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Illustrated Everyday Stories of Climate Change (engl.)

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Illustrated Everyday Stories of Climate Change (engl.)

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Auf wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen beruhende kurze fiktionale Geschichten (engl.) über von der Klimakrise betroffene Menschen und ihre Wege der Adaption. Beispiele aus Bangladesch, Puerto Rico, Barbuda, Bolivien und Südafrika.

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When we talk about climate change, we often use abstract ideas such as, 'the planet is warming' or 'rainfall is becoming more unpredictable.' But, how do these changes impact the daily lives of 'ordinary' families across the world?

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Climate Change explained in short clips (engl.)

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Climate Change explained in short clips (engl.)

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In this series of short films for secondary schools, BBC reporter Ade Adepitan travels to places on the frontline of climate change to see the damage caused and how we can fight it.
Ade scours the globe for the natural and technological fixes that can help us slow climate change and adapt to the changes already taking place.

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In this series of short films for secondary schools, Ade Adepitan travels to places on the frontline of climate change to see the damage caused and how we can fight it.
Ade scours the globe for the natural and technological fixes that can help us slow climate change and adapt to the changes already taking place.

These clips are suitable for teaching KS3 and KS4 / GCSE geography in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and National 4/5 in Scotland.

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Geography KS3 / GCSE: Climate Change - Ade on the Frontline

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In this series of short films for secondary schools, Ade Adepitan travels to places on the frontline of climate change to see the damage caused and how we can fight it.

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Climate Change explained in short clips (engl.)

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Climate Change explained in short clips (engl.)

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In this series of short films for secondary schools, BBC reporter Ade Adepitan travels to places on the frontline of climate change to see the damage caused and how we can fight it.
Ade scours the globe for the natural and technological fixes that can help us slow climate change and adapt to the changes already taking place.

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In this series of short films for secondary schools, Ade Adepitan travels to places on the frontline of climate change to see the damage caused and how we can fight it.
Ade scours the globe for the natural and technological fixes that can help us slow climate change and adapt to the changes already taking place.

These clips are suitable for teaching KS3 and KS4 / GCSE geography in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and National 4/5 in Scotland.

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Geography KS3 / GCSE: Climate Change - Ade on the Frontline

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In this series of short films for secondary schools, Ade Adepitan travels to places on the frontline of climate change to see the damage caused and how we can fight it.

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'We faced so many cyclones': how people in Bangladesh are rebuilding after climate catastrophe

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Konkretes Beispiel für Klimawandelanpassung der Menschen in den Sundarbans

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Konkretes Beispiel für Klimawandelanpassung der Menschen in den Sundarbans

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Vom Risiko Reisanbau zur resilienten Einkommensquelle Krabbenzucht? (Engl. Basistext z. B. zur Erstellung einer Kausaldarstellung)
Mögliche Leitfrage: Sollte man für dieses Entwicklungsprozess spenden?

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he cyclones that repeatedly hit his village deep in Bangladesh's south did not just bring waist-high water that washed everything away, they forced Shayma Kanta Mistri to make a choice about his future.

The salt waters that had surged in from the nearby Bay of Bengal ruined his paddy fields, which were already providing only a tenuous living that had to be supplemented by seasonal labouring for other farmers. Mistri needed to adapt or leave.

Everywhere in Shyamnagar, there are signs of people refusing to just accept that climate change will force them to move. This is the most south-western part of Satkhira district and one of the areas in Bangladesh most vulnerable to the climate crisis. Rice fields have been turned into ponds by owners who realise their land will not easily recover and so have begun farming crab and shrimp. People are fighting back to avoid the fate of thousands of others, who have had to leave for overcrowded cities, broken by the effects of global heating on their land and their lives.

"We faced so many cyclones - Sidr, Aila, Bulbul, Amphan - and they brought waters that came up to here on the street," said Mistri, holding his hand at waist level. "When the waters left it was like a desert, all the plants and trees were dying from the salt and there was no clear water to drink either. There were only a few people with money who could survive these conditions.

"We could not live from farming any longer. We had to think about other ways to make our living."

Mistri had planned to start a shrimp farm but was encouraged by Practical Action, a charity that helps smallholder farmers, and its local partner Shushilan, to move into crab farming because it had a low start-up cost and crabs were less vulnerable to white spot syndrome, a virus that plagues shrimp farms. Now he can make an average of 2,000 taka (£17.60) per day by selling 100kg of soft-shell crabs from 2kg of crablets that he buys from local fishermen. He had previously only run a nursery, rearing the crablets and then selling junior crabs to bigger crab farms, but taught himself the sensitive and valuable technique of harvesting the crab at the moment it sheds its hard shell.

"Now I'm more comfortable. We have a more secure income and both of my children are in school - my son has almost graduated from college," said Mistri.

Aside from the profit, the quick turnaround means he earns throughout the year, softening the losses of the storms that can leave rice farmers without an income for months because of the crop damage and time it takes to prepare the land.

Satkhira and the south-west have borne the brunt of the weather changes, repeatedly being hit by major cyclones that have displaced millions and caused permanent changes to the land. During last year's cyclone Amphan winds hit 151kmph and flooded a quarter of Satkhira, which the UN said was the worst-hit district.

According to a 2016 study from the University of Jessore (now Jashore), two-thirds of migrants from south-western Bangladesh moved because they had to give up farming. Most went to cities where they worked as day labourers, while some did seasonal agricultural work. Those who were able to stay were people who had diversified, especially crab and shrimp farmers.

Shayma Kanta Mistri has been helped by Practical Action to start a crab farm. Photograph: Kamrul Hasan

Practical Action's field coordinator, AJM Shafiqul Islam, said the charity's work is about ensuring people are offered the most suitable solution and support to help build their resilience to the climate crisis.

"Since cyclone Sidr [in 2007], the people of this area have struggled with salinity in their soil but these methods are transforming lives. Shayma had very little before but now he has a poultry farm alongside the crabs that he built with the income. He no longer has to travel to sell his labour," said Islam.

"This works for the farmers who have limited income. It helps them work with the change of their land and also hopefully it will stop them having to migrate. They will be able to live sustainably."

The threat to Shyamnagar's people is evident on Gabura, an island encircled by two rivers of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, which is frequently inundated during cyclones and is losing its coast to erosion. Locals live in fragile homes mounted on stilts, and say a quarter of people have now given up and moved elsewhere.

Those who remain are reliant on catching crabs or collecting honey from the forest but their income is curtailed by government limits to protect the forest's resources.

Islam says Practical Action's work is also about bringing balance. "These farmers look to wild sources like the river or the Sunderbans, which is vulnerable environmentally and needs to be protected. The government is also establishing crab hatcheries but someone has to raise them, so these crab nurseries for smallholder farmers can be the intermediaries," said Islam.

That balance also applies to other methods being encouraged here, such as teaching farmers how to grow extra vegetables in the mud walkways between plots of land.

Archana Boyda, 24, provides farmers in her area with compost using dung from her two cows and earthworms she was given by the charity. Boyda has six vats of her compost in a tent outside her home.

She had been living in a leaking mud hut that was destroyed by a falling tree during cyclone Amphan. But Boyda had been saving the 3,000 taka she earned a month with her husband and they have built a new wooden house on a platform raised above any floodwaters.

"Amphan had a really big effect on us, the house was destroyed and we had nowhere to go so we just tried to cover the gaps with sheets. This house is still not finished but it is so much better and our life is becoming more secure, step by step," she said.

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'We faced so many cyclones': how people in Bangladesh are rebuilding after climate catastrophe

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he cyclones that repeatedly hit his village deep in Bangladesh's south did not just bring waist-high water that washed everything away, they forced Shayma Kanta Mistri to make a choice about his future.

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After 30 years of construction, a remote tundra highway nears its destination

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Tundra-Straße fertig nach 30 Jahren Bauzeit 

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Tundra-Straße fertig nach 30 Jahren Bauzeit 

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Konkretes Projekt zur exemplarischen Untersuchung regionaler Strukturen, Zusammenhänge u. Prozesse. Inklusive Perspektivenvielfalt u. O-Töne (ökonomisch, ökologisch, sozial).

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It has been something of a never-ending project. The first kilometres of road were built already in the 1980s, and the more than 600 km connection was originally planned to be completed few years later.

Locals have been waiting for ages. The road will be the region's only land infrastructure connection to the outside world. Construction works were halted for several years and resumed only in 2015.

People of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug now have reason to hope that they soon can take their cars and cruise to the neighbouring region of Komi.

According to the regional government, the highway across the desolate tundra lands will be completed before 2023. More than 1,500 workers and 500 pieces of machinery are now engaged in the construction of the remaining 39,2 km of road.

Federal funding will be provided, regional Minister of Construction Irek Faizullin confirms.

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It is a complicated operation. The road is built across lakes, rivers and vast wetlands and several more bridges must be built.

"This road is not a Potemkin village, but a real object, a serious object that will change the life of the region," Governor Yuri Bezdudny says in a comment. It will ultimately help reduce the price level on local goods and foodstuff, he argues.

"Of course, when the road is completed it will be possible to transport goods and services at a completely different price level," he argues and adds that the road not only opens a connection to neighbouring Komi, but also to the whole of Russia.

"For us it is important that the road not only leads to Usinsk, we need a connection to the national road transport network so that we can exit the Nenets Autonomous Okrug through the whole year," the governor underlines.

At the moment, the 45,000 inhabitants of the far northern Russian region depend on air traffic. In wintertime, ice roads are built on the frozen tundra.

Not only new roads are now on the agenda of regional transport authorities. According to Yuri Bezdudny, also the first 97 km of the road that was built in the period between 1991 and 2004 now need a serious upgrade.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a major oil-producing region. A major part of the local population are Nentsy, the indigenous reindeer-herding people.

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After 30 years of construction, a remote tundra highway nears its destination

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It has been something of a never-ending project. The first kilometres of road were built already in the 1980s, and the more than 600 km connection was originally planned to be completed few years later. Locals have been waiting for ages. The road will be the region's only land infrastructure connection to the outside world.

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Chiles globale Müllhalde für Fast-Fashion (inkl. Audiocast), Quelle: Tagesschau

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Chiles globale Müllhalde für Fast-Fashion (inkl. Audiocast), Quelle: Tagesschau

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Fallbeispiel für globale Verflechtungen
Didaktische Zugänge (Auswahl, ungeordnet):
Funktionale Zusammenhänge visualisieren, inkl. "Ich-Karte" (dazu ggf. Mystery erstellen)
Untersuchen mithilfe der Vier Raumkonzepte oder des Nachhaltigkeitsvierecks
Untersuchen mithilfe der Maßstabsebenen, Verschränkung mit Systemkomponente Funktion
Lösungsansätze untersuchen, klären, was an Problemen bleibt

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Die Atacama-Wüste in Chile ist vor allem bekannt, weil sich dort das Riesenteleskop ALMA befindet. Doch inzwischen kennen viele den Ort auch aus einem anderen Grund. Hier gibt es riesige Berge mit entsorgter Kleidung.

Es sind Dinge, die hier nicht hingehören: Zwischen den kargen Dünen der Atacama-Wüste türmen sich T-Shirts und Bermudas in allen Farben, sogar Weihnachts-Outfits und Schneestiefel sind darunter.

Sofia, eine venezolanische Migrantin, zieht eine Jacke aus dem Textilberg: "Ich bin mit meinen beiden Kindern und einem sehr großen Koffer gekommen, aber ich musste auf dem Weg durch Südamerika alles wegwerfen. Ich habe sogar die Decke verloren. Die Kälte nachts frisst uns auf, vor allem die Kinder, es ist schwer auszuhalten."

59.000 Tonnen Kleidung pro Jahr

Die Kleidung, in der Sofia wühlt, ist Abfall. Chile ist seit langem eine Drehscheibe für gebrauchte und unverkaufte Textilien aus der ganzen Welt. In der Freihandelszone des Hafens von Iquique landen laut Recherchen der Nachrichtenagentur AFP jedes Jahr rund 59.000 Tonnen Kleidung. Was nicht in die Hauptstadt Santiago oder in Nachbarländer Südamerikas weiterverkauft wird, landet in der Wüste.

Chiles einzigartiger Desierto de Atacama wird zur Abfallhalde für Fast Fashion. Moyra Rojas, Regionalsekretärin des Umweltministeriums sagt: "Kein Zweifel, diese Mülldeponien und Textilabfälle sind ein großes Problem für die Umwelt. Sie verursachen oft Brände, das verschmutzt die Luft. Und das betrifft das auch die Anwohner, denn die Deponien befinden sich ganz in der Nähe von besiedelten Gebieten."

So giftig wie Reifen

Die Textilien sind so giftig wie Plastik oder Reifen. Sie enthalten viele Schadstoffe, beispielsweise durch das Färben, Bleichen oder Bedrucken. Laut einer aktuellen Studie von Greenpeace setzt die Textilindustrie mehr als 70 gesundheits- und umweltgefährdende Chemikalien ein. Das enthaltene Polyester braucht bis zu 200 Jahre, um sich abzubauen, und selbst dann bleiben sogenannte Mikroplastik-Artikel übrig.

Recycling-Firmen - isolierte Initiativen

Auf den normalen Deponien wird diese Art von Sondermüll gar nicht angenommen, sagt Franklin Zepeda. Er hat ein Unternehmen gegründet, das die ausrangierte Kleidung weiterverarbeitet. "Die Textilabfälle entstehen durch den Import der gebrauchten Kleidung. In der Freihandelszone wird sortiert nach hochwertigen und sekundären Kleidungsstücken und Abfall. Das ging früher alles in die Wüste, wir verwenden es jetzt als Rohstoff für unsere Wärmedämmplatten."

Auch die Gründerin des Unternehmens Ecocitex, Rosario Hevia aus Santiago, recycelt die verwitterten Textilien und stellt daraus Garn her. Doch es bleiben isolierte Initiativen im Kampf gegen ein weltweites Problem: die Überproduktion der Textilindustrie. Zwischen 2000 und 2014 habe sich die weltweite Textilproduktion verdoppelt, das geht aus einem UN-Bericht von 2019 hervor. Mittlerweile ist die Branche für rund 20 Prozent des Wasserverbrauchs weltweit verantwortlich.

"Weniger Unnötiges konsumieren"

"Viele Leute kritisieren uns und sagen: Warum verlangt ihr Geld fürs Recycling? Die Antwort ist: Wir müssen den Leuten klar machen, dass Textilabfälle Kosten verursachen und die Umwelt verschmutzen. Was man dagegen tun kann: Weniger Unnötiges konsumieren und Dinge länger tragen. Aber wir sehen ja: Kaum wurde irgendwo ein Lockdown aufgehoben, standen die Menschen Schlangen vor den Filialen von Zara, H&M und anderen Läden, die auf Fast Fashion ausgerichtet sind", sagt Rosario Hevia.

Umweltschutzorganisationen wie Greenpeace fordern mehr Druck auf die Textilbranche: "Es müsste die Pflicht zum fachgerechten Recycling bestehen. Die Menschen müssen umdenken", sagt Unternehmerin Hevia, und ihr eigenes Konsumverhalten hinterfragen.

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Atacama-Wüste in Chile: Müllhalde für Fast-Fashion

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Die Atacama-Wüste in Chile ist vor allem bekannt, weil sich dort das Riesenteleskop ALMA befindet. Doch inzwischen kennen viele den Ort auch aus einem anderen Grund. Hier gibt es riesige Berge mit entsorgter Kleidung. Von Anne Herrberg.

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Regelmäßig aktualisierte Karte

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Regelmäßig aktualisierte Karte

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Erste Ideen für die Verwendung im Unterricht:

Zur (an Daten oder Modellen?) begründeten Auswahl der x wichtigsten Maßnahmen in Region Y.

Zur begründeten Ableitung möglicher konkreter Maßnahmen / Lösungsansätze bezüglich des gerade behandelten Raumbeispiels/Sachverhalts.

...

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Skip to content

How to get the World to Netzero by 2050 - a graphical guide.
The latest research, ideas, strategies and numbers in one visualisation.

Taken from the book ' Beautiful News ' by David McCandless (HarperCollins 2021)

We have a Trello / Kanban set up of 2050 Netzero Project Plan
We'll be adding graphics and more info to it gradually.

" See the data & sources
" See our previous (micro) version

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How to Get the World to Netzero by 2050 - Information is Beautiful

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Skip to content How to get the World to Netzero by 2050 - a graphical guide. The latest research, ideas, strategies and numbers in one visualisation. Taken from the book ' Beautiful News ' by David McCandless (HarperCollins 2021) We have a Trello / Kanban set up of 2050 Netzero Project Plan We'll be adding graphics and more info to it gradually.

