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25 Genomes Project [online image]. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from https://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/25-species-revealed-25-genomes-project

Allendorf, F. W., Hohenlohe, P. A., & Luikart, G. (2010). Genomics and the future of conservation genetics. Nature Reviews Genetics,11(10), 697-709.

DNA Sequencing [online image]. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from https://www.genome.gov/10001177/dna-sequencing-fact-sheet/

Doyle, J. M., Katzner, T. E., Bloom, P. H., Ji, Y., Wijayawardena, B. K., & Dewoody, J. A. (2014). The Genome Sequence of a Widespread Apex Predator, the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). PLoS ONE,9(4).

Frankham, R. (2010). Challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation. Biological Conservation,143(9), 1919-1927.

Fuentes-Pardo, A. P., & Ruzzante, D. E. (2017). Whole-genome sequencing approaches for conservation biology: Advantages, limitations and practical recommendations. Molecular Ecology,26(20), 5369-5406.

Genome Sequenced [online image]. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from https://www.wired.com/story/you-can-get-your-whole-genome-sequenced-but-should-you

Golden Eagle online image]. Retrieved March 3, 2019 from https://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/newly-sequenced-golden-eagle-genome-will-help-its-conservation

Mcmahon, B. J., Teeling, E. C., & Höglund, J. (2014). How and why should we implement genomics into conservation? Evolutionary Applications,7(9), 999-1007.

Primmer, C. (2009). From Conservation Genetics to Conservation Genomics. The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology, 1162(1), 357-368.

Supple, M & Shapiro, B. (2018). Conservation of biodiversity in the genomics era. Genome Biology, 19 (131), 101-112.

Wellcome Sanger Institute. (n.d.). 25 species revealed for 25 Genomes Project.
Retrieved from https://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/25-species-revealed-25-genomes-project

Zoo Portraits. (2018, September 13). Genetics, genomics and their role in wildlife conservation - Conservation. Retrieved from https://www.zooportraits.com/genetics-genomics-wildlife-conservation/

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-Improved basic scientific understanding through genomics will not necessarily lead to improved conservation.

-For example, genomics will make it possible to provide genome-wide estimates of functional genetic variation and fitness, but will not be sufficient to improve our estimates of population viability unless we are able to make the connections between individual fitness and population growth rates (Allendorf et al. 2010)

-Could be considered the most important and difficult future challenge facing conservation genetics.

- To make these connections will require long-term studies of individual fitness and of the effects of fitness differences among individuals on demographic vital rates (Allendorf et al. 2010)

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-Key role in breakthroughs for conservation of iconic species

-The Human Genome Project completed in 2003 inspired the 25 Genomes Project

-Wellcome Sanger Institute has began an initiative to sequence 25 species, representing five key areas of biodiversity in Britian (Zoo Portraits, 2018)

-Projects such as the 25 Genome Project lead to future studies to understand biodiversity and to aid in the conservation and understanding of the species (Wellcome Sanger Institute, n.d.)

-The golden eagle is the first of the 25 species to be completed

-The other 24 species to be sequenced as part of the project are considered flourishing, floundering, dangerous,iconic, and crytpic (Wellcome Sanger Institute, n.d.)

-The 25 Genomes Project is using PacBio long-read sequencing technology as well as 10x Genomics and Illumina (Wellcome Sanger Institute, n.d.)

25 Genomes Project. Image retrieved from sanger.ac.uk

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-Challenge to develop simple inexpensive means to monitor genetic diversity of species on a global scale

-Limitations exist due to the expenses needed for the genomic techniques related to conservation

-Molecular genetic analyses of DNA from non-invasive sampling allows much information of importance to conservation to be determined

-Helps with information such as sex of individuals, population size, demographic history, mating and breeding systems, population structure, gene flow, parentage, sites for reintroductions and translocations, identity of disease organisms, diet, etc. (Frankham 2010)

-Opportunities will increase with more inexpensive and powerful molecular techniques, as well as improved methods of analysis

-Genomic techniques become cheaper and more accessible by the day

-Applying the new, more costly techniques are likely to only marginally improve the above mentioned parameter estimates that can be obtained with the old tools (McMahon et al. 2014)

DNA Sequencing. Image retrieved from genome.gov

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- Male golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) captured in North America was used as part of the 25 Genomes Project

-The 16,571 annotated genes in the golden eagle genome will help to explore the unique adaptations of the golden eagle (Doyle et al. 2014)

-Golden eagle genes associated with olfaction has revealed information to allow scientists to determine molecular mechanisms underlying eagle olfaction, as birds were thought to hunt relying on visual and magnetic cues rather than navigation by odor (Doyle et al. 2014)

Golden Eagle. Image retrieved from sanger.ac.uk

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-The ability to use genome editing to replace alleles enable researchers to assist the evolution by improving disease resistance or by enhancing adaptation to changing climates (Supple and Shapiro 2018)

-Cost-effective alternatives to costly and labour intensive radio and satellite tracking in estimating movements and dispersal (McMahon et al. 2014)

-The black-footed ferret has led to extinction in wild, due to habitat loss and disease. Genetic engineering was used to induce plague immunity using DNA sequences from the domestic ferret (Supple and Shapiro 2018)

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-Genetics is an important tool in the conservation of threatened species
-Allows for sequencing of thousands to millions of loci in a short time for an affordable cost
-Results in a higher marker density than experienced with past technologies (Fuentes-Pardo & Ruzzante 2017)
-As human activities drive our planet into its sixth mass extinction, genomic technologies are an important tool for conservation researchers, helping to provide valuable scientific information to managers and policy makers (Supple and Shapiro 2018)
-Recent developments enables further diversification of the application of genomics in conservation biology (Primmer 2009)
-Helps to address long-standing questions in conservation biology as compared to traditional methods (Fuentes-Pardo & Ruzzante 2017)

Genome Sequenced. Image retrieved from wired.com