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Why did many Americans feel violated by the government's Anti-Communist crusade? 

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Why did many Americans feel violated by the government's Anti-Communist crusade? 

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- Many Americans felt violated by the government's accusing of citizens being communist because there were no cold hard facts. McCarthyism, the witch hunt for communists in America, was rising. The government would notice patterns is the behaviors of the people, and accuse the people of being communists, basically ruining their lives. The people lost their jobs, and were shunned, just because the government had theories that they were communist.

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What caused a new Red Scare to begin in the United States? 

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What caused a new Red Scare to begin in the United States? 

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- As the Cold War began at the end of WWII, there became a new fear of communism. Suspicions arose on everybody, and if you didn't act the same as every other citizen, you were seen as a possible threat. The people of America feared that the communists would work their way into the U.S Government, which is why they even accused high ranking officials of being Communist.

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This image shows a man reading a newspaper with a bold title of "One of them is still lying." This shows that this case divided the people involved.

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HUAC: House Un-American Activities Committee

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HUAC: House Un-American Activities Committee

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- An investigation committee in the House of Reps that investigated disloyalty in people and groups suspected of Communist ties
- Created on May 26, 1938
- Martin Dies Jr was the first chairman of HUAC
- HUAC investigated cases like the Hollywood Ten and the Alger Hiss Case
- Investigated cases in all of the US
- Investigations held throughout the 40's and 50's
- Criticized for violating first amendment rights and had controversial tactics
- By 1975, the committee was disassembled

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- Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
- Received the death penalty for spying for the Soviet Union - June 19, 1953
- One of the most controversial cases of espionage during the Cold War
- Accused of leading a spy group that passed on top secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union
- After a trial in March of 1951 the couple were found guilty and in April sent to the Sing Sing Prison in New York to await their death penalty
- The two continued to refuse to give any information even leading to their executions
- Evidence rose after their deaths that Julius along with dozens of other individuals were involved in the passing of information about the atomic bomb

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- 1948-1950
- Alger Hiss was an American Government official
- In 1948, Hiss was accused of being a Soviet spy by Whitaker Chambers, an ex-communist reporter for Time Magazine. Chambers testified that Hiss was a communist in the 1930's-40's, and also said that when Hiss was working with the Department of State (1930's), he passed him several top secret documents.
- Alger Hiss denied the charges, stating that he did not know who Whitaker Chambers was. Later, however, Hiss admitted that he knew who Chambers was, but he was going by a different name. Chambers then revealed the "Pumpkin Papers", which were copies of the important documents that Hiss passed him in the 1930's. They were called pumpkin papers because Chambers kept them hidden inside pumpkins in a pumpkin patch.
- This case began tons of controversy as President Truman made a statement that the HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) was using misleading clues to defame Hiss. Critics began then to accuse Truman of being a Communist, and spread propaganda that the Communism even reached to the highest levels of the American Government.
- Later, in 1950, Alger Hiss was accused of perjury in the infamous "Alger Hiss Case". That means that they believed that Hiss lied under oath to keep his reputation and his job. Hiss served four years in jail. He still stuck to his claim that he was an innocent man.
- The widespread fear of Communism was one of the main reasons for this case to happen, as many feared that the communists would work their way into government positions, and turn the U.S into a Communist country. As said previously, some even accused the President of being Communist.

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- March 21, 1947
- President Harry S. Truman created this loyalty program
- Also known as Executive Order 9837
- This program was seen necessary by Truman as suspicions began to rise at the start of the Cold War. Truman feared that Communism would come from the inside out, so he performed "loyalty checks" on federal workers to ensure that they had "complete and unswerving loyalty."
- Truman's suspicions started when Congress began to launch investigations of Communist influence in Hollywood, California, after WWII.
- This program required all federal employees to have fingerprints taken and take a survey on the political activities they take part in.

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- October - November 1947
- 10 members of the Hollywood Film Industry - Screenwriters and directors
- Publicly distributed the tactics of HUAC during their investigation on the American motion picture business
- All ten were charged with jail sentences and banned from working for major Hollywood studios - Sentenced to 6 months to a year in prison
- While in prison, Edward Dmytryk confessed to being communist and gave  the names of 26 others in the industry involved
- The ten refused to answer questions  about their involvement in the Communist Party
- Ten involved were Alvah Bessie, Herbert Biberman, Lester Cole, Edward Dmytryk, Ring Lardner, John Howard Larson, Albert Maltz, Samuel Ornitz, Adrian Scott, and Dalton Trumbo
- Bertolt Brecht was originally in the group but fled the country following his inquest