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Kaplan, L. S., & Owings, W. A. (2017). Organizational Behavior for School Leadership: Leveraging your School for Success. New York: Routledge

Owings, W. A., Kaplan, L. S. (2012). Leadership and Organizational Behavior      in Education: Theory into Practice. New York, NY: Pearson.

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Hierarchy can lead to poor communication be various levels. Additioanally, lack of emotions can make individuals feel like "one in a crowd", thus leading to lack of individuality and lowering overall morale.

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Standardized rules and impersonal social relations leads to behavior rigidity. Rules and regulations can only be applied to predictable behavior.  Application of rules to an unknown situation can result in incorrect outcome, thus decreasing system efficiency.

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Feminists believe Weber's theory is causes a bias against females. Division of labor and hierarchy is based on skills, education and training. Women may not have equal acess to programs to meet these criteria, thus excluding them from high-level positions or opportunities.

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Weber recognized the limitations in his own theory. The goal of his model was to guide organizations towards a more systemic, rational approach, not to be a perfect working model.

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Weber proposed the need for a bureaucracy; To have a well-functioning and stable structure, organizations needed to establish a hierarchy task specialization and sets of rules and procedures.

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In the early 1900's, Weber was interested in the functioning of business operations. He observed the structure and administration of organizations and identified several problems within these management systems  :

Organizations were managed by friends and/or relatives

Decisions were based on one's own interests

Threats or coercion were used against workers

Weber saw a need for improved structure and standards in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency within an organization.

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What is the Bureaucracy Organization Theory?

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What is the Bureaucracy Organization Theory?

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Critics discussed the limitations and disadvantages of the theory.

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Max Weber (1864-1920) is a German economist and sociologist. He is known as the "Father of Organization Theory" for his construction of the Bureaucratic Organization Theory.

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The Father of Organization Theory

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Emotions are not to be involved in any decision making. Only facts and rules should be factored in this process.

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Managers and workers are salaried professionals, not owners whom are interested in pursuing the career.

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To have an effective bureaucracy, Weber identified six essential characteristics.

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Individuals should be hired based on their qualifications and ability to complete the required specialized tasks. Social ranking must no be a factor in the hiring process.

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Job assignments and promotions are made according to education, skills and level of performance. Factors such as seniority, personal relationships or politics should not be involved.

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Job duties, decisions and employee responsibilities are based on a set of standardized procedures and written rules.

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A clear chain of command should be established. Higher level employees manage the level below.