just announced its Inclusive Public Arts Initiative, which will fund up to 10 new projects across the state with grants of up to $50,000 each. The intent is to "share stories of diversity, equality, inclusion and equity as they relate to the people and places of North Carolina, especially those whose stories have not been or are often untold," the Foundation stated.

Why not erect more monuments and public art to commemorate a broader range of individuals, movements, and events? That's a noble enterprise that could unify North Carolinians across the political spectrum. Indeed, the grantmaker for which I serve as president, the John William Pope Foundation, helped pay for a mural painted several years ago at North Carolina Central University's law school. It celebrates the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and the post-Civil War amendments that abolished slavery, expanded the franchise, and promised due process and equal protection of the laws.

So, given these views, why am I dismayed by the attacks on the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's memorial to Confederate soldiers ("Silent Sam"), the Civil War monuments on the State Capitol grounds, and other statutes and memorials across the state? Why do most North Carolinians - by a two-to-one margin, according to an Elon University poll last year - oppose the removal of the monuments in question?

Some defend the historicity of the objects themselves. Others would prefer to add context to the monuments rather than tear them down or move them to remote locations, which feels like flushing them down a memory hole. Still others make a distinction between memorializing those who fought or died and celebrating the politicians who provoked or carried out secession.

For me, however - and I know I'm not alone - the most compelling reason for objection is that the monuments aren't just being attacked rhetorically. They're being attacked physically. Silent Sam has been defaced and is now under constant and costly surveillance. In Durham, activists tore down a Confederate monument on camera, then got away with it, and are now threatening to tear down any replacement that may be erected.

Mob rule is inconsistent with the principles of a free society. We simply can't have people defacing or destroying public property because legal attempts to redress their grievances haven't yet succeeded, or attempting to coerce government agencies to comply by threatening criminal action and running up the security tab.

To yield to such extortion would set a horrible precedent and outrage most North Carolinians. Every time someone cracks open a can of spray paint or threatens to pull down a statue, the movement to remove Confederate monuments loses public support instead of gaining it.

There has to be a better way.

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There has to be a better way to oppose Confederate monuments than vandalizing them

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If critics of Confederate monuments truly want to accomplish their goal of removing such objects from the public square, I'm a good example of the kind of person they ought to be trying to persuade. I'm a native North Carolinian. While I have relatives who fought and died on both sides of the War, most wore gray, not blue.

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More than 30 cities across the United States have removed or relocated Confederate statues and monuments amid an intense nationwide debate about race and history.

After a "Unite the Right" rally in Virginia in August to protest against the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee resulted in the death of a woman who was demonstrating against white supremacy, other cities have decided to remove Confederate statues.

Many of the controversial monuments were dedicated in the early twentieth century or during the height of the Civil Rights Movement. Discussions are under way about the removal of monuments in Houston, Atlanta, Nashville, Pensacola, Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, Richmond, Virginia, Birmingham, Alabama, and Charlottesville, Virginia.

Here is a running list of all the monuments and statues that have been removed and the cities that have taken them down:
Annapolis, Md.
Under cover of darkness, city workers removed a statue in August 2017 of former Supreme Court Justice Roger Taney that had been on the State House's front lawn for 145 years. Taney authored the Supreme Court's 1857 Dred Scott decision, which held that African-Americans could not be U.S. citizens. The city's Republican mayor said through a spokesman that it was removed "as a matter of public safety."
Austin, Texas
The statues of four people with ties to the Confederacy - Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnson, John H. Reagan and former Texas Gov. James Stephen Hogg - were removed from pedestals on the University of Texas campus on Aug. 17, 2017. UT's president said in a written statement the deadly clashes in Charlottesville made it clear "Confederate monuments have become symbols of modern white supremacy and neo-Nazism." Separately, a 1,200-pound bronze statue of Confederate President Jefferson Davis that was removed from UT's campus in 2015 has now returned to the campus, at the Briscoe Center for American History.

The Austin school board voted to strip Confederate names from five district schools, though they haven't been renamed yet. The board had previously renamed Robert E. Lee Elementary School in 2016.

The Austin City Council approved renaming Robert E. Lee Road and Jeff Davis Avenue.
Baltimore, Md.
Baltimore Mayor Catherine Pugh told reporters she wanted to move "quickly and quietly" to take down four Confederate statues or monuments - statues of Lee and Thomas, J. "Stonewall" Jackson and monuments for Confederate Soldiers and Sailors and Confederate Women - from the city's public spaces. Although the plan had been in the works since June 2017, the Baltimore City Council approved it only two days after the deadly events in Charlottesville. On March 10, 2018, the space where the Confederate statues had stood was rededicated to abolitionist and civil rights pioneer Harriet Tubman.
Bradenton, Fla.
Mantee County removed a Confederate soldiers memorial obelisk on Aug. 24 after the city commission voted 4-3 to take it down and place it in storage. The monument, which had stood there for more than 90 years, was accidentally broken into two pieces when city workers removed it. The removal came after days of protests from residents and activists, most of whom were in favor of taking it down, and it cost $12,700 to remove.
Brooklyn, N.Y.
Plaques honoring Lee were removed from an episcopal church's property on Aug. 16, 2017 and the governor called on the Army to remove the names of Lee and another Confederate general from the streets around a nearby fort. "It was very easy for us to say, 'OK, we'll take the plaques down,'" said Bishop Lawrence Provenzano, of the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island, who called them "offensive to the community." New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio has called for a review of all the city's public art to identify "symbols of hate" for possible removal.
Dallas, Texas
A bronze statue of Robert E. Lee, formally called the Robert Edward Lee Sculpture, was removed in mid-September 2017 from Robert E. Lee Park, which was also named in honor of the Confederate general. The Dallas City Council voted 13-1 to remove the statue, which has stood in Lee Park for 81 years.