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Blog mit Info-Beiträgen zu Strukturen und Funktionen des Ökosystems Wald für Pedosphäre, Hydrosphäre, Atmosphäre und Biosphäre

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Willkommen bei „Forst erklärt"! Wir sind Jan, Simon und Felix. Wir studieren Forst in Göttingen und hier wollen wir Euch...

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Interaktives Erkunden von Klimawandelfolgen mit der Simulation „Kippelemente“

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Interaktives Erkunden von Klimawandelfolgen mit der Simulation „Kippelemente“

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Schüler*innen können auf einer interaktiven Weltkarte die Folgen des Klimawandels in verschiedenen Regionen der Erde erkunden können. Ein Temperaturregler ermöglicht den Lernenden, Klimawandelfolgen bei unterschiedlich starken Anstiegen der globalen Durchschnittstemperatur von einem bis zu sechs Grad Celsius zu untersuchen. Die interaktive Simulation ist auf eine Nutzung mit Schüler*innen ab Klasse 7 ausgerichtet.

Unterrichtsvorschläge und Video-Erkläranleitung: https://www1.wdr.de/schule/digital/unterrichtsmaterial/websimulation-kippelemente-100.html

begleitende Arbeitsblätter: https://www1.wdr.de/schule/digital/unterrichtsmaterial/arbeitsmaterial-kippelemente-100.pdf

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Diagramme auswerten und Klimakrise verstehen lernen im Schnelldurchlauf

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Diagramme auswerten und Klimakrise verstehen lernen im Schnelldurchlauf

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Verwendungsideen für den Unterricht: Materialgrundlage für
> eine Problemlösungs- oder Entscheidungsaufgabe
> Methodentraining am inhaltlichen Beispiel
> einen Faktencheck in Diskussionsrunden oder bei der Beurteilung von Akteursmeinungen (z. B. im Wertequadrat)
> die Gestaltung von "Tatsachen-und Meinungen"-Aufgaben

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Hey du, kurz mal Zeit für Klimakrise?

Ja, ich weiß. Eigentlich ist jetzt Feierabend, Mittagspause, Wochenende oder du sitzt gerade mit dem Smartphone auf Toilette. Und eigentlich willst du einfach mal den Kopf ausmachen. Schule, Ausbildung, Studium, Bewerbungen oder dein Job sind schon nervig genug und Spaß am Leben muss ja auch irgendwie drin sein. Und ja, der ganze Klimakram ist anscheinend kompliziert. Alle labern rum, tausend Zahlen und Meinungen kursieren, - anstrengend, richtig anstrengend! Wie so eine nie endende Politik-Talkshow, bei der sich niemand ausreden lässt. 🙅‍♂️

Aber hey! Wer Stories auf Instagram hinbekommt oder die Regeln vom Videobeweis in der Bundesliga im Detail diskutieren kann, der versteht auch den Klimakram und was zu tun ist. So kompliziert ist es nämlich gar nicht. 🍹 Also kühles Getränk aufmachen und weiterlesen:

So, was ist wirklich wichtig?

Eigentlich muss die Menschheit nur zwei Diagramme im Auge behalten: "CO2-Konzentration in der Atmosphäre" und "Weltweiter Land-Ozean-Temperaturindex". Auf diese beiden Diagramme werden wir gleich näher eingehen (Keine Sorge, gleich gibt es das erste versprochene Video!)

Diagramm 1: CO2 in der Atmosphäre

Das erste Messdiagramm (links) zeigt den aktuellen Anteil von Kohlenstoffdioxid, CO2, in der Atmosphäre unseres Planeten Erde an. Kohlenstoffdioxid, CO2, ist an sich ein natürliches Gas, welches unsichtbar und geruchlos ist und schon immer auf diesem Planeten zu finden war. Wir atmen es aus, Pflanzen können es aufnehmen und es entsteht auch bei der Verbrennung von Kohle oder Vulkanausbrüchen. Der Anteil von CO2 wird in parts per million (ppm) gemessen, die kleine Grafik oben links (monatliche Variation) musst du erstmal überhaupt nicht beachten:

Wie du siehst: Seit 1958 steigt der Wert der parts per million (ppm, linke Achse) ständig weiter. 2019 wurde (schon wieder) ein neuer Höchstwert, nämlich 415 parts per million, gemessen in der Erdatmosphäre ( Quelle). Gemessen wird die CO2-Konzentration täglich in der „Messstation Mauna Loa" in Haiwaii, welche sich auf einem Vulkangipfel befindet und daher eine gute Lage für eine möglichst genaue Messung bietet. Aber Moment - kann man das wirklich so genau messen, wie viel Gas in unserer Atmosphäre rumschwirrt? Und was war denn vor 1958, wie viel CO2 war da in der Atmosphäre? 💡 Hier kurz mal aufpassen, die Birne einschalten und das Video bis zu Minute 3:40 schauen:

Okay, das chemische Element Kohlenstoff (C) als auch das Gas Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) sind ja Teil der Natur, es gibt den natürlichen Kohlestoffkreislauf, der sowas regelt, also wo ist das Problem mit CO2?
Alles an sich kein Ding, stimmt schon. Problematisch sind aber die großen (unnatürlichen) Mengen des Gases, die bei der Verbrennung von Kohle, Öl und Gas von uns Menschen, bspw. in der Industrie, beim Bauen, für das Heizen oder im Mobilitätssektor, rausgepustet werden. Schon früh hatten einige Wissenschaftler:innen daher die These, dass sich durch diese Mehr-Menge an CO2 der Planet Erde stark aufhitzen wird. Was uns zum zweiten Diagramm führt (Halte durch!):

Diagramm 2: Temperaturabweichung über die Jahre

Das zweite Diagramm zeigt die durchschnittliche Abkühlung oder Erwärmung, wenn man alle Temperaturmessungen auf der Welt zusammenrechnet und noch so ein paar langweilige statistische Berechnungen macht. Im Grunde also ob es jeweils wärmer oder kälter wurde im Gesamtdurchschnitt pro Jahr und mit Blick auf die ganze Erdoberfläche gerechnet, daher auch Land-Ozean-Temperatur-Index. Gibt ja nicht nur Landfläche auf der Welt, sondern Meere machen ja auch viel aus:

Was sehen wir? Seit 1940 hat sich die Durchschnittstemperatur global gesehen also um ca. 1 Grad erhöht. Hört sich erstmal nicht viel an, hat aber schon ordentliche Konsequenzen (später gibt es dazu noch ein Video). Diese Temperaturabweichungen kann man natürlich ebenso für einzelne Länder, Regionen und Städte berechnen, hier z.B. die Abweichungen in Hannover ( „War die Temperatur in einem Jahr wärmer als die durchschnittliche Temperatur in diesem Zeitraum, färben wir den Streifen in Rottönen, war sie niedriger, in Blautönen." - Warming Stripes Tool von ZEIT Online, inspriert von Ed Hawkins):

Wir sehen: Es wurde (durchschnittlich) deutlich wärmer in den letzten Jahren, sowohl global gerechnet als auch in Hannover, was ja irgendwie so halbwegs mittig in Deutschland liegt. 😉 Auch in Österreich sowie der Schweiz sieht der Streifen ähnlich aus. Auf showyourstripes.info kann man alle Regionen der Erde durchgehen, auch hier: links viel blau, rechts dann viel rot. Alle, die es eilig haben, können sich auch einfach das folgende NASA-Video (30 Sekunden) anschauen und dann weiterscrollen:

🤔 Wir halten fest: Mehr CO2 in der Atmosphäre (erstes Diagramm), im Durchschnitt wird es wärmer (zweites Diagramm). Und was heißt das jetzt?!
Dazu kommen wir jetzt. Noch ein bisschen Text, zwei kurze Videos, dann sind wir durch. Also mach dir mal noch das zweite Kaltgetränk auf und ab in den Endspurt:

Warum steigen beide Werte (CO2, Temperatur)?

Wären die CO2-Konzentration sowie die durchschnittliche Temperatur die Kurse von Aktien, die wir gekauft haben, wäre es jetzt Zeit für den Champagner. Stetig steigend, großartig! 🍾🥂 Leider geht es aber um die Natur auf unserem Planeten, da heißen steigende Kurven in Diagrammen nicht immer etwas Gutes.

Gibt es nun also einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen CO2-Konzentration und durchschnittlicher Temperatur auf dem Planeten?

Vorsicht: In der Welt der Statistik gibt es auch sogenannte Scheinkorrelationen bzw. Scheinkausalitäten. Eine solche kann vorliegen, wenn man zwei Diagramme hat und beide zusammenzuhängen scheinen, in Wirklichkeit beeinflusst aber eine dritte Variable die Situation. Ein schönes Beispiel findet sich hier bzgl. Eisdielen-Umsatz und Herz-Kreislauf-Problemen [sowie der dritten Variable Temperatur]).

Also Butter bei die Fische: Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen CO2 in der Atmosphäre und den Temperaturen oder nicht? Noch mal kurz alle Konzentration sammeln und das folgende 3,5-Minuten-Video komplett durchhalten, welches das Zusammenspiel von CO2 und Temperatur auf der Erde erklärt (Du schaffst das! 💪):

Okay, Treibhauseffekt, klingt langweilig, aber gecheckt - grobe Daumenregel: Mehr CO2 in Atmosphäre = stärkerer Treibhauseffekt = steigende Temperaturen = Erde, Mensch, Tier und Ökosysteme schwitzen und sind unter Stress 🥵🔥 Einige Tierarten versuchen daher bereits in kältere Regionen zu flüchten ( Massenflucht von Tieren an die Pole hat begonnen). Mehr zum wissenschaftlichen Nachweis des Zusammenhangs findet sich übrigens u.a. auf klimafakten.de ("Ist vielleicht etwas anderes als der Mensch die Ursache?").

Fazit

Wir halten also zum Abschluss fest (ganz kurz noch durchhalten und dranbleiben!): Der Planet Erde hat sich durchschnittlich schon um 1 Grad erwärmt, Auslöser sind zum größten Teil wir Menschen.

„Okay"", wirst du vielleicht sagen, „ein bisschen höhere Temperaturen im Sommer kriegen wir ja auch mit Klimananlagen in Mitteleuropa irgendwie geregelt? Geht ja in anderen Ländern auch problemlos? Lebewesen und Ökosysteme passen sich an, Stichwort Evolution?"

Nunjaaaaa... Die Szenarien über 1,5 Grad sehen eher so aus, dass Klimaanlagen allein nicht reichen werden - siehe dieses letzte Video:

Die Menschheit muss an sich also "nur" schauen, dass das globale Thermometer nicht weiter steigt und daher muss der Treibhausgas/CO2-Ausstoß massiv reduziert werden. Ist keine Raketenwissenschaft, oder?

Glückwunsch, dass du dich hier durch gekämpft hast!

Und nun?

10% Restchance auf das Limitieren der Erwärmung auf 1,5 Grad

Ich würde hier gerne mit der guten Nachricht abschließen, dass noch voll viel Zeit bleibt. Aber Greta Thunberg sprach nicht ohne Grund von „I want you to panic". Laut Klimaforscher:innen wie Hans Joachim Schellnhuber haben wir, die Menschheit, in Sachen Klimaschutz viel zu lange viel zu wenig getan. Eigentlich vergleichbar mit dem Lernen vor Klausuren oder dem Abgabetermin einer Hausarbeit - wir chillen viel zu lange und dann wird es extrem stressig. Schellnhuber sagte kürzlich mit Blick auf das 1,5-Grad-Limitierungsziel folgendes [Quelle: DIE ZEIT Nr. 40/2020 24.09.2020, via @Jumpsteady]:

„Mein Problem ist nicht die Übertreibung. Beim Klima ist eigentlich alles, was schiefgehen konnte, schiefgegangen. Schauen Sie sich einfach die Emissionskurve an, das ist ein Faktum: Die geht nach oben und oben. Mein Problem ist inzwischen eher die Untertreibung. Eigentlich endet jedes Interview mit der Frage: Haben Sie noch Hoffnung? Nee, eigentlich nicht mehr. Aber wenn Sie mich wirklich lange genug quälen, sage ich Ihnen: Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, das Pariser Abkommen noch umzusetzen, liegt vielleicht bei zehn Prozent."

Es bleibt für die Schadensbegrenzung und das Stoppen der Erwärmung des Planeten nur noch ein kleiner Spielraum übrig. Sofortiges Handeln ist unbedingt nötig. Das Moment Magazin postete kürzlich folgende Grafik, die zeigt, dass wir den Kurs noch nicht umfassend korrigiert haben:

Die nächsten 7 Jahre sind entscheidend

Als öffentliche Erinnerung für die nötige Kurskorrektur wurde in New York eine "Klima-Uhr" installiert, die anzeigt wie viel Jahre noch bleiben, bis die Menschheit keine Emissionen mehr in die Atmosphäre entlassen darf. (Weil das errechnete CO2/Treibhausgas-Budget für die maximale Erwärmung vom Pariser Klimaziel 1,5 Grad dann aufgebraucht ist). Diese Uhr steht derzeit bei knapp über 7 Jahren, also 2027 (Stand 27.09.2020):

Fridays For Future will nicht locker lassen

Klingt alles düster? Ist es. Aber die Menschheit hat wahnsinnig krasse Dinge geschafft, Atomkriege verhindert, das Ozonloch bekämpft, die Sklaverei verboten, Menschenrechte und Gleichberechtigung etabliert, ist in den Weltall geflogen, hat technologisch und sozial wahnsinnige Fortschritte gemacht, stets dazu gelernt und sich immer wieder neu hinterfragt und neu erfunden mit jeder Generation. Und es gibt ja durchaus viele positive Entwicklungen: Seit Anfang der 1990er-Jahre wurden mehrere zehntausend Windenergieanlagen in Deutschland installiert laut Umweltbundesamt ( Quelle), der Ausbau von Erneuerbaren Energiequellen findet derzeit weltweit statt, es gibt ein gesellschaftliches Momentum für den Kampf gegen die Klimakatastrophe. Und so verkündete Luisa Neubauer von Fridays For Future Deutschland beim Klimastreik am 25.9.2020, auch weiterhin nicht locker zu lassen:

Deine Handlungsmöglichkeiten

Was du sofort tun kannst? Bleibe informiert, bilde dich selbst weiter, unterstütze Initiativen, mach Druck auf Politik und Entscheidungsträger:innen, triff möglichst bewusste Konsum- und Alltagsentscheidungen, check deine finanziellen Handlungsmöglichkeiten (nachhaltiges Bankkonto, Stromanbieter, etc.); misch dich ein, wenn es deine persönlichen Ressourcen zulassen.

Aber musst du alles alleine lösen? Nein. Die Bewegung Fridays For Future sieht in politischen Entscheidungen den größten Hebel für Veränderung, die Klimakrise kann laut FFF Deutschland nicht ausschließlich von Einzelpersonen im Alltag gelöst werden (Quelle: Fridays For Future - Forderungen FAQ):

„Jede*r von uns kann seine*ihre Emissionen nur zum Teil selbst reduzieren, da wir auf viele Prozesse keinen Einfluss und oft auch nicht alle nötigen Informationen dazu haben. Die Politik muss den nötigen Rahmen schaffen, damit jede*r Einzelne überhaupt klimaneutral leben und handeln kann!"

👉 Informiert bleiben

Informiert bleiben kannst du zum Beispiel über folgende Kanäle:

Instagram: Greta Thunberg, Luisa Neubauer, Leonie Bremer, FridaysForFutureDE, GermanZero, FridaysForFutureAT, FridaysForFutureCH, NachhaltigKritisch, Der Graslutscher // Twitter: KlimaVorAcht, Jumpsteady, Maja Göpel, She Drives Mobility, Özden Terli, Rico Grimm // YouTube: Scientists For Future, MaiLab // & viele, viele mehr.

👉 Educate yourself

Einen längeren Vortrag zum Thema Klimakrise findest du u.a. hier:

▶️ Will Steffen - Die große Wende voraus
Warum ist 2020 ein entscheidendes Jahr in der #Klimakrise? Die #GroßeWendeVoraus gibt Antworten darauf. Ein beeindruckender Filmvortrag von Professor Will Steffen über die Tragweite und Dringlichkeit des #Klimawandels.

👉 Mentale Gesundheit

Tipps für die mentale Gesundheit in Zeiten der Klimakrise: 🧘 KlimaAngst @ Instagram

„Hoffnung ist nicht die Überzeugung, dass etwas gut ausgeht,
sondern die Gewissheit, dass etwas Sinn hat, egal wie es ausgeht"
- Vaclav Havel, Quelle: Instagram-Post von @klimaangst

⚠️ Dieser Artikel wurde noch nicht von fachkundigen Personen gefeedbacked, ggf. können noch inhaltliche Fehler enthalten sein. Feedback ist gerne gesehen! 👉 Insta-DM, Twitter-DM, E-Mail: anfragen@matthias-andrasch.de.

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Ja, ich weiß. Eigentlich ist jetzt Feierabend, Mittagspause, Wochenende oder du sitzt gerade mit dem Smartphone auf Toilette. Und eigentlich willst du einfach mal den Kopf ausmachen. Schule, Ausbildung, Studium, Bewerbungen oder dein Job sind schon nervig genug und Spaß am Leben muss ja auch irgendwie drin sein.

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Warum jetzt häufiger Starkregen & Extremhitze?

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Warum jetzt häufiger Starkregen & Extremhitze?

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Das Magazin Quarks & Co. erklärt es kurz und prägnant. Geeignet als Material für die Schüler*innen.

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(1/6) Extremer Starkregen wird leider in Zukunft immer häufiger auftreten, sagen @rahmstorf und andere Forschende seit Jahren. Warum? Ein Thread.

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(1/6) Extremer Starkregen wird leider in Zukunft immer häufiger auftreten, sagen @rahmstorf und andere Forschende seit Jahren. Warum? Ein Thread. https://t.co/22HjhrPEXh

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(1/6) Extremer Starkregen wird leider in Zukunft immer häufiger auftreten, sagen @rahmstorf und andere Forschende seit Jahren. Warum? Ein Thread. https://t.co/22HjhrPEXh

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(1/6) Extremer Starkregen wird leider in Zukunft immer häufiger auftreten, sagen @rahmstorf und andere Forschende seit Jahren. Warum? Ein Thread. https://t.co/22HjhrPEXh

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(1/6) Extremer Starkregen wird leider in Zukunft immer häufiger auftreten, sagen @rahmstorf und andere Forschende seit Jahren. Warum? Ein Thread.

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Die Meere bilden den größten Lebensraum unserer Erde. Sie liefern uns Sauerstoff, Nahrung und haben einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das Klima. Die Vermüllung der Meere und die Folgen gehören daher zu den drängendsten Nachhaltigkeits-Themen unserer Zeit.

Über 100 Expert*innen haben sich in Deutschland zusammengetan, um das Problem gemeinsam anzugehen. Dazu wurde der Runde Tisch Meeresmüll gegründet. Hier werden Möglichkeiten erarbeitet, um europäische und internationale Vorgaben in Deutschland umzusetzen, insbesondere die sogenannte Europäische Meeresstrategie-Rahmenrichtlinie. Ziel des Runden Tisches ist es, Maßnahmen für die deutsche Nord- und Ostsee abzustimmen und ihre Umsetzung zu unterstützen. Der Runde Tisch Meeresmüll ist somit ein einzigartiger Zusammenschluss, der konkrete Lösungsideen ermittelt.

Im Rahmen des Spiels Müll im Meer - Der Runde Tisch Meeresmüll als Planspiel für Schüler*innen vertreten die Spieler*innen verschiedene gesellschaftliche Gruppen anhand einzelner Rollen.

Mehr über das Planspiel erfahren Sie hier.

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Die Meere bilden den größten Lebensraum unserer Erde. Sie liefern uns Sauerstoff, Nahrung und haben einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das Klima. Die Vermüllung der Meere und die Folgen gehören daher zu den drängendsten Nachhaltigkeits-Themen unserer Zeit. Über 100 Expert*innen haben sich in Deutschland zusammengetan, um das Problem gemeinsam anzugehen.

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Bevölkerungsentwicklung USA im Zeitverlauf 1790 bis heute

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Bevölkerungsentwicklung USA im Zeitverlauf 1790 bis heute

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Animierte Karte

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r/MapPorn - Population density through the years

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1.0k votes, 102 comments. 1.2m members in the MapPorn community. High quality images of maps.

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Was würden Lebensmittel kosten, wenn wir ökologische und soziale Folgekosten direkt im Supermarkt bezahlen sollten? Ein spannendes Praxisprojekt der UniGreifswald und der UniAugsburg liefert jetzt konkrete Zahlen.

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Was kosten uns Lebensmittel wirklich? Dieser Frage sind Forschende der Universität Greifswald und der Universität Augsburg in einem Praxisprojekt mit der PENNY Markt GmbH nachgegangen. Für dieses haben die Wissenschaftler*innen die ökologischen Folgekosten verschiedener Lebensmittel berechnet. Das Projekt soll den großen Unterschied des Verkaufspreises von Lebensmitteln und deren wirklichen Wert darlegen. Vor allem tierische Produkte schneiden nach den Berechnungen schlecht ab.

Für die Berechnung werden die Faktoren der Treibhausgasemissionen, der reaktiven Stickstoffemissionen, des Energieverbrauchs und der Landnutzungsänderungen, verursacht durch biologische und konventionelle Lebensmittelerzeugung, bepreist. Errechnet werden also die wahren Preise von Lebensmitteln, die nicht nur die Produktionskosten, sondern auch ökologische und soziale Folgekosten, welche während der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion anfallen, abdecken. Diese Kosten werden derzeit indirekt von der Gesamtgesellschaft gezahlt - etwa durch hohe Wasserrechnungen aufgrund erhöhter Nitratgehalte im Grundwasser - nicht aber vom Verursacher des Schadens direkt. Dies hat zur Ursache, dass Marktfehler die Konsument*innen dazu verleiten, sehr günstige, nicht nachhaltige Lebensmittel zu kaufen. Eine verursachergerechte Internalisierung von Folgekosten hätte also zur Folge, dass sich Marktpreise korrigieren und sich so das Kaufverhalten entsprechend der Nachhaltigkeit anpassen würde.

Die Untersuchungen zeigen teilweise sehr große Preisdifferenzen zwischen den aktuellen Marktpreisen und den wahren Kosten, vor allem bei tierischen Lebensmitteln. Konventionell produziertes gemischtes Hackfleisch müsste demnach circa dreimal so teuer sein, würde es auch für die Auswirkungen für die bei der Produktion entstehenden Treibhausgase, Landnutzungsänderungen, reaktiven Stickstoffe und Energieverbrauch aufkommen. Biologisch produzierte pflanzliche Lebensmittel hingegen sind derzeit schon verhältnismäßig sinnvoll bepreist: die nötigen Preisaufschläge liegen zwischen 4 % (Apfel) und 9 % (Banane).
Preisaufschläge (jeweils in %):

Apfel: konventionell 8 %, bio 4 %

Banane: konventionell 19 %, bio 9 %

Kartoffel: konventionell 12 %, bio 6 %

Tomate: konventionell 12 %, bio 5 %

Mozzarella: konventionell 52 %, bio 30 %

Gouda: konventionell 88 %, bio 33 %

Milch: konventionell 122 %, bio 69 %

Fleisch (gemischt): konventionell 173 %, bio 126 %

Die hohen Kosten tierischer Lebensmittel können vor allem durch die ressourcenintensive Aufzucht und Fütterung der Tiere erklärt werden. Für die Produktion von pflanzlichen Lebensmitteln fallen beispielsweise keine Emissionen durch die Verdauung der Tiere an, sowie Energieverbrauch während der Beheizung und Belüftung von Ställen.

Der Unterschied zwischen konventionellen und biologischen Preisaufschlägen ist vor allem durch die natürlicheren Produktionspraktiken im biologischen Landbau zu erklären: synthetische Stickstoffdünger, oder importierte Futtermittel beispielsweise, sind hier verboten oder nur sehr beschränkt zugelassen, was sich positiv auf die Ökobilanz dieser Produkte auswirkt.

Die Wissenschaftler*innen konnten die Methodik und Ergebnisse des Projekts unter anderem innerhalb eines Expertenworkshops zum Thema „True Cost Accounting" in der niederländischen Botschaft diskutieren. So erhoffen sie sich aus dem Praxisprojekt mit PENNY und den weiteren Forschungen die gesellschaftliche Diskussion voranzutreiben und auch mit politischen Entscheidungsträger*innen über mögliche Maßnahmen der Internalisierung ökologischer Folgekosten zu diskutieren.

Weitere Informationen
Das Praxisprojekt ist eingebunden in das Drittmittelprojekt „How much is the dish? - Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Biodiversität durch true cost accouting bei Lebensmitteln" (HoMaBiLe), unterstützt durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, welches zunächst bis September 2021 ebenfalls am Lehrstuhl für Nachhaltigkeitswissenschaft und angewandte Geographie der Universität Greifswald bearbeitet wird.
Link zum Medienfoto

Ansprechpartnerin an der Universität Greifswald
Amelie Michalke (M. Sc.)
Lehrstuhl für Nachhaltigkeitswissenschaft und Angewandte Geographie
Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 16, 17489 Greifswald
amelie.michalkeuni-greifswaldde
Profil auf Researchgate: www.researchgate.net/profile/Amelie_Michalke

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Was kosten uns Lebensmittel wirklich? Dieser Frage sind Forschende der Universität Greifswald und der Universität Augsburg in einem Praxisprojekt mit der PENNY Markt GmbH nachgegangen. Für dieses haben die Wissenschaftler*innen die ökologischen Folgekosten verschiedener Lebensmittel berechnet. Das Projekt soll den großen Unterschied des Verkaufspreises von Lebensmitteln und deren wirklichen Wert darlegen.

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Artikel zum neuen Klimakrise-Phänomen (engl.)

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'It is impossible to walk on - you fall through.' Picture: Oleg Shabalin

The large 20 metres deep depression in tundra of the Gydan peninsula is full of sludge.

'It is impossible to walk on it as you fall through', said Oleg Shabalin, head of Gyda village, who reported the find.

Recently there have been accounts of 17 large crater-like funnels mainly on the Yamal peninsula caused by methane build-ups in thawing permafrost and initially it seemed the giant slump in Gydan had a similar origin.

Shabalin said: 'Perhaps a funnel with some gases emerged, which is increasingly common throughout the tundra zone of Russia, and we caught the moment when it was filled with thawed soil.'

200 metres wide thermocirque seen weeks after scientists find new crater in the Yamal peninsula, caused by the build up of methane. Pictures: Oleg Shabalin

Permafrost expert Dr Marina Leibman, from the Earth Cryosphere Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences said gas emissions were not the origin of this phenomenon.

'This is a thermocirque; gas funnels have nothing to do with it.

'We have been studying thermocirques for many years, they became active in warm year 2012.

'They look like huge landslides of semi-circular shape with outcrops of ice.

'Earlier such thermocirques were observed near the sea, now they are seen deeper on land. They are associated with ice layers and warming, alike to funnels', she said.

Ice layers can be seen on the sides of Gyda thermocirque. Pictures: Oleg Shabalin

An unusually hot summer melts thick ice under the surface leading to subsidence, filling the 'hole' with slushy soil.

'Thermocirques are more common for the Yamal peninsula. There are thermocirques in Canada, though not as impressive, and in (the Russian easternmost region of) Chukotka', Marina Leibman said.

Another expert, Dr Vladimir Olenchenko, Head of the Laboratory of Geoelectrics at the Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, also said: 'This is a typical thermocirque which forms when the ice layers thaw.'

Thermocirque at 'Vaskiny Dachi' pictured during the expedition of the Earth Cryosphere Institute of the Tyumen Scientific Center of the SB RAS in 2016. Picture: Marina Leibman

As well as 17 large 'craters' caused by methane explosions, Russia has identified 430 'gas bombs' which could erupt causing hazards to settlements and disrupting natural gas energy supplies.

The phenomenon has been widely seen as being directly due to climate change, but experts caution that this link is still being studied.

'This phenomenon is also associated with ice layers and with warming'. Picture: Marina Leibman

Professor Vasily Bogoyavlensky, of the Russian Oil and Gas Research Institute in Moscow, has suggested action alike to sappers's work is needed to 'defuse' the potentially explosive methane buildups by releasing the gas.

Some 7,185 mounds have been identified from satellite image analysis, he saod.

'Five to six per cent of them are really dangerous,' Vasily Bogoyavlensky said.
The newest - number 17 on Russian scientists' list - 'crater' appeared earlier this summer in an undisclosed location on the Yamal peninsula. They are believed to be caused by the build up of methane gas in pockets of thawing permafrost under the surface; these swollen pingo-like formations then erupt with gas blowing off thick caps of soil, shooting out chunks of ice and soil as large as 150 cubic metres. Pictures by Andrey Umnikov

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A large new 'hole' appears in Gydan tundra, following record-warm Arctic summer

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'It is impossible to walk on - you fall through.' Picture: Oleg Shabalin The large 20 metres deep depression in tundra of the Gydan peninsula is full of sludge. 'It is impossible to walk on it as you fall through', said Oleg Shabalin, head of Gyda village, who reported the find.

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Bericht über ein städtebauliches Konzept zur Abfederung veränderter Niederschläge.

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Rund ein Dutzend solcher Abkommen sind laut EU-Kommission aktuell samt Protokollen in Kraft, die meisten mit afrikanischen Ländern. Hier sticht Westafrika hervor, Verträge bestehen unter anderen mit dem Senegal, Gambia und Mauretanien. Den europäischen Fischern - Spanien etwa ist stark vertreten - geht es zum einen um sogenannte weit wandernde Arten wie Thunfisch und zum anderen beispielsweise um Sardinen oder Seehecht.

Die Abkommen und Protokolle legen unter anderem maximale Fangmengen und die Höchstzahl von EU-Schiffen sowie Schonzeiten fest. Sie bestimmen das zulässige Fanggerät und Kontrollen durch vom Partnerland benannte Beobachter an Bord europäischer Schiffe. Sie können auch die Verpflichtung enthalten, bestimmte Fänge dort anzulanden.

Grundsätze der Abkommen sind Nachhaltigkeit und das aus dem UN-Seerechtsübereinkommen übernommene Konzept des Überschusses („surplus"). Demnach dürfen EU-Schiffe nur fischen, was die Einheimischen nicht selbst brauchen. Im Gegenzug erhalten Letztere Geld aus dem EU-Budget, Gambia zum Beispiel laut Zahlen der Kommission für 2019 jährlich 550.000 Euro, Mauretanien den mit Abstand größten Betrag von 61,6 Millionen. Der Unterschied erklärt sich mit verschiedenen Fangmengen, unterschiedlichen und unterschiedlich wertvollen Fischarten und verschieden großen Fischereizonen. Hinzu kommen Gebühren der europäischen Reeder an die Entwicklungsländer.

Fachleute werten die Abkommen als Fortschritt. Früher habe auch Europas Flotte Bestände vor Afrika so dezimiert, dass dies bis heute nachwirke, sagt etwa Francisco Marí von Brot für die Welt. Inzwischen sei die EU dank der neuen Abkommen ein Vorreiter für nachhaltige Fischerei geworden. „Das Bild, wir nehmen den Afrikanern den fangfrischen Fisch weg, ist heute falsch", meint der Fischereiexperte des evangelischen Hilfswerkes.

Die Fangmengen sind deutlich gesenkt worden

Auch Heino Fock vom Thünen-Institut in Bremerhaven würdigt die Abkommen. Sie seien „dem Nachhaltigkeitsansatz zuträglich", denn die frühere Überfischung durch EU-Schiffe gebe es nicht mehr. Inzwischen seien die Höchstfangmengen deutlich reduziert worden, erklärt der Fischereiforscher, der selbst mehrere Erkundungen vor Westafrika unternommen hat: „Es hat aufseiten der EU einen Paradigmenwechsel gegeben."

Die Bestände sind damit aber noch nicht gesichert. Für die Fanggebiete vor Entwicklungsländern, in denen EU-Fernfangflotten fischen, fehlen Daten über die Bestände. „Die EU-Fischer wissen kaum, wie sich ihr Tun auf die Meeresumwelt auswirkt", sagt Justine Guiny von der Umweltorganisation BirdLife. Im Senegal zum Beispiel tage der Ausschuss, der sich um die wissenschaftliche Bewertung des Abkommens mit der EU kümmert, manchmal erst, nachdem der für die Diskussion der Umsetzung zuständige Exekutivausschuss zusammengetreten sei. Das schwäche die wissenschaftliche Basis der Diskussionen, sagt Guiny. Die Expertin räumt aber ein, dass die Fischereipraktiken der EU-Schiffe „zumindest auf dem Papier" dazu tendierten, vergleichsweise nachhaltiger als die anderer Fernfangflotten zu sein. Insbesondere China wird in europäischen Kreisen immer wieder für sein Fischereimanagement und den Mangel an Transparenz kritisiert.

Verbesserungsvorschläge für die EU-Fischereiabkommen gibt es reichlich. Für entscheidend hält etwa der WWF die genaue Feststellung der jeweiligen Bestände. Zudem fordert er transparentere Fischereiverträge der Entwicklungsländer mit Drittländern außerhalb der EU - wozu die EU wiederum Anreize geben könne. Erst dann könne man den „Überschuss" an Fisch für alle besser einschätzen, erklärt WWF-Expertin Antonia Leroy. Die Umweltorganisation ist auch dafür, die Geschlechterperspektive in die Abkommen stärker einzubinden, denn ein Großteil der Beschäftigten in der Fischverarbeitung seien Frauen.
Ferner könnte die EU die Wissenschaft und Kontrollbehörden der Entwicklungsländer stärker unterstützen, „damit die Länder ihren natürlichen Reichtum besser verwalten können", meint Thünen-Mitarbeiter Fock und nennt als Beispiel die Ausbildung von Fachleuten und Infrastruktur.

Vorschläge, wie die Abkommen verbessert werden können

Außerdem wäre mehr regionale Zusammenarbeit bei der Bestandsbewertung gut, meint Brot-für-die-Welt-Experte Marí. So könne etwa geprüft werden, ob es die Ernährungssicherheit im Senegal gefährdet, wenn in Mauretanien zu viel gefischt wird. In diesem Sinne solle die EU Druck auf ihre Partnerländer ausüben.

Manchen ein Dorn im Auge ist auch, dass die EU und damit der Steuerzahler Millionen für die Fangrechte an die Entwicklungsländer zahlt - nur ein Teil kommt von den Fischereiunternehmen. Die rechtfertigen das damit, dass sie im Rahmen der Fischereiabkommen viele Auflagen erfüllen müssen und damit Entwicklungshilfe leisteten. „Unsere Flotte landet den Fisch normalerweise in den Entwicklungsländern an", berichtet Daniel Voces de Onaindi vom EU-Dachverband Europêche. Dort werde er zum Teil weiterverarbeitet, bevor er nach Europa verschifft wird oder auch in der Region bleibt. Das schaffe in den Partnerländern „eine ganze Industrie", sagt Voces de Onaindi. Die Abkommen verlangen zudem weitere Jobs auf den EU-Schiffen. Zum Beispiel bestimmt die Vereinbarung mit dem Senegal, dass die Flotte der Tiefsee-Trawler mindestens ein Viertel der Seeleute aus dem Senegal oder einem anderem Land der AKP-Gruppe (Afrika, Karibik, Pazifik) anheuern müsse, das aktuelle Mauretanien-Protokoll setzt für bestimmte Schiffstypen sogar eine Quote von 60 Prozent Einheimischer an der Besatzung fest.Phillipp Saure

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Rund ein Dutzend solcher Abkommen sind laut EU-Kommission aktuell samt Protokollen in Kraft, die meisten mit afrikanischen Ländern. Hier sticht Westafrika hervor, Verträge bestehen unter anderen mit dem Senegal, Gambia und Mauretanien.

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Erklärfilm von Prof. Stefan Rahmstorf, PIK Potsdam

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Der Beitrag der Wale zum Klimaschutz - berechnet in Geldwert. Zusammenhänge aufzeigender Artikel (engl.).

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By China Dialogue Ocean 04-24-2020 05:01:48

[By Jessica Aldred]
Saving the whales may be more important than planting trees when it comes to tackling climate change and keeping our oceans healthy. The world's biggest animals play a crucial role, helping fertilise the phytoplankton that absorbs 40% of the world's CO2. They also capture vast amounts of carbon in their bodies before sinking to the bottom of the ocean when they die and locking it away, sometimes for centuries.

Last year, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) valued the role of whales in carbon sequestration and healthy ocean functions at more than US$1 trillion. It estimated a single great whale to be worth more than US$2 million, based on its contribution to carbon capture, fisheries enhancement and tourism.

But populations of whales in the world's oceans have been decimated in the last two centuries, falling from 5 million to 1.5 million today. More than 30 years after commercial whaling was largely banned in a bid to protect them, whales continue to suffer from human impacts in the form of plastic and noise pollution, injuries from ships, entanglement in fishing gear and changes to the ocean due to global warming.
Whales and carbon capture
A whale accumulates carbon through feeding and stores it in its body during its long lifetime. Some whales weigh up to 200 tonnes, with an average lifespan of 70 years. One species, the bowhead whale, is estimated to have a lifespan of 268 years.

When a whale dies, it sinks to the bottom of the ocean, where the carbon in its body is sequestered. The IMF estimates that each great whale sequesters 33 tonnes of CO2 on average, and that a tree absorbs only up to 22kg of CO2 a year. Tree-planting schemes are being seen as the cheapest and fastest method of taking CO2 out of the atmosphere, but the evidence suggests conserving and boosting whale populations also has great carbon-capturing potential.

Sunken whale carcasses take decades to decompose, and become an entire ecosystem in themselves, supporting deep-sea species from large scavengers to microscopic bacteria with a huge and immediate source of food.
Priceless poo
Whales do more for carbon capture when they are alive, however, thanks to their jumbo-sized poo. These "faecal plumes" contain enormous amounts of nutrients - including phosphorus, iron and nitrogen - that are essential for the growth of microscopic organisms known as phytoplankton. When these plants photosynthesise, they consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. The IMF calculates that phytoplankton are responsible for capturing about 37 billion tonnes of CO2, the same as 1.7 trillion trees, or four Amazon forests' worth. They also contribute as much as 50-85% of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. The famous National Geographic ocean explorer Sylvia Earle has estimated that they provide the oxygen for one in every five breaths we take.

Scientific research shows that whales have a "multiplier effect", increasing phytoplankton production wherever they are found. As well as bringing nutrients from the ocean's depths to the surface through their vertical movement, called the "whale pump", whales also distribute them laterally on their vast migrations, a phenomenon named the "whale conveyor belt".
Whale behaviour
Humans have always found the behaviour of whales intriguing and endearing, perhaps because we have so much in common. Whales and dolphins live in tightly knit groups known as "pods", have complex relationships and talk to each other. A 2017 study compiled a list of behaviours that are similar to humans and primates including: working together for mutual benefit; teaching young how to hunt and use tools; using regional "dialects"; identifying individuals with unique sounds; looking after young that aren't their own; and social play.
Ship strikes and entanglement
Many of the world's busiest cargo and ferry lanes and ports directly overlap with areas where whales feed and breed or travel along migratory routes. Ship strikes have become a leading cause of death, with whales often simply unable to get out of the way in time. Noise from boats also interferes with their ability to navigate and communicate.

As fisheries respond to a growing global appetite for seafood, entanglement in fishing gear is also an increasing threat for many whale species. Particularly affected is the North Atlantic right whale, found along the east coast of North America from Florida to Canada, a region also home to lucrative lobster and crab fisheries. The long vertical ropes or "lines" used to connect traps on the ocean floor to floats on the water's surface pose a lethal threat to right whales. The ropes can constrict body parts and cut into their flesh and bone, causing abrasion, infection and sometimes severance. Often whales can drag the heavy gear around for months, struggling to eat, swim, dive, breathe and reproduce. They lose energy and weight gradually, sometimes taking years to die.

Studies show that nearly three-quarters (72%) of diagnosed deaths of this species between 2010-18 occurred because of entanglements, and that 85% have been caught in fishing gear at least once. There are now just 409 remaining individuals, with less than 100 females of breeding age. Without intervention, they may be functionally extinct by 2040.

As well as live fishing gear, whales are also being killed in their thousands by "ghost gear": abandoned, lost or discarded plastic fishing nets, ropes and lines in which they become trapped.
Climate change
Warmer ocean temperatures and melting sea ice pose serious threats to the survival of the world's great whales. The reduction of sea ice cover is likely to impact belugas, narwhal and bowhead species for whom the Arctic provides habitat and feeding grounds. In the Antarctic, sea ice is also decreasing in certain areas, resulting in massive declines in krill, a primary food source for many species including whales.

The krill and plankton that form the foundation of the marine ecosystem are also being affected by the increasing acidification of the ocean. More CO2 being absorbed by the ocean means that some of these species will be unable to form and maintain their protective calcium carbonate shells, threatening key species further up the food chain. Studies show that plankton populations could decrease by as much as 40% by 2050. Coral reefs and polar regions are on the frontline of the acidification crisis, with North Pacific salmon, mackerel, herring, cod and baleen whales among the species under the most immediate threat.

Warmer seas will also affect the distribution of whales. If their prey moves as a result of climate change, they will likely follow. Mass movement of species to different habitats will result in increased competition for diminishing amounts of prey.
Pollution
Toxic chemicals banned decades ago could kill off more than half of the world's killer whale population in 30-50 years, scientists believe. PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are man-made organic compounds once used in electrical equipment, flame retardants and paints until they were found to be so dangerous to human health that they were banned in the US in the 1970s and Europe in 1987. Resistant to heat, chemicals and natural degradation, the same things that made PCBs so attractive also makes them hard to destroy, and so they remain in the ecosystem decades later. Some were improperly stored or disposed of, or even directly discharged into soils, rivers, wetlands and the ocean. Entering the food chain, they have worked their way up to concentrate in top predators, causing cancers, altering behaviour, damaging immune systems and harming reproduction. European killer whale populations, along with dolphins and porpoises, are the most contaminated in the world, and some of the most heavily exposed populations are not expected to survive the next few decades.
Jessica Aldred is special projects editor for chinadialogue, focusing on globally important environment themes including the ocean and biodiversity. She spent 10 years as deputy environment editor at the Guardian, and has nearly 20 years' experience working in the newsrooms of major media organisations in London, Sydney and Melbourne. This article appears courtesy of China Dialogue Ocean and may be found in its original form - including a series of stunning photographs by Wade and Robyn Hughes - by clicking here. Their new book Looking for Whales is now available to order online.
The opinions expressed herein are the author's and not necessarily those of The Maritime Executive.

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The Surprising Role of Whales in Ocean Carbon Capture

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By Jessica Aldred] Saving the whales may be more important than planting trees when it comes to tackling climate change and keeping our oceans healthy. The world's biggest animals play a crucial role, helping fertilise the phytoplankton that absorbs 40% of the world's CO2.

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Multimediales BBC-Dossier zum Thema Ernährung

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Klimaschonende Ernährung - Zahlen, Daten, Fakten 

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Klimaschonende Ernährung - Zahlen, Daten, Fakten 

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People across the world are becoming increasingly concerned about climate change: 8-in-10 people see climate change as a major threat to their country.

As I have shown before, food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.

There is rightly a growing awareness that our diet and food choices have a significant impact on our carbon 'footprint'. What can you do to really reduce the carbon footprint of your breakfast, lunches, and dinner?'Eating local' is a recommendation you hear often - even from prominent sources, including the United Nations. While it might make sense intuitively - after all, transport does lead to emissions - it is one of the most misguided pieces of advice.

Eating locally would only have a significant impact if transport was responsible for a large share of food's final carbon footprint. For most foods, this is not the case.

GHG emissions from transportation make up a very small amount of the emissions from food and what you eat is far more important than where your food traveled from.

Where do the emissions from our food come from?

In the visualization we see GHG emissions from 29 different food products - from beef at the top to nuts at the bottom.

For each product you can see from which stage in the supply chain its emissions originate. This extends from land use changes on the left, through to transport and packaging on the right.

This is data from the largest meta-analysis of global food systems to date, published in Science by Joseph Poore and Thomas Nemecek (2018).

In this study, the authors looked at data across more than 38,000 commercial farms in 119 countries.

In this comparison we look at the total GHG emissions per kilogram of food product. CO 2 is the most important GHG, but not the only one - agriculture is a large source of the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide. To capture all GHG emissions from food production researchers therefore express them in kilograms of 'carbon dioxide equivalents'. This metric takes account not just CO 2 but all greenhouse gases.

The most important insight from this study: there are massive differences in the GHG emissions of different foods: producing a kilogram of beef emits 60 kilograms of greenhouse gases (CO 2-equivalents). While peas emits just 1 kilogram per kg.

Overall, animal-based foods tend to have a higher footprint than plant-based. Lamb and cheese both emit more than 20 kilograms CO 2-equivalents per kilogram. Poultry and pork have lower footprints but are still higher than most plant-based foods, at 6 and 7 kg CO 2-equivalents, respectively.

For most foods - and particularly the largest emitters - most GHG emissions result from land use change (shown in green), and from processes at the farm stage (brown). Farm-stage emissions include processes such as the application of fertilizers - both organic ("manure management") and synthetic; and enteric fermentation (the production of methane in the stomachs of cattle). Combined, land use and farm-stage emissions account for more than 80% of the footprint for most foods.

Transport is a small contributor to emissions. For most food products, it accounts for less than 10%, and it's much smaller for the largest GHG emitters. In beef from beef herds, it's 0.5%.

Not just transport, but all processes in the supply chain after the food left the farm - processing, transport, retail and packaging - mostly account for a small share of emissions.

This data shows that this is the case when we look at individual food products. But studies also shows that this holds true for actual diets; for example, researcher Vilma Sandström and colleagues studied the footprint of diets across the EU. Food transport was responsible for only 6% of emissions, whilst dairy, meat and eggs accounted for 83%.

Eating local only slightly reduces your emissions

Eating local beef or lamb has many times the carbon footprint of most other foods. Whether they are grown locally or shipped from the other side of the world matters very little for total emissions.

Transport typically accounts for less than 1% of beef's GHG emissions: choosing to eat local has very minimal effects on its total footprint. You might think this figure is strongly dependent on where in the world you live, and how far your beef will have to travel, but in the 'dropdown box' below I work through an example to show why it doesn't make a lot of difference.

Whether you buy it from the farmer next door or from far away, it is not the location that makes the carbon footprint of your dinner large, but the fact that it is beef.

Example: how much does distance traveled impact the footprint of beef?

You might think this figure is strongly dependent on where in the world you live, and how far your beef will have to travel. If you live somewhere very remote you'd assume this must be much, much larger than if your beef is produced by your local farmer. But the key point here is that the difference in transport figures is very small relative to the total footprint of beef.Let's take the example of beef from a beef herd - the average footprint is approximately 60 kilograms of CO 2 eq per kilogram of beef. Let's compare the transport footprint of buying from your local farmer (who turns out to be your neighbor), versus someone in the UK buying beef from Central America (approximately 9000 kilometers away).

Transporting food by boat emits 23 grams of CO 2eq per tonne of product per kilometer. To transport the 9000 kilometers from Central America to the UK therefore emits 0.207 kilograms CO 2eq [9000km * 23g per tonne-kilometer / 1000 / 1000 = 0.207 kg CO 2eq per kg]. This is equivalent to 0.35% of the total footprint of the 60 kilograms of CO 2 eq per kilogram of beef.

If you buy from your local farmer - let's assume you walk there, and have zero transport emissions - your beef footprint is 59.8 kilograms CO 2 eq per kilogram [we calculate this as 60kg - 0.2kg]. It makes almost no difference.

Especially for foods with a large footprint, transport as a share of the food's total emissions is fairly insensitive to the distance travelled.

In a study published in Environmental Science & Technology, Christopher Weber and Scott Matthews (2008) investigated the relative climate impact of food miles and food choices in households in the US. Their analysis showed that substituting less than one day per week's worth of calories from beef and dairy products to chicken, fish, eggs, or a plant-based alternative reduces GHG emissions more than buying all your food from local sources.

By analysing consumer expenditure data, the researchers estimated that the average American household's food emissions were around 8 tonnes of CO 2eq per year. Food transport accounted for only 5% of this (0.4 tCO 2eq). This means that if we were to take the case where we assume a household sources all of their food locally, the maximum reduction in their footprint would be 5%. This is an extreme example because in reality there would still be small transport emissions involved in transporting food from producers in your area.

They estimated that if the average household substituted their calories from red meat and dairy to chicken, fish or eggs just one day per week they would save 0.3 tCO 2eq. If they replaced it with plant-based alternatives they would save 0.46 tCO 2eq. In other words, going 'red meat and dairy-free' (not totally meat-free) one day per week would achieve the same as having a diet with zero food miles.

There are also a number of cases where eating locally might in fact increase emissions. In most countries, many foods can only be grown and harvested at certain times of the year. But consumers want them year-round. This gives us three options: import goods from countries where they are in-season; use energy-intensive production methods (such as greenhouses) to produce them year-round; or use refrigeration and other preservation methods to store them for several months. There are many examples of studies which show that importing often has a lower footprint.

Hospido et al. (2009) estimate that importing Spanish lettuce to the UK during winter months results in three to eight times lower emissions than producing it locally. The same applies for other foods: tomatoes produced in greenhouses in Sweden used 10 times as much energy as importing tomatoes from Southern Europe where they were in-season.

Avoid the small share of foods that are air-freighted

The impact of transport is small for most products, but there is one exception: those which travel by air.

Many believe that air-freight is more common than it actually is. Very little food is air-freighted; it accounts for only 0.16% of food miles. But for the few products which are transported by air, the emissions can be very high: it emits 50 times more CO 2 eq than boat per tonne kilometer.

Many of the foods people assume to come by air are actually transported by boat - avocados and almonds are prime examples. Shipping one kilogram of avocados from Mexico to the United Kingdom would generate 0.21kg CO 2 eq in transport emissions. This is only around 8% of avocados' total footprint. Even when shipped at great distances, its emissions are much less than locally-produced animal products.

Which foods are air-freighted? How do we know which products to avoid?

They tend to be foods which are highly perishable. This means they need to be eaten soon after they've been harvested. In this case, transport by boat is too slow, leaving air travel as the only feasible option.

Some fruit and vegetables tend to fall into this category. Asparagus, green beans and berries are common air-freighted goods.

It is often hard for consumers to identify foods that have travelled by air because they're rarely labeled as such. This makes them difficult to avoid. A general rule is to avoid foods that have a very short shelf-life and have traveled a long way (many labels have the country of 'origin' which helps with this). This is especially true for foods where there is a strong emphasis on 'freshness': for these products, transport speed is a priority.

So, if you want to reduce the carbon footprint of your diet, avoid air-freighted foods where you can. But beyond this, you can have a larger difference by focusing on what you eat, rather than 'eating local'. Eating less meat and dairy, or switching from ruminant meat to chicken, pork, or plant-based alternatives will reduce your footprint by much more.

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You want to reduce the carbon footprint of your food? Focus on what you eat, not whether your food is local

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'Eat local' is a common recommendation to reduce the carbon footprint of your diet. How does the impact of what you eat compare to where it's come from?

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NDR

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Stand: 01.08.19 06:00 Uhr

Die Monumente der Bourgeoisie gelte es, vor ihrem Verfall als Ruinen zu erkennen, hat Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) gesagt. Den philosophischen Gedanken vom konkreten Gegenstand abzuleiten, war eine von Benjamins Spezialitäten. In den Passagen von Paris erkannte er das Symbol der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft des 19. Jahrhunderts. In diesen glas-überdachten Gängen, die nicht "nicht Straße und nicht Haus" waren und in denen sich zahllose Geschäfte tummelten, sei der moderne Fetisch der Ware und damit des Konsums entstanden. Zudem seien die Passagen die Brutstätte der "industries de plaisance", der Vergnügungsindustrien, gewesen.

Es erscheint philosophisch nicht unzulässig, im Kreuzfahrtschiff die Passage des 21. Jahrhunderts zu erblicken. Nicht Hotel, nicht Schiff trägt es die Massen unserer Zeit übers Meer. Auf Passagen von Bari nach Mallorca, von Gran Canaria nach Madeira, von Dubai nach Sydney, und von Barbados nach Rio de Janeiro. Welcher gesellschaftlichen Klasse die "Passagiere" angehören, ist eine müßige Frage. Es sind jedenfalls Menschen, die genug Euros, Dollars oder Yuans übrig haben, um sich eine "Passage" leisten zu können. In den Industrienationen Deutschland und USA trifft das auf viele klassische Proletarier zu. Unstrittig ist, dass die Profiteure der Kreuzfahrtindustrie eher der Großbourgeoisie zuzurechnen sind. Auf dem 8. Kreuzfahrt-Kongress im November in Hamburg sagte Karl Pojer, der CEO der Hamburger Reederei Hapag Lloyd Cruises: "Mitarbeiter auf einem Kreuzfahrtschiff werden wahrscheinlich nie einen Porsche besitzen. Aber sie müssen verstehen, warum der Kunde einen hat oder einen haben will."

Amüsieren wir die Umwelt zu Tode?

Das Kreuzfahrtschiff ist der Fetisch des zeitgenössischen Vergnügungs- und Reisekonsumenten. Das kann man unschwer an dem Schiffsnamen "Mein Schiff" (1 bis 6) erkennen, mit dem der deutsche Anbieter TUI Cruises seine Flotte getauft hat. Über die kulturellen und sozialpsychologischen Aspekte des Kreuzfahrens wurde bereits viel Kritisches gesagt, von Autoren wie David Foster Wallace in den USA oder Wolfgang Meyer-Hentrich und Wolfgang Gregor in Deutschland. Auch die ökologischen Folgen sind schon häufiger zum Gegenstand detaillierter Kritik von Umweltschutzorganisationen wie dem Nabu und von Journalisten wie Andreas Orth in Deutschland und Naomi Klein in Nordamerika geworden.

Muss man nicht beides zusammenführen und fragen, in welcher Kultur wir leben, wenn wir so fröhlich in Massen auf umweltzerstörende Freizeit-Passage gehen? Das ist kein Plädoyer gegen Urlaub und Erholung. Die Idee des Schabbat ist 3.000 Jahre alt und wird von dieser Stelle ausdrücklich gutgeheißen. Aber Kreuzfahrt ist nun mal, anders als Urlaub und Erholung schlechthin, kein "Must-Have", wie Malte Siegert vom Naturschutzbund Deutschland (Nabu) sagt. Und deshalb könne man das "auch einfach mal sein lassen".

Klimawissenschaftler rechnen mit einem Kohlenstoffbudget pro Mensch. Das beträgt zur Zeit etwa 2,3 Tonnen Kohlendioxid im Jahr und muss sinken, wenn man die Erderwärmung auf ein erträgliches Maß begrenzen will. Sein persönliches Jahresbudget von 2,3 Tonnen CO2 hat aufgebraucht, wer eine neuntägige Hochseekreuzfahrt unternimmt. Faktisch verursachen Deutsche im Durchschnitt rund 11 Tonnen CO2 pro Jahr.

Enorme Steigerungsraten bei den CO2-Emissionen

Kaum eine Industrie in Deutschland hat einen so hohen Anstieg des Treibhausgasausstoßes zu verzeichnen wie die Kreuzfahrtbranche. TUI Cruises hatte 2018 eine Steigerung um 4,99 Prozent, 2017 um 25,32 Prozent und 2016 um 25,70 Prozent bei den CO2-Emissionen zu verzeichnen. Aida verbuchte 2017 ein Plus von 14,17 Prozent, 2016 von 7,39 Prozent. Die Gesamtemissionen lagen 2018 bei 748.713 Tonnen CO2. Das entspricht einer Steigerung um 4,57 Prozent im Vergleich zu 2017. Dabei haben sich Staaten und Industrien verpflichtet, ihren Ausstoß zu senken. Das schafft zwar auch die deutsche Automobilindustrie seit Jahren nicht. Aber sie hat zumindest nicht solche Steigerungsraten beim Treibhausgasausstoß.

Die Kreuzfahrtbranche behauptet, trotz der genannten Zahlen, dass sich ihr Ausstoß verringere. Sie verweist auf relative Einsparungen pro Passagier. "Unser Treibstoffverbrauch ist in den letzten 20 Jahren um 70 Prozent gesunken", sagt Helge Grammerstorf, Chef der deutschen Sektion des Kreuzfahrtverbandes CLIA. Nehmen wir einmal zugunsten von Helge Grammerstorf an, dass seine Angabe zur Verbesserung der Energieeffizienz stimmt. Vor zwanzig Jahren gab es rund 300.000 deutsche Kreuzfahrtpassagiere. 2018 waren es 2,23 Millionen, ein Zuwachs um mehr als das Siebenfache. Selbst bei einer Einsparung von 70 Prozent je Passagier hat sich der CO2-Gesamtausstoß der deutschen Kreuzfahrtindustrie in dem Zeitraum mehr als verdoppelt.

Erklärtes Ziel: 2030 sechs Millionen Deutsche auf Kreuzfahrt

Die Masse macht's eben. Und die möchte die Branche gern noch vergrößern. Das erklärte Ziel ist, im Jahr 2030 sechs Millionen Deutsche auf Kreuzfahrt zu schicken. "Nach einer von uns in Auftrag gegebenen BAT-Studie haben nur acht Prozent der Deutschen bisher eine Kreuzfahrt gemacht. Aber 34 Prozent können sich vorstellen, eine zu unternehmen", erklärt Wybcke Meier, die Geschäftsführerin von TUI Cruises, im Interview mit Panorama am Rande des Kreuzfahrt-Kongresses in Hamburg. Die Branche sieht also noch viel unerschöpftes Potenzial.

Das Wachstum der Passagierzahlen will man mit günstigen Angeboten erreichen. Teurer Umweltschutz stört da. Um zu wissen, was das bedeutet, genügt ein Blick in den Hamburger Hafen. Am Kreuzfahrtterminal Altona steht seit 2016 eine Landstromanlage zur Verfügung. Die Idee dahinter, die den Steuerzahler mehr als 10 Millionen Euro kostete: während ihres Aufenthalts in Hamburg sollen die Schiffe ihren Betrieb mit sauberem Strom von Land gewährleisten. Fakt ist, dass von 40 Kreuzfahrtschiffen, die Hamburg anlaufen, gegenwärtig nur eines die Anlage in Altona nutzt. Die übrigen 39 stellen ihren Strom mit Dieselgeneratoren an Bord und, in wenigen Fällen, mit LNG her und verpesten so die Luft in der Stadt. Das kostet die Reedereien weniger Geld, die Stadtbewohner kann es die Gesundheit kosten. Hamburg ist übrigens die Stadt, die außer dem Hafen auch eine "Europa-Passage", eine "Gänsemarkt-Passage" und eine "Hanse-Passage" ihr eigen nennt.

Landstrom - auf Kosten der Steuerzahler?

Der Senat und die Regierungen der anderen Küstenländer wollen mit dem Bundeswirtschaftsministerium überlegen, wie sie den Preis des Landstroms für die Kreuzfahrtreedereien senken können. Möglicherweise wird Bundesfinanzminister Olaf Scholz (SPD), dem ehemaligen Ersten Bürgermeister von Hamburg, noch ein Einfall kommen, wie der Staat die Stromversorgung der Schiffe mit weiterem Steuergeld unterstützen kann.

Die Reedereien verweisen auf ihre unablässigen Anstrengungen für den Umwelt- und Klimaschutz. Bis 2030 wolle man den CO2-Ausstoß um weitere 40 Prozent senken. Das ist als relativer Wert gemeint, der sich auf den Durchschnittsverbrauch der Flotte und der Passagiere bezieht (von denen es dann allein aus Deutschland sechs Millionen geben soll). Wie diese zusätzliche Steigerung der Energieeffizienz konkret erreicht werden soll, sagt die Branche nicht. Die Ankündigungen, irgendwann in der Zukunft werde es besser, sind unverbindlich.

Die Einführung von Flüssiggas (LNG) als Treibstoff könne helfen, heißt es in einer Pressemitteilung, die der Branchenverband CLIA am 7. März verbreitete. Dabei hat Ole von Beust (CDU), ein anderer ehemaliger Erster Bürgermeister von Hamburg und gegenwärtig Lobbyist für Flüssiggas, in seiner Ansprache auf dem Kreuzfahrt-Kongress eingeräumt, dass die Nutzung von LNG die Klimabilanz der Kreuzfahrt nicht verbessere.

Ökologisches Feigenblatt? Überflüssig

Fliegen sei noch klimaschädlicher, erklärt der Kreuzfahrtverband CLIA gegenüber Panorama. Das ist richtig. Leider ist es so, dass Kreuzfahrten häufig am anderen Ende der Welt beginnen. Viele Passagiere fliegen zunächst auf eine Karibikinsel, nach Dubai oder Singapur, um dann ein Kreuzfahrtschiff zu besteigen.

"Wir wollen unseren ökologischen Fußabdruck so gering wie möglich halten", sagt Kreuzfahrt-Managerin Wybcke Meier. Die beschriebene Lage an den Hamburger Terminals und die genannten Zahlen reichen aus, um die Aussage einzuordnen. Andere Branchen betreiben "Greenwashing". Sie stellen sich grüner dar, als sie sind. Manchmal ist es nicht so leicht, die Diskrepanz zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit nachzuweisen. Bei der Kreuzfahrtbranche ist es anders. Sie hat nicht einmal ein Feigenblatt.

Die Analyse der Branchenstrategen scheint eiskalt. Die Kreuzfahrtindustrie braucht kein Feigenblatt. Die Passagiere kommen auch so. Sie folgen sogar dem jüngsten Trend begeistert: Kreuzfahrten in die Polarregionen. Auf der Hamburger Touristik-Messe im Februar hat Panorama beobachtet, wie das läuft. Marketing-Experten der Reedereien präsentieren Bilder von Eisbären und Pinguinen. Entdecken Sie die wunderbare Tierwelt in Arktis und Antarktis! "25.000 Touristen" habe er schon "zum geografischen Nordpol gebracht", erklärt stolz der "Expeditionsleiter" einer Reederei. Gleichzeitig gaukelt die Branche jedem einzelnen Passagier vor, "ein Entdecker" zu sein.

Vom Nordpol zum Südpol ist's nur ein Katzensprung

"Ein No-Go" seien Kreuzfahrten in die Polarregionen, sagt Malte Siegert vom Nabu. "Die Polkappen schmelzen in rasender Geschwindigkeit. Die Schiffe verteilen Ruß über das Eis und beschleunigen so den Prozess", erklärt der Umweltexperte.

Vom Klimawandel, der nirgendwo so sichtbar ist wie in der Arktis, fällt bei den Werbevorträgen der Reedereien in den Hamburger Messehallen kein Wort. Die Kundschaft beißt an. "Das war ein wunderbarer Tag. Wir wurden heute überrannt", sagt Marcel Schütz von "Polar-Reisen". Anbieter und Kunden scheinen sich einig zu sein: der letzte Eisbär und der letzte Pinguin werden nicht zugrunde gehen, bevor jeder Deutsche sich persönlich im Rahmen einer Kreuzfahrt von ihm verabschiedet hat.

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Stand: 01.08.19 06:00 Uhr Die Monumente der Bourgeoisie gelte es, vor ihrem Verfall als Ruinen zu erkennen, hat Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) gesagt. Den philosophischen Gedanken vom konkreten Gegenstand abzuleiten, war eine von Benjamins Spezialitäten. In den Passagen von Paris erkannte er das Symbol der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft des 19. Jahrhunderts.

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Certainty is on the tip of every climate activist's, scholar's, and writer's tongue these days. We are certain that we have only until 2030 to rapidly decarbonize the economy. We are certain that even if we do manage to meet this ambitious goal, sea levels will still rise another foot or so-demanding either that our cities do the same or that their people are relocated away from our shifting shorelines. We are certain that things are getting worse-promised, even, that they are somehow worse than we've imagined.

We are so certain, in part, because we have so many models telling us so many things about our now certain damnation. There are physical models of the Earth's systems, showing how we can expect oceanic and atmospheric forces to change under the various emissions-based scenarios developed by the IPCC. There are projective models of who might be displaced-and where they might go-as sea levels rise, temperatures increase, and the climate refugee crisis becomes impossible to ignore. There are predictive models of how various forms of climate adaptation might perform, often as instruments of flood risk mitigation. There are financial and economic models of how we might pay for a set of planetary transformations like decarbonization and adaptation. Increasingly, there are also simulation models of what it might mean to geoengineer the Earth's systems, either by spraying sulfates into the stratosphere or by rapidly deploying negative-emissions technologies that remove carbon from the air. We have seen the future, and it works-so long as the assumptions in our models are set just right.

Each model brings a new degree of precision and clarity to our climate imaginary. They help us make sense of which outcomes are probable and which are possible-and they imply their own ideas about desirability in the process. That winnowing of potential futures and choices can bring with it a sense of heightened certainty about how, when, and where things might unfold on a planet devoured by capitalism.

Though these models are an important tool for understanding how the future could or should be made manifest, they are not the only tool-even if we (designers, journalists, and broader publics beyond the climate science community) tend to treat them as such. We do this despite the vast degrees of uncertainty present in even our most basic physical models, to say nothing of our inability to model and imagine the sociopolitical, technical, and economic forces that will, ultimately, determine how much warming, mitigation, and adaptation we will have to live with.

The climate crisis is existential, replete with uncertainty, and happening all around us, all the time. Though we have mapped it extensively in this atlas, maps alone cannot tell this story. We need more tools: for making sense of the changing climate; for envisioning alternative futures that foreground what we might gain instead of only what we'll lose; and for stoking public imaginations and actions in ways that models, at least on their own, cannot. To adapt David Wallace-Wells's apocalyptic "The Uninhabitable Earth": it is, we promise, better than you think. Or at least it can be.

This need for a more pluralistic approach to how we navigate through and respond to the climate crisis is what the 2100 Project aims to address. Though physical, sociotechnic, and simulation models of the future will remain an important part of this conversation, our intervention is not about the precise forecasting of a future world reshaped by varying degrees of carbon emission. Rather, it is about backcasting -a method of scenario modeling working backwards from an ideal outcome or future-as a way of understanding a different set of potential futures that the models might be missing.

As the authors of this Atlas for the Green New Deal, the first component of the 2100 Project, we had three primary rationales for assembling this research. The first rationale relates to the idea of backcasting as it pertains to the principal historical analogues of the Green New Deal: FDR's New Deal and JFK's moon shot. We remain convinced that the window for massive, national-scale action on climate will open again soon, and we aim to use this project as a vehicle for generating new research into how those transformations might unfold. The second rationale is tied to the paucity of spatial design expertise and imagination within the current Green New Deal movement. Though it has necessarily been led by organizers, economists, policy experts and advocates, and others, the Green New Deal is the biggest design and environmental idea in a century, with the potential to revolutionize our buildings, landscapes, and public works in ways yet to be conceived. As faculty and graduate students at a prominent school of design, we feel an obligation to engage with the Green New Deal along these lines. And our third rationale for this atlas, and for the 2100 Project as a whole, is that no one else has attempted anything like it-to assemble all of the spatialized climate, land, and social models of the future in one place, synthesized and tightly curated, contextualized and coherently packaged. We also felt compelled to use this project to critique the notion of precision and certainty embedded in these models by representing them through pixelated maps. After all, the future is fuzzy. Our models should be too.

It's important to begin this work where the Green New Dealers have directed us, in the last two eras of true national-scale mobilization around a set of shared goals and ideals: the New Deal and the moon shot. The New Deal is often viewed as a single, coherent organizing framework developed by FDR and his advisers at the start of his administration-as a set of boxes to be checked as they rolled through the 1930s. But this is a fundamental misunderstanding of the improvisational and experimental nature of FDR's presidency. As Richard Hofstadter notes, "The New Deal will never be understood by anyone who looks for a single thread of policy, a far-reaching, far-seeing plan. It was a series of improvisations, many adopted very suddenly, many [of them] contradictory. Such unity as it had was in political strategy, not economics." It was a grand experiment in social democracy, one in which new agencies were created, new authorities and powers promulgated, and new financial resources marshaled to tackle the overlapping ecological, economic, and political crises of the day: the Dust Bowl and its forced migration of over three million farmers from the Midwest; the Great Depression; and the rise of fascism across the globe. Some initiatives, like the Tennessee Valley Authority, proved wildly successful and continue operating today. Other experiments failed or outlived their usefulness, folding during the mobilization for World War II. Some of these, including the Civilian Conservation Corps, which put more than 500,000 young people to work on soil restoration and other public lands projects at its peak; the Works Progress Administration, which built hundreds of airports, bridges, college campuses; and other public works projects; and the Resettlement Administration, which oversaw the Dust Bowl migration and built a series of pilot "greenbelt" towns, helped make the New Deal a built environment revolution in the United States.

This proved to be the last period in which strong national planning-including an expansive design bureaucracy-would be realized in the United States. Much of the rest of the 20th and 21st centuries was left up to the market. Within this market-driven context, newly elected President John F. Kennedy traveled to Houston in May 1961 to deliver his famous moon shot speech at Rice University. He implored the country to "choose to go to the Moon. . . not because it [it is] easy, but because [it is] hard." That speech, and the machinations that followed, set a wildly ambitious national goal without any clue how it might be achieved. Little of the technology necessary to make the trip existed in 1961. So, at JFK's direction, the federal government issued research and procurement contracts and reorganized NASA around the aim of getting to the Moon by the end of the decade, unsure of how-or if-it might ever truly become possible.

Of course, we did go to the Moon. One of the many spoils of the trip was Earthrise-an image of the Earth as an object and thus the first photographic evidence of the planet's physical boundaries. It would prove to be an iconic image, arriving in a milieu defined by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962), Ian McHarg's Design With Nature (1969), and perhaps the largest and most sustained mass mobilization of the environmental movement in American history-a movement proving so strong that it compelled Richard Nixon to usher in what became known as the "environmental decade," when the National Environmental Policy Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("Superfund") Act were all passed.

It's in this space where the Green New Deal seems likely to land-in the massive expansion of government as a force for good in the everyday lives of most people (like the New Deal), and in the marshalling of public procurement and standards to drive the private sector towards a shared set of goals (like the moon shot). It requires that we know the destination, but not the path; it requires a bit of backcasting.

This brings us back to the genesis of the 2100 Project. A window is about to open, forced ajar by young climate activists, for the mass mobilization of resources called for by the Green New Deal. When it does, we must be in a better position than we were in 2009 when the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA, Barack Obama's "stimulus package") passed. ARRA required that investments in the built environment be tied to "shovel-ready" projects-a caveat that sounds reasonable until you realize that the only shovel-ready projects at the time were those that had been sitting on the books for years, unbuilt largely because they were bad ideas that no one wanted. We don't expect to develop all-or even any-of the Green New Deal's potential projects on our own. But we do hope that this atlas can serve as a platform to support those who will.

We also feel compelled to note that while we would have much preferred to build an atlas encompassing more than just the conterminous United States-one that could include Hawaii and Alaska, as well as Puerto Rico and the other territories-the spatial and climate data available to us simply did not permit it. As we continue to expand the 2100 Project, we're eager to find partners who can help us close these gaps and develop a richer understanding of how the climate crisis will transform all of the places where we live.

This Atlas for the Green New Deal is a product of our own milieu-the overlapping crises we find ourselves living through in 2020. For New Dealers, it was the environmental crisis of the Dust Bowl, the economic crisis of the Great Depression, and the political crisis of fascism that forced open the window for bold, national action. Green New Dealers face the environmental crisis of climate change, the economic crisis of late capitalism, and the political crisis of resurgent fascism across the globe and even here in the United States.

We're constantly told to go slow, to think small, and to tweak systems rather than transform them; that we are doomed, and all that's left to decide is the extent of our collective destruction. But the Green New Deal offers something more: a chance to go fast and to think big; to transform the structures that gave us the climate crisis and inequality; and to imagine a world in which things are, we promise, better than you think.

Inventory

The land area of the conterminous US is approximately 2.9 million square miles, or 1.9 billion acres. It can be broadly divided into seven land use categories: forest, shrubland, grassland + pasture, agriculture, wetlands, urban areas, and other uses. This map illustrates the nation's land composition as of 2017, revealing clear settlement and use patterns at the national scale; each pixel represents 98,765 acres. Along the East and West Coasts, forests and urban areas are prevalent. In the Midwest and the Great Plains, agriculture predominates, along with areas of grassland + pasture. Many of the nation's wetlands are concentrated in the Great Lakes and Gulf Coast megaregions.

These seven land use divisions are defined as follows: forest (land with trees greater than 5 meters tall and with a cover density of 20% or more); shrubland (areas with low woody vegetation); grassland + pasture (respectively, areas of primarily graminoid plants and areas of legumes and grasses planted for animal grazing, feed, or seed crops); agriculture (land dominated by crop production); wetland (areas where the water table is at, near, or above the land surface for part of most years); urban areas (urbanized areas of 50,000 or more people and urban clusters of between 2,500 and 50,000 people; and "other" land use categories, including desert and mountainous areas.[1]

[1] For a more detailed breakdown of US land cover, see Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium, "National Land Cover Database 2016," MRLC.gov, accessed July 22, 2019, https://www.mrlc.gov/data.

Until the 1920 census, most people in the US lived in rural areas. Since then, the population in urban areas has steadily increased, both in total number and as a percentage of the national population. As of 2016, 82% of the US lived in urban areas-roughly 270 million people.[2] These urban areas make up around 2% of the US land area, with densities ranging from 27,781.2 people per square mile in New York City down to 1,000 people per square mile, the minimum density required for an urban designation.[3] In some areas (especially the Southwest), annexation is driving urban population growth rather than in-migration or an increase in density. Most urban areas are coastal or river port cities, continuing the historical pattern of human settlement along major bodies of water for ease of travel and trade; a minority of the US population lives in rural areas disconnected from historical water trade routes.

Rural areas are those territories not included within an urban area. Approximately 18% of people in the US live in rural areas; those who do are more likely to own their home, to live in their state of birth, and to have served in the military than their urban counterparts. They are also older, less likely to live in poverty, and less likely to have an advanced degree.[4] Since 1910, the rural population has remained stable in absolute terms, while the urban population has nearly quadrupled.

Much of suburbia is incorporated in the "urban" land use category. The justifications for this simplification from ease of data collection for the Census Bureau to socioeconomic theories of regional economic development that tie commuting patterns and wealth together. While these rationales are justified, they leave us with a highly imperfect measure of the character, quality, and function of the US built environment. Many of these suburban areas are treated as urban by the Census Bureau and the various federal agencies that demarcate funding and financing programs based on coarse definitions of urban and rural; yet their failure to capture the vast suburbanized landscape limits our ability to truly comprehend the spatial dimensions of most of the country. By some measures, suburbia is the most populated settlement type in the US; and yet the Census Bureau does not recognize it.

[3] Cohen, Darryl T., Geoffrey W. Hatchard, and Steven G. Wilson. Population Trends in Incorporated Places: 2003 to 2013. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau, 2015.

Agriculture accounts for approximately 16.7% of US land use; the largest subsets are wheat and corn cultivation at 5.3% and 5.0%, respectively, followed by soybeans and cotton at 3.3% and 1.7%, according to 2015 data. Grassland and pasture makes up slightly more at around 16.9%.[5] Both agriculture land and grassland + pasture are concentrated in the middle of the country on the most productive soils; shrubland is mainly present in the western third of the country. Though agriculture takes up nearly 17% of land use, farms contributed only $136.7 billion to the national GDP (about 1%) in 2015.[6]

Like other major industrial sectors, American agriculture is moving through a period of hyper-consolidation. In 2001, farms of 1,000 acres or more represented only 5.6% of total farms but controlled 46.8% of all US cropland. By 2011, the proportion of large farms had remained steady at 5.6%, but their holdings had increased to 53.7% of total cropland.[7] (The stability of total farms is linked to the rise of "hobby farms"-small plots producing little in the way of commercially viable agricultural products, whose recent popularity has helped stabilize the number of small farms, as measured by the US Department of Agriculture.) An ever increasing share of the nation's food production is derived from large industrial farms. This consolidation and corporatization of agriculture has tracked with the doubling of the nation's food production since World War II and its growth into the largest exporter of food in the world.

Roughly a quarter of the entire US land area is covered in forest; around 5 percent is wetland, and around 3 percent is protected land. The forest is roughly equally divided between deciduous and evergreen; 0.1%, about 121,600 acres, is planted for Christmas trees.[8] Many of the national parks are located near or in areas categorized as forest.

The National Park System is comprised of 419 sites covering 84 million acres; the parks range in size from 13.2 million acres (the Alaskan wilderness of the Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve) to under 1,000 square feet (the Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial, an eighteenth-century townhouse).[9] The creation of many of these large wilderness spaces involved the forced removal of the Indigenous populations residing on the lands; in some cases, entire tribes were forcibly removed to make way for new public lands and western homesteading programs.[10]

Wetlands have similarly been decimated following colonization; by one estimate, the United States lost over half of its wetlands between the 1780s and the 1980s.[11] One third of the total lost wetland area is in the Great Lakes megaregion, with much of the land having been drained and converted to agriculture.[12] Today, a significant portion of the Great Lakes and Gulf Coast megaregions remains wetlands, whereas the eastern US is predominantly forested. Protected land is relatively scarce in the central US; only 1.04% of Iowa, 1.6% of Nebraska, and less than 1% of Kansas is publicly owned.[13]

[10] Kantor, Isaac. "Ethnic Cleansing and America's Creation of National Parks." Pub. Land & Resources L. Rev. 28 (2007): 41.

[11] Dahl, Thomas E. "Wetlands loss since the revolution." National Wetlands Newsletter 12, no. 6 (1990).

[12] Dahl, Thomas E. "Wetlands loss since the revolution." National Wetlands Newsletter 12, no. 6 (1990).

The bulk of the US population's water supply comes from surface water sources; however, most of the country's land area is only supplied by underground aquifers. [JAB1] Unique in its reliance on surface water is the Great Lakes megaregion, which gets its name from the Great Lakes themselves-the largest system on Earth of surface freshwater by area, so large that it behaves in some ways more like a sea than a series of lakes.[14] The lakes cover 60,320,000 acres and contain about 21% of the world's surface fresh water, supplying more than 30 million people in the US with drinking water. This number is likely to grow both through increasing and in-migrating populations and through weakening of the Great Lakes Compact, the legal agreement which regulates the management and use of water within the Great Lakes Basin.[15] Immediately south of the Great Lakes is the Mississippi River Basin, the largest major drainage basin of the ten that cover the conterminous US.[16] Overall, 68% of the US population, mostly urban, relies on surface waters, while rural populations tend to rely on groundwater.[17]

Aquifer depletion is becoming a major issue in the US, with impacts that range from land subsidence to deterioration of water quality. One particularly vulnerable aquifer is the High Plains or Ogallala aquifer, which provides the water for 30% of all US irrigation.[22] If current withdrawal practices continue, this aquifer will be depleted by 2040.[23]

The productivity index of soil uses "taxonomic features or properties that tend to be associated with natural low or high soil productivity to rank soils."[24] The index considers organic matter content, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), and clay mineralogy. Only around a third of US soil is categorized as most productive, characterized by high organic matter content, high CEC, and the presence and activity of clay. While this soil is present throughout the US, it is concentrated in the upper Great Lakes megaregion and in areas of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. One order of productive soils, found in the grassland ecosystem between the Front Range and Great Lakes megaregions, is known as the "Mollisols." Mollisols are highly fertile soils with high levels of organic inputs caused by deep-rooting grasses. These grassland soils account for only 7% of ice-free land globally but make up approximately 21.5% of US soils.[25]

The productivity index does not account for soil contamination, which is a major issue in US soil health. The EPA created the Brownfields Program to identify and treat highly contaminated sites, for which "the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse. . . may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant."[26] The US has an estimated 425,000 brownfield sites totaling 5 million acres of abandoned industrial land.[27]

[24] Schaetzl, R.J., F.J. Krist Jr., and B.A. Miller. 2012. A taxonomically based ordinal estimate of soil productivity for landscape-scale analyses. Soil Science. 177:in press.

The four most common subsets of US crops are wheat, corn, soybeans, and cotton. Wheat, the most common crop by land area, predominates in the western half of the country. Soybean cultivation occupies 20% of agricultural land and is widespread throughout the Midwest, mid-Atlantic, and Southeast. There is a clear relationship between the relative productivity of US soils and the quantity and variety of crops planted in their regions.

Since 1935, the number of farms has decreased while their average size has increased, a phenomenon described as the consolidation of US agriculture.[28] As of the 2017 USDA census of agriculture, the 900 million acres of US farmland were distributed between 2.04 million farms, for a mean size of 441 acres; farms between 1 and 9.9 acres account for just 13.4% or the total farm operations, while farms greater than 2000 acres account for 4%.[29]

Corn is grown most intensely in and near the Great Lakes megaregion and across the eastern US. While corn generally represents less than 25% of the cropland in a given county, and makes up less than 5% of cropland in 41% of US counties, it remains the nation's second-largest crop by acreage. In its areas of highest concentration, corn is not grown as exclusively as wheat; the highest-producing counties typically devote only up to around 45% of their cropland to corn. On the other hand, corn production is relatively regionally concentrated; the states of Iowa and Illinois account for about 33% of all US-grown corn.[31] Corn agriculture contributes to pressures on water supplies; "87 percent of irrigated corn is grown in regions with high or extremely high water stress," according to World Resources Institute data.[32]

The majority of the 90 million total acres of US corn is used to produce either livestock feed or biofuels; ethanol production alone accounts for nearly 40% of total corn use.[33] The remainder is processed into food and industrial products, including sweeteners. Between 20% and 30% of the annual corn crop is exported.[34]

Cotton is a common textile fiber, accounting for a quarter of total world fiber use.[37] Cotton is the most concentrated of the four common US crops, making up 1% or more of total cropland in only 18% of counties and 30% or more in only 4.6% of counties. These high-cotton counties are primarily concentrated in the southern US, where cotton remains prominent due to shared environmental and sociopolitical histories-the cotton-friendly soil and environment and the legacy of slavery and the plantation system.

Water availability is a major issue facing cotton production; it takes 10,000 liters of water to produce 2.2 pounds of cotton (the amount required to produce a T-shirt).[38] In comparison, it takes only about 1,500 liters of water to produce 2.2 pounds of wheat.[39] Compounding this pressure, cotton is most commonly grown in some of the hottest and water-scarce regions of the US.

With a growing US human population and increasing consumer demand, more chickens are being bred, held in captivity, and killed than ever before. Chicken farming is highly concentrated, mostly running in a band across the South. Most US counties have little or no chicken farming, with 73.8% of counties reporting below 1 chicken per 100 acres or otherwise not reporting data. Only 10.2% of counties have over 5,000 chickens per 100 acres, and just 1.2% of counties have over 50,000 chickens per 100 acres. The highest density is in Gilmer County, Georgia, with over 275,000 chickens per 100 acres.

[54] "Poultry Sector at a Glance." USDA ERS - Sector at a Glance. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed July 21, 2019.

Conservation practices have shifted over the past few decades from a focus on fortresslike patches of "protected lands" toward interconnected corridors that improve resiliency and enable species migrations. In partnership with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Connectivity Conservation Specialist Group is working on global connectivity efforts, calling for "connectivity conservation [to link] landscapes/seascapes, reducing fragmentation and enabling migratory flows essential to a functioning and resilient system."[57]

In the US, eighteen large-scale conservation efforts overlap across the country (and over national borders) to improve habitat connectivity throughout the half of the country they occupy. The projects vary in size from 826,612 to 685,470,328 acres; these boundaries include protected, semi-protected, and not protected lands. The project with the highest proportion of protected lands is the proposed Big Bend-Rio Bravo International Park, with 24.6% protected; lowest is the Northern Great Plains at 0.6%.[58] On average, only 8.8% of each project's land area is fully protected and 84.7% has no protection. Eight projects cross the US-Canada border and three cross the US-Mexico border; the Western Wildway Network Priority Corridor Project, the largest of the projects, spans the entirety of North America, from Alaska to Mexico.

17% of US land is considered to be an ecological hotpot-one of "Earth's most biologically rich-yet threatened- terrestrial regions." There is little overlap between ecological hotspots and protected lands.[61] To qualify as a hotspot, an area must meet two criteria: it must contain 1,500 endemic vascular plant species; and it must have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation-a common habitat category, especially for endemics, and thus a good marker for total biodiversity.[62]

US hotspots include the California floristic province and the North American coastal plain, both coastal regions. The California floristic province contains a wide variety of ecosystems, perhaps most famously the sequoia tree ecosystem, home to the endangered giant sequoia and coast redwood. Other threatened species inhabiting this hotspot include the endangered giant kangaroo rat, the desert slender salamander, and the critically endangered California condor.[63] This hotspot's main threats come from human activity and development, particularly agricultural expansion; only 25% of the hotspot's original vegetation remains.[64] The North American coastal plain, listed in 2016, is one of the newest hotspots. This hotspot is a fire-dependent region, and is threatened by fire suppression (which inhibits the cycle of the native vegetation), deforestation for agriculture, and infrastructure development. The climate crisis also now adds to the vulnerability of plants and animals in the hotspots.[65]

[63] Myers, Norman, Russell A. Mittermeier, Cristina G. Mittermeier, Gustavo AB Da Fonseca, and Jennifer Kent. "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities." Nature 403, no. 6772 (2000): 853.

The entirety of the US was inhabited by Indigenous peoples before their displacement by European settler colonial regimes and the disease, violence, and coercion that they brought with them.[68]

The relationship between the United States and America's Indigenous tribes has been characterized by displacement, genocide, and violence, much of it borne out in the conflict over sovereignty and land ownership. Once occupying the entirety of the continent, tribal members now are sovereign over just 6.2% of the conterminous US, in the form of federally recognized tribal lands (also called reservations, rancherias, pueblos, and Indian colonies); the largest area of tribal land is the Navajo Nation, at over 15 million acres.[69] There is a clear pattern to the size and number of reservations that reflects the progression of settler colonialism. Intense tribal displacement and land theft left eastern tribal lands fragmented and small, whereas in the western US larger areas were set aside by the US government as tribal lands. Treaty rights have historically governed this partitioning, but the rights have always been only selectively applied.[70]

There are 326 reservations in the US, holdings of single and shared tribal oversight. Legal frameworks of tribal sovereignty recognize the right of Indigenous tribes to govern themselves, acting as domestic dependent nations within the area of the US.[71] The relationships between the US and tribal governments have been established through 375 treaties, laws, and policies shaping where and how tribal members could live in exchange for resettlement and self-government.[72]

There are currently 573 recognized tribes at the federal level, 63 tribes unrecognized at the federal level but recognized by a state (a situation allowed in 11 states), and 359 tribes (as of 2013) unrecognized by the government but which have petitioned for recognition.[73] A further unknown number have never petitioned, or have never been able to. As of the 2010 census, 5.2 million people in the US identified as American Indian and Alaska Native either alone or in combination.[74] Of this population, 22% live on reservations.[75]

In 2016, the highest-income areas, in which median household income was over $85,000, were clustered along the Northeast corridor, in California and Pacific Northwest tech hubs, and around interior cities. Low-income areas, in which median household income was less than $30,000, were most clustered in the Southeast, the Southwest, and the interior Northwest. The median annual income of a US household was $57,617, with the official poverty rate at 12.7%.[77]

Transmission lines connect the US, forming corridors that pulse in every direction across the continent. Energy plants are present across the US, with a heavy concentration on the East Coast; this concentration diffuses toward the Great Lakes and Texas Triangle megaregions. Further west, infrastructure is minimal, with the exception of the energy-dense West Coast.

The construction of the modern energy grid began in 1882 with the inauguration of the Pearl Street station in Manhattan. Over the next 130 years, the generation, transmission, and storage facilities comprising the nation's grid developed in two major thrusts: the late nineteenth-century "war of the currents," in which Thomas Edison (direct current) and Nikola Tesla (alternating current) competed for government contracts and private equity; and the private electricity company boom of the early twentieth century, which saw the proliferation of small, private, and unregulated electric utilities across the US. These generation and transmission systems and utilities came under stronger federal regulation in 1978 and have remained largely unchanged since then.[78]

There are more than four thousand universities in the US. These can be grouped into three broad categories: private colleges and universities; public and land grant institutions; and historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and minority-serving institutions (MSIs).

The land grant institutions were a response to industrialization pressures in the late nineteenth century. The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 granted federally controlled land to the states to establish and endow land grant colleges, which would "without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, [teach] such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts."[81] Now mostly public universities, these schools have broadened their curriculums over time but tend to maintain strong connections to either agriculture or mechanics. One subset of land grant institutions are the tribal colleges and universities, authorized by the 1994 Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act, which focus on teaching, community outreach, and research in Indigenous communities.

HBCUs are institutions established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to serve the black community in response to the segregation of higher education. There are currently 101 HBCUs offering undergraduate and graduate education, largely concentrated in the Southeast, where segregation was historically most prevalent.

Settlement patterns in the second half of the twentieth century reached such a spatial extent to warrant a new unit of urbanization. Categorized as "megaregions," these enlarged, polycentric zones of urbanization are defined by complex interrelations in the following categories: environmental systems and topography; infrastructure systems; economic linkages; settlement patterns and land use; and shared culture and history.[82] Richard Florida has also proposed that megaregions can be defined by mapping continuous bands of electric light viewed from space at night.

There are eleven such recognized megaregions in the US: Cascadia, Northern California, Southern California, Arizona Sun Corridor, Front Range, Texas Triangle, Gulf Coast, Florida, Piedmont Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Northeast.

Sea level rise is expected to radically reshape the physical and social geography of the coastal US. These maps draw on models developed by the sociologist and demographer Mathew Hauer, the first scholar to assess the number of structures-and therefore people-that can be expected to be inundated by sea level rise over the course of the twenty-first century.[83]

These maps are visualizations of this work, showing major trends in in-migration toward coastal cities and the gulf coast. East coast in-migration is concentrated in the following counties: Bronx and Kings in New York; Orange, Palm Beach, and Hillsborough in Florida; East Baton Rouge Parish in Louisiana; Harris and Travis in Texas; Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, and San Francisco in California; and Clark in Nevada.

These regions will be the primary receiving zones for climate refugees moving within the US. They do not incorporate the expected influx of foreign climate refugees.[84]

In-migration and out-migration patterns suggest that the US population is moving from cities to cities, crisscrossing the nation. Drawing on Mathew Hauer's work, these maps show that most people in the US who moved within the last decade moved from coastal counties, with the Seattle area a particularly major source of out-migration. The major East Coast out-migration counties are Nassau in New York; Ocean in New Jersey; Charleston in South Carolina; Broward, Miami-Dade, Lee, and Pinellas in Florida; and Jefferson Parish in Louisiana. West Coast counties include King in Washington and San Mateo and Orange in California. Many of the states with large out-migration populations also have large in-migration populations, but the populations are not moving within the state. See San Mateo, Orange, and Los Angeles in California; Pinellas, Lee, Miami-Dade, Broward, Orange, Palm Beach, and Hillsborough in Florida; Nassau, Bronx, and Kings in New York; and Jefferson and East Baton Rouge in Louisiana. Many of the out-migration counties are coastal counties already facing challenges from sea level rise.[85]

[85] Hauer, Mathew, Evans, Jason, and Mishra, Deepak. 2016. "Millions projected to be at risk from sea-level rise in the continental United States." Nature Climate Change, 6, 691-695. Accessed September 8, 2019.; and Hauer, Mathew. 2017. "Migration induced by sea level rise could reshape the US population landscape." Nature Climate Change, 7, pp. 321-325. Accessed September 8, 2019.

100 Million More Americans

The US population is projected to grow from 319 million in 2014 to 417 million in 2060-an increase of 98 million people in less than 50 years.[87] The US has gone through similar periods of population growth in the past: the post-World War II baby boom nearly doubled the population, from 132 million in 1940 to 240 million in 1990.[88] The population grew another 77 million between 1990 and 2015, to 319 million. Foreign-born persons made up 13% of the population in 2014 (43 million) and are expected to comprise 19% (78.2 million) by 2060.

US fertility rates are predicted to decline between 2014 and 2060. This is projected to result in a rising share of foreign-born people in the US.[89] The population will also be older than ever before, as baby boomers and their children age. The percentage of the population aged 65 or older will increase from 15% in 2014 to 24% in 2060, for both native-born and foreign-born. The "working age" (age 18-64) proportion of the population will decrease for both native-born and foreign-born, with the overall percentage decreasing from 62% to 57%.[90] Overall, the population is projected to be more diverse, with non-Hispanic whites projected to decrease from 62.2% of the US population in 2014 to 43.6% in 2060.[91] The Hispanic population will increase from 17.4% to 28.6%; the black population will increase from 12.4 to 13%; and the Asian population will increase from 5.2 to 9.1%. Those who identify as two or more races will more than double, from 2.8% to 5.7%.

Climate + Urbanization Projections

Individuals in the US use approximately four times the global average annual energy consumption. In 2017, the average American used 88.21 MWh of energy, against a global average of only 21.69 MWh.[95] Of this consumption, 80% came from fossil fuels, 9% from nuclear power, and 11% from renewable energy sources.[96] Of the renewable energy, only 3% is considered viable for future expansion: wind and solar. Much of the rest comes from hydroelectricity.

The next 100 million will need 8,645,008 GWh of energy per year if today's consumption patterns are maintained. Since US energy consumption per capita has been increasing (nearly tripling since the nineteen-fifties), then it seems likely that current patterns of consumption will continue, if not increase.[97] Few, if any, proposals for creating a clean energy grid for the US incorporate these population projections into their various buildout scenarios.

[96] "Figure 2f From: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic Revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: E7720. Https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720." doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f.

While coastal desalination is the most common form of desalination for potable water, brackish groundwater may offer a less energy intensive, and thus cheaper, source of water for desalination than seawater. There is approximately 35 times more brackish groundwater available than the total annual fresh groundwater withdrawal in the US.[111]

Not only is this a small percentage of carbon emissions, but most carbon offset, sequestration, and credit programs are ineffective, and may in fact be a net negative-as they allow people and organizations to continue to emit as usual, and may have a leakage effect whereby one area of land is conserved at the cost of another.[123]

The US emits 6,456.7 million metric tons of CO 2 equivalents annually-around 20 metric tons per person.[124] If a mature tree can absorb up to 21.77 kg of CO 2 a year, about 930 trees would be required to sequester the carbon emissions of one individual.[125] At this rate, the next 100 million people would need 93 billion new trees.

93 billion trees require land on which to grow. With 3.65 meters of spacing between trees, this would total 1,247,600 square kilometers or 308,288,674 acres of forest-a footprint equivalent to 15% of the total land area of the conterminous US. In 2017, 27% of US land was forest; this would need to increase to 15% by 2060 in order to sequester the carbon produced by the next 100 million; sequestering carbon for the total 2060 population of 417 million would require 62.6% of the total land of the conterminous US in addition to the current forest, for a total of 89.6% of the United States.

Accounting for estimated effects on crop growth of CO 2 fertilization and altered precipitation patterns, national crop yields will be reduced by 9.1% to 12.1% per degree Celsius increase in global mean surface temperature.[129] These calculations account for percent change in area-weighted yields for corn, wheat, soybeans, and cotton. The Midwest and Southern California, where a significant proportion of US agriculture takes place, will see a decrease of at least 50% of yields; The north and west of the country, from the Dakotas to Northern California, will see an increase of 45%.[130]

By the end of the twenty-first century, as many as 13.1 million people will have been displaced by sea level rise in the US-an average of 159,756 per year-and 6.8 million may be displaced by 2060. In 2017 alone, around 1 million people migrated inside the US due to climate-related events. In comparison, the Dust Bowl of the 1930s saw an estimated 3.5 million people migrate from the Great Plains. The number of migrants fleeing sea level rise in the US will equal 10 times the population displaced by Katrina.

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The 2100 Project: An Atlas for the Green New Deal

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This Atlas was conceived in relation to three intersecting issues. First, excess carbon in the atmosphere is changing the world's climate; sea levels are rising, temperatures are increasing, and destructive weather events are becoming more frequent. Second, because our systems of extraction, production and consumption are causing climate change, an incremental approach to the future is not an option.

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CO2-Abdruck des eigenen Essens ausrechnen

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Unilever Food Solutions - Visit Your Local Site | Unilever Food Solutions

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We believe a Foodservice Business Thrives only when the People who work there Thrive 👨🏽‍🍳 Food Trends/ Chef Training / Professional Products - order online & save.

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Satirischer Film zur Plastikvermüllung der Meere

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The Majestic Plastic Bag - A Mockumentary

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Klimawandel macht's möglich: Arktische Kohle für Indien

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Klimawandel macht's möglich: Arktische Kohle für Indien

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BBC-Bericht

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Natural riches come in two conflicting types in Russia's Arctic north: valuable minerals and spectacular wildlife.

But sadly for many threatened species, the decline in Arctic sea ice has created a new economic opportunity for Russia in their remote habitat.

In a decree last year President Vladimir Putin ordered Russian firms to boost cargo traffic on the Northern Sea Route to an annual 80m tonnes by 2024.

Ambitious energy co-operation deals were signed with India in Vladivostok, in Russia's far east, in October.

One centres on a big open-cast coal mining project in the Taymyr Peninsula, in the far north of central Siberia.

The area is rich in high-quality coking coal (anthracite), used to make steel and aluminium.

Dharmendra Pradhan, India's Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, said: "We are the second largest coal importer in the world, and we intend to achieve production of 3m tonnes of steel per year by 2030, so we need to increase coal supplies."

But Taymyr is a haven for wildlife. It has Russia's largest nature reserve - Bolshoi Arkticheskiy - covering 4.2m hectares (16,200 sq miles).

On TV President Putin presents himself as a caring conservationist, famously relaxing in Siberia's unspoilt wilderness.

But he is also championing the expansion of fossil fuel projects in that wilderness.

Russia is boosting trade with China, India and other growing Asian markets hungry for raw materials. Coal is to contribute to meeting that 80m-tonne target for Arctic deliveries, which will go via Russia's far east.

But such shipments pose considerable risks.

Despite global warming, icebreakers still play a key role, as winter temperatures plunge below minus 20C. Remote settlements lack equipment to deal with any pollution emergency. And long voyages to India will mean more greenhouse gas emissions from shipping.

The Arctic is estimated to have 72% of Russia's total gas reserves. Oil and gas mega-projects are far advanced further west, notably on the Yamal Peninsula.

In Taymyr the coastal tundra - marshland with permanently frozen subsoil - is a nesting ground for migratory birds, which fly there for the brief Arctic summer.

Polar bears sometimes come ashore on Taymyr while, inland, vast reindeer herds roam and snowy owls hunt lemmings.

Along with the pollution threat, reindeer are now seriously threatened by poaching, says Alexey Knizhnikov, a conservationist at WWF Russia.

"Developing new projects in such an ecologically sensitive area is madness, in our view," he told the BBC.

There is already pollution with heavy metals and sulphur dioxide (SO2) around the city of Norilsk, from the Norilsk Nickel ore smelter.

A Greenpeace study published in August said: "In terms of individual hotspots, the Norilsk smelter complex continues to be the largest SO2 emission hotspot in the world."

It also found India to be the world's top SO2 emitter.

Now a bay just south of Dikson - a tiny weather-beaten port and one of the world's remotest settlements - is a new, ecological danger zone.

An anthracite coalfield lies at Medusa Bay, part of the Bolshoi Arkticheskiy nature reserve.

The bay attracts big flocks of birds, including six rare or endangered species: the small swan, peregrine falcon, gyrfalcon, white-headed loon, white-tailed eagle and red-breasted goose.

The open-cast coal company, Vostokugol , is embroiled in a legal battle with the state environmental monitoring agency, Rosprirodnadzor, over mining violations.

Vostokugol is appealing against a ruling that it abused the licensing system: a Moscow court found it had mined and exported coal from Medusa Bay, yet only had permits for prospecting. It was fined 601m roubles (£7.3m; $9.4m).

The company has a joint production deal with Coal India Limited, an industrial giant.

Meanwhile, Greenpeace urged Russia's chief prosecutor in August to intervene, after the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources more than halved the size of a buffer zone protecting Medusa Bay nature reserve.

The zone - where mining and related construction are banned - was reduced to 1,150 hectares (2,842 acres), from 3,020 ha.

That government move in July came despite a 2016 plea from the ministry itself and the Taymyr nature reserve authority to site a planned new coal terminal well away from the reserve.

In line with Mr Putin's Arctic ambitions, Vostokugol is developing - albeit slowly - the Medusa Bay coalfield and two coal terminals for loading on to ships.

Greenpeace says the Chaika terminal is just 1km (0.6 miles) from the nature reserve. "At that distance, when coal is loaded at the terminal, coal dust will pour down on the nature reserve," says the Greenpeace legal complaint against the natural resources ministry.

Vostokugol plans to export 20m tonnes of coal from there by 2024. Another firm, Severnaya Zvezda, also has licences to mine coal in Taymyr.

Vostokugol started mining and building infrastructure at Medusa Bay in 2016, but later suspended operations. The company did not respond to the BBC's questions.

Just 2km from the open-cast coal mine stands an international bird monitoring centre - the Willem Barents Biological Station. It was set up with Dutch government funding in 1994.

Dr Sergey Kharitonov, a biologist, was there last year. Coal dust from the mine had already reached as far as Dikson, he told the BBC.

"The bird populations are in danger, I'm worried about their future," he said. "The place has lots of coal, and it's apparently easy and profitable to mine it."

WWF's Alexey Knizhnikov said "there is little transparency in this project - there is a lack of regulation and they didn't do any public consultations".

Strategic priorities however are driving this mining and energy extraction in the polar wilderness.

Russia is the world's third-largest coal exporter (210m tonnes in 2018), after Indonesia (439mt) and Australia (382mt), the World Coal Association reports.
Read related stories on similar topics:
India has become increasingly dependent on imported coking coal for metallurgy, says Rohit Chandra, a coal expert at Delhi's Centre for Policy Research.

Russia aims to boost its coal exports to India six-fold by 2025, to 28m tonnes annually.

Mr Chandra told the BBC such a volume was "realistic - it's not massive by international standards". China consumes vastly more coking coal than that every year.

He noted that even back in the 1970s the then-communist Russian state had been helping India to industrialise.

"India's co-operation with Russia is deeper than with other coal-exporting countries," he said. "It's a reliable partner, and there are lots of other commercial deals [with Russia]."

Moreover, he said, "renewable energy is not replacing traditional power sources any time soon in India".

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Russia's Taymyr plan: Arctic coal for India risks pollution

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Natural riches come in two conflicting types in Russia's Arctic north: valuable minerals and spectacular wildlife. But sadly for many threatened species, the decline in Arctic sea ice has created a new economic opportunity for Russia in their remote habitat.

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Erklärvideo der University of Exeter

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Course links: GCSE • IGCSE • A-level • IA-level • IB • National 5 • Higher Geography

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Kartenprojektion als mögliches Material für Aufgaben zu Meeres- und Klimathemen.
https://reddit.app.link/EQckvWoB20

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r/MapPorn - Global ocean circulation on a spilhaus projection by Michael Meredith

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1,510 votes and 48 comments so far on Reddit

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5 Prinzipien nachhaltiger Lebensmittel und Landwirtschft

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5 Prinzipien nachhaltiger Lebensmittel und Landwirtschft

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Diagramm und Text

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Eating locally grown food is good for your body and the environment

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Farming in a sustainable way has advantages for all ecosystems and organisms, even us. Here's why eating local and seasonal produce is a key part of sustainable agriculture.

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Welt-Artikel

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Wirtschaft Nordostpassage

Das Eis am Nordpol schmilzt und macht die einst unzugängliche Nordostpassage für Frachtschiffe frei. Im harten Wettbewerb der Reedereien kann die schnellere Route zum entscheidenden Faktor werden. Doch dabei gerät ein riesiges Ökosystem in Gefahr.

Das durchschnittliche Reisetempo des Tankers „Korolev Prospect" auf der Fahrt betrug zwölf Knoten, das sind 22 Kilometer pro Stunde. Auf hoher See ist das kein Rekordtempo. Doch auf der Route, die der Flüssiggastanker gewählt hatte, ist dies einmalig: Zum ersten Mal überhaupt hat sich ein mit Flüssiggas angetriebenes Frachtschiff mit einer Tragfähigkeit von gut 113.000 Tonnen innerhalb von gut einer Woche auf der sogenannten Nordostpassage durch das Eismeer gekämpft.

Mit diesen Schiffen transportiert die russische Reederei Sowkomflot das Flüssiggas LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) aus den Gasfeldern Sibiriens in ferne Länder. Startpunkt ist der Hafen Sabetta unweit der riesigen Gasvorkommen auf der Halbinsel Jamal.

Die im vergangenen Februar in Dienst gestellte „Korolev Prospect" ist bei einer Länge von 250 Metern und einer Breite von 44 Metern ein Schiffsriese. Ausgezeichnet ist der Tanker mit der Eisklasse 1A, über die früher nur Eisbrecher verfügten. Das bedeutet, dass sich das Schiff ohne fremde Hilfe durch Eisschichten von bis zu 2,10 Meter Dicke fortbewegen kann.

Dadurch kann die „Korolev Prospect" als eines der ersten großen Tankschiffe die Nordostpassage entlang der russischen und sibirischen Küsten für sechs Monate von Juli bis Dezember und die Nordwestpassage an Kanada vorbei sogar das ganze Jahr über nutzen. Eis ist natürlich auch dann vorhanden, doch in der Zeit ist die Eisdecke nicht komplett geschlossen.

90 Prozent des Welthandels laufen per Schiff

Über kaum ein anderes Thema wird derzeit in der internationalen Schifffahrt derart hitzig diskutiert wie über die Schiffspassagen durch das Nordmeer. Wer dort fährt, verkürzt den Handelsweg nach Asien um etwa zehn Tage und damit um ein Drittel. Statt des weiten Weges entlang europäischer Küsten und durch den Sueskanal geht es direkt an Russland vorbei gen Osten.

Hohe 90 Prozent des Welthandels werden über die Schifffahrt abgewickelt. Veränderungen der Rahmenbedingungen - selbst wenn sie durch die Erderwärmung hervorgerufen werden - lösen Kettenreaktionen aus. In diesem Fall sind es die vergleichsweise milden Temperaturen im Sommer und der damit verbundene Rückgang der Eisschichten am Nordpol. Dies macht in der früher für die Handelsflotte unzugänglichen Region nun für immer mehr Wochen im Jahr eine Schiffspassage möglich.

Doch den wirtschaftlichen Vorteilen stehen der Einfluss auf die Umwelt und vielfältige Risiken gegenüber. Schiffsabgase bedeuten enorme Umweltbelastungen. Gut zwei Prozent der weltweiten Kohlendioxidemissionen stammen von der Schifffahrt.

Naturschützer warnen zudem vor Gefahren für das Meeresleben bis hin zu Kollisionen der Riesenschiffe etwa mit Belugawalen oder Blauwalen. Erste Organisationen fordern nun, die existierenden Ausschlusszonen am Nordpol auszuweiten und größere Schutzgebiete zu schaffen.

Internationale Konzerne versprechen sich von dem verkürzten Versorgungsweg zu ihren asiatischen Produktionsstätten oder Zulieferbetrieben wirtschaftliche Vorteile. Die von ihnen beauftragten Reedereien wiederum stehen im harten Wettbewerb. Fünf große Unternehmen - Maersk, MSC, CMA-CGM, Cosco und Hapag-Lloyd - überbieten sich mit immer größeren Schiffen und unterbieten sich in einem harten Preiskampf. In diesem Rennen kann die Passage durch das Eismeer zum bestimmenden Faktor werden.

Vorteile wie die Ersparnis von Treibstoff für die Schiffsmotoren gehen rasch in den Millionen-Euro-Bereich pro Schiffseinsatz. Jeder Tag, an dem ein großes Frachtschiff unterwegs ist, verursacht Kosten von mindestens 100.000 Euro. Auch dies ist ein Effekt der Schiffsroute durch das Eismeer: Wird weniger Schiffstreibstoff eingesetzt, sinkt die Menge an Schadstoffen aus dem Maschinenbetrieb.

Nun hat die internationale Politik das Thema entdeckt. Emmanuel Macron hat im Nachgang des jüngsten G-7-Treffens die großen Reedereien dazu aufgefordert, die Nordpassagen nicht als regelmäßige Handelsrouten zu nutzen. Die erste Reaktion auf den Wunsch des französischen Präsidenten kam prompt von der größten Containerreederei des Landes, CMA-CGM aus Marseille.

Der Vorstandsvorsitzende Rodolphe Saadé kündigte nach Informationen des Schifffahrtsportals GCaptain an, dass keines seiner Schiffe diese Routen befahren werde. Dies gelte trotz „des wesentlichen Wettbewerbsvorteils", den die Strecke den Schiffslinien biete. Als Grund für die Zurückhaltung von CMA-CGM zitiert der Manager die Gefahren, denen das „einzigartige natürliche ökologische System des Nordmeeres und seiner Meerestiere" durch eine regelmäßige Schifffahrt ausgesetzt werden würde.

Unterstützung kommt aus einem besonders betroffenen Wirtschaftsbereich. Vor wenigen Wochen haben die Textilhersteller Nike, H&M, Armani und Chanel einen Pakt geschlossen, der ihren Einfluss auf die Umwelt verringern helfen soll. Durch die Produktion dieser Unternehmen in Asien zählt dazu vor allem auch die globale Containerschifffahrt.

Ganz anders verhalten sich die russische Administration und Wirtschaft. Laut einer Wirtschaftsstatistik rechnet das Land damit, dass sich das Transportaufkommen über die Eismeerpassagen von derzeit rund zehn Millionen Tonnen Gütern bis zum Jahr 2022 vervierfachen wird.

Um dies zu fördern, rammen von Atomkraft angetriebene Eisbrecher in den Sommermonaten die Eisrinnen am Nordpol frei und führen internationale Frachtschiffe durch das Packeis. Die Passagen sind ein wichtiger Devisenbringer: Russland nimmt für jede Fahrt eine Gebühr in sechsstelliger Dollar-Höhe. Begründet wird dies damit, dass die Behörde für die Navigation auf der Nordostpassage verantwortlich ist.

In Deutschland heißt es bei Hapag-Lloyd dazu: „Wir haben derzeit keine derartigen Pläne." Im Moment nutze die Reederei weder die Nordwest- noch die Nordostpassage. Im Jahresverlauf sei die Zeit einer eisfreien Passage zu kurz, um über diese Route einen Liniendienst betreiben zu können. Zudem gebe es Einschränkungen, was den Tiefgang der Schiffe und damit die Wirtschaftlichkeit betreffe. Die großen Containerschiffe der Hamburger Schifffahrtslinie fahren mit 20.000 Containern an Bord, voll beladen reicht der Schiffsboden bis zu 14 Meter unter die Wasseroberfläche.

Im Nachbarland Dänemark beschäftigen sich Schifffahrtsunternehmen bereits mit dem aufkommenden Trend. Die größte Containerreederei der Welt, Maersk aus Kopenhagen, hat vor knapp einem Jahr eine Testfahrt über das Nordmeer abgeschlossen. Allerdings hieß es danach, dass der nördliche Seeweg „derzeit keine praktikable Alternative" zu den bestehenden Ost-West-Routen sei. Weitere Entwicklungen sind offen.

Die Veränderungen im Eismeer werden Folgen haben. Forscher etwa des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts erwarten, dass der Nordpol schon in den 2040er-Jahren für mehrere Wochen im Jahr eisfrei sein wird. Das bedeutet auch, dass die Bedingungen für die Schifffahrt einfacher werden.

Zugelassen sind die Passagen schon lange Zeit. Bereits im Jahr 1967 hat die Internationale Schifffahrtsorganisation (IMO) die Nordostpassage als Schiffsroute freigegeben. Im vergangenen Jahr wurden weitere Genehmigungen für die Beringsee vor Alaska erteilt.

Noch allerdings sind diese Schiffsreisen selten: Im Jahr 2017 nutzten 27 Frachtschiffe die Nordostpassage als Transitweg. Hinzu kamen deutlich mehr Versorgungsfahrten, deren Zielpunkte etwa an den Öl- und Gasfeldern der Region lagen. Genannt wird diese Zahl von dem Datenanbieter Drift+Noise Polar Services aus Bremen. Zum Vergleich: Im selben Jahr befuhren 17.550 Handelsschiffe den Sueskanal und nahmen den weiten Seeweg gen Osten.

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Schifffahrt: Der Streit um die Nordostpassage - WELT

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Wirtschaft Nordostpassage Das Eis am Nordpol schmilzt und macht die einst unzugängliche Nordostpassage für Frachtschiffe frei. Im harten Wettbewerb der Reedereien kann die schnellere Route zum entscheidenden Faktor werden. Doch dabei gerät ein riesiges Ökosystem in Gefahr. Das durchschnittliche Reisetempo des Tankers „Korolev Prospect" auf der Fahrt betrug zwölf Knoten, das sind 22 Kilometer pro Stunde.

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Diagramm auf der Basis von >100 Metastudien.
Detaillierter Hintergrundartikel dazu: https://ourworldindata.org/is-organic-agriculture-better-for-the-environment

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Papierglobus zum Selberbasteln, unterschiedliche Vorlagenformen. Vermittelt eine erste Vorstellung von Kartenprojektionen.

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Whether you are looking for a fun family project, a teaching resource or just want something interesting and unique to decorate your home or office with these printable globes are just the thing. The graphic on each globe is not just a pretty picture, made from real topographic data, each globe is a great way of exploring our earth.

The globes are designed to be printed in A3 but A4 is fine too. But generally the bigger they are the easier they are to fold! especially with the more complicated designs. Each fold line is marked by a thin black line.

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Whether you are looking for a fun family project, a teaching resource or just want something interesting and unique to decorate your home or office with these printable globes are just the thing. The graphic on each globe is not just a pretty picture, made from real topographic data, each globe is a great way of exploring our earth.

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Animation
Via https://reddit.app.link/tUDRVSLsDZ

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r/MapPorn - How day length (hours of daylight) varies throughout the year

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7,255 votes and 210 comments so far on Reddit

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NASA-Animation

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New data from NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument, aboard the Aqua satellite, shows the movement high in the atmosphere of carbon monoxide associated with fires in the Amazon region of Brazil.

This time series maps carbon monoxide at an altitude of 18,000 feet (5,500 meters) from Aug. 8-22, 2019. As the series progresses, the carbon monoxide plume grows in the northwest Amazon region then drifts in a more concentrated plume toward the southeastern part of the country.

Each "day" in the series is made by averaging three days' worth of measurements, a technique used to eliminate data gaps. Green indicates concentrations of carbon monoxide at approximately 100 parts per billion by volume (ppbv); yellow, at about 120 ppbv; and dark red, at about 160 ppbv. Local values can be significantly higher.

A pollutant that can travel large distances, carbon monoxide can persist in the atmosphere for about a month. At the high altitude mapped in these images, the gas has little effect on the air we breathe; however, strong winds can carry it downward to where it can significantly impact air quality. Carbon monoxide plays a role in both air pollution and climate change.

AIRS