The park was dedicated to Lee by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1936 during a renaming ceremony of the park.
Daytona Beach, Fla.
Three Confederate monuments were removed from a city park Friday morning. A city spokesperson said the plaques were going to be cleaned up and taken to a nearby museum. The decision to remove them did not require public input, the spokes-person told FOX35, because they were donated and not purchased with taxpayer funds.
Chapel Hill, N.C.
Protesters toppled the "Silent Sam" statue that has stood on the University of North Carolina's Chapel Hill campus since 1913 on Aug. 20. More than 200 people had gathered and were chanting "hey, hey, ho, ho, this racist statue has got to go." In a statement, UNC Chancellor Carol Folt called the act "unlawful and dangerous," adding that law enforcement were investigating the incident. The statue had been a source of controversy, with school officials claiming that state law prevented them from removing it.

Durham, N.C.
A nearly-century old statue of a Confederate soldier was toppled not long after Charlottesville by protesters associated with the Workers World party. North Carolina Central University student Takiyah Thompson, along with three others, were arrested and charged with felonies in the days following. As the bronze statue lay crumpled on the ground, protesters could be seen kicking it on social media. A Worthington assistant city manager said the community seeks to be one that "promotes tolerance, respect and inclusion."

A statute of Lee was removed from the entrance to Duke University Chapel on Aug. 19, 2017 and is set to be preserved in some way to study the university's "complex past."

"I took this course of action to protect Duke Chapel, to ensure the vital safety of students and community members who worship there, and above all to express the deep and abiding values of our university," university President Vincent Price wrote in statement to the school.
Franklin, Ohio
A monument to Lee was removed in August 2017 by Franklin workers.
Gainesville, Fla.
A chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy paid for the removal of a monument to Confederate soldiers known locally as "Old Joe" that stood in front a building in downtown Gainesville for 113 years. It was moved to a private cemetery outside the city in August 2017.
Helena, Mont.
The state's capital city on Aug. 18, 2017 removed a memorial to Confederate soldiers that had been in a public park since 1916. the granite fountain, which was dismantled, had been donated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. City Parks and Recreation Director Amy Teegarden told the Spokesman-Review that the fountain initially will be stored in a city warehouse -- but it could be reassembled at a future date.
Kansas City, Mo.
A Confederate monument was boxed up in summer 2017 and is slated to be removed. The Missouri division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy had asked Kansas City Parks and Recreation to find a new home for it.
Lexington, Ky.
Two 130-year-old Confederate statues were removed from downtown Lexington on October 18 after the state's attorney general issued an opinion giving the city permission to take them down and move them to a private cemetery. Lexington used private funds to take the statues, of Confederate General John Hunt Morgan and John Breckinridge, a former U.S. Vice President and the last Confederate Secretary of War. Private funds will cover the cost of their upkeep in the cemetery.
Los Angeles, Calif.
A large stone monument commemorating Confederate veterans was taken down Aug. 16 from the Hollywood Forever Cemetery after hundreds of people demanded its removal. The 6-foot granite marker was loaded into a pickup truck and taken to a storage facility. A petition calling for it to be taken down had garnered 1,300 signatures.
Louisville, Ky.
A statue of a Confederate soldier was removed from the University of Louisville campus after a legal battle between the city residents, the mayor and the Sons of Confederate Veterans. It was relocated to Brandenburg, Kentucky, which hosts Civil War reenactments.
Madison, Wis.
A plaque honoring Confederate soldiers was removed Aug. 17 from a cemetery not long after residents and city leaders began calling for it to be taken down. "The Civil War was an act of insurrection and treason and a defense of the deplorable practice of slavery," said Mayor Paul Soglin in a statement. "The monuments in question were connected to that action and we do not need them on city property."
Memphis, Tenn.
Crews removed two Confederate statues from Memphis parks on Dec. 20 after the city sold them to a private entity. The City Council voted unanimously earlier in the day to sell both Health Sciences and Fourth Bluff Parks where the Confederate statues, of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest and Confederate President Jefferson Davis, were located.
Nashville, Tenn.
The legendary Ryman Auditorium, where stars like Dolly Parton, Patsy Cline and Loretta Lynn made their Grand Ole Opry debuts, quietly moved a sign on Sept. 21 hanging from the venue's upper level that read "1897 Confederate Gallery." Honoring an 1897 reunion of Confederate veterans at the Ryman, the sign had been shrouded over the years but has now been permanently removed from the main auditorium and added to a museum exhibit that explains the history of the 125-year-old music hall.
New Orleans, La.
New Orleans city workers removed four monuments in April dedicated to the Confederacy and opponents of Reconstruction. The city council had declared the monuments a public nuisance. The monuments removed were of Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard, Davis and Lee. Also removed was the Liberty Place Monument, which commemorated a Reconstruction Era white supremacist attack on the city's integrated police force. The mayor plans to replace them with new fountains and an American flag.
New York, N.Y.
Busts of Lee and Jackson were removed overnight on Aug. 17 from the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at Bronx Community College. Prior to its removal, Bronx Borough president Ruben Diaz Jr. had said "there is nothing great about two men who committed treason against the United States to fight to keep the institution of slavery in tact."
Orlando, Fla.
A Confederate statue known as "Johnny Reb" was moved in June 2017 by officials from Lake Eola Park to Greenwood Cemetery in response to public outcry about it being symbolic of hate and white supremacy. A spokesperson for Orlando's mayor told Fox News that city officials are working with historians on a new inscription to put the monument "in proper historical perspective."
Richmond, Va.
The Richmond school board voted 6-1 on June 18, 2018 to rename J.E.B. Stuart Elementary School to Barack Obama Elementary School. The process began several months prior and involved input from students, teachers, administrators and local stakeholders. Virginia is home to the largest number of Confederate monuments and symbols in the country.
Rockville, Md.
A 13-ton bronze Confederate statue that had stood for decades next to Rockville's Red Brick Courthouse was relocated in July next to a privately run Potomac River ferry named for a Confederate general. The relocation cost about $100,000, according to the Washington Post.
San Diego, Calif.
A plaque honoring Davis was quietly removed Aug. 16, 2017 from a downtown park. "This morning I ordered the immediate removal of a plaque honoring the Confederacy at Horton Plaza Park," Mayor Kevin Faulconer told the Los Angeles Times. "San Diegans stand together against Confederate symbols of division."
San Antonio, Texas
A Confederate statue was removed from Travis Park overnight Sept. 1, 2017 after the City Council voted 10-1 in favor of taking it down the previous day. There were no protesters during or after the removal, according to local media reports. "This is, without context, a monument that glorifies the causes of the Confederacy, and that's not something that a modern city needs to have in a public square," said San Antonio Mayor Ron Nirenberg following the council vote.
San Antonio, Texas
A Jefferson Davis highway marker was removed in 2016.
St. Louis, Mo.
The Missouri Civil War Museum oversaw the removal in late June 2017 of a 32-foot granite and bronze monument from Forest Park, where it had stood for 103 years. It shouldered the costs of removal and will hold the monument in storage until a new home can be found for it. The agreement stipulates the monument can be re-displayed at a Civil War museum, battlefield or cemetery. In Boone County, a rock with a plaque honoring Confederate soldiers that had been removed from the University of Missouri campus was relocated a second time after the Charleston AEM church massacre to a historic site commemorating a nearby Civil War battle.
St. Petersburg, Fla.
St. Petersburg Mayor Rick Kriseman ordered city workers to remove a bronze Confederate marker at noon on Aug. 15, 2017 after determining that it was on city property. It's being held in storage until a new home can be found for it. "The plaque recognizing a highway named after Stonewall Jackson has been removed and we will attempt to locate its owner," Kriseman said in a statement to the Tampa Bay Times.
Washington, D.C.
The stewards of the National Mall announced this week that the exhibit alongside the Thomas Jefferson Memorial will be updated to showcase his status as both one of the country's founders and a slaveholder. "We can reflect the momentous contributions of someone like Thomas Jefferson, but also consider carefully the complexity of who he was," an official with the Trust told the Washington Examiner. "And that's not reflected right now in the exhibits."

New Jersey Sen. Cory Booker introduced a bill in Sept. 2017 to remove Confederate statues from the U.S. Capitol Building.

The National Cathedral voted that same month to take down two stained-glass windows of Confederate generals. The removal could take a few days and workers seen putting up scaffolding around the windows to start the process.

Florida Gov. Rick Scott, a Republican, signed a bill to replace a statue of a Confederate general at the U.S. Capitol with one of Mary McLeod Bethune, a black woman who founded a school that became Bethune-Cookman University in Daytona Beach, Florida. She'll become the first black female to be honored in Statuary Hall.
Worthington, Ohio
Worthington removed a historic marker Aug. 18 outside the former home of a Confederate general.
Email christopher.carbone@foxnews.com if you learn new information about the removal of Confederate monuments. Fox News' Nicole Darrah contributed to this report.

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Which Confederate statues were removed? A running list

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More than 30 cities across the United States have removed or relocated Confederate statues and monuments amid an intense nationwide debate about race and history. Here is a running list of all the monuments that have been removed and the cities that have removed them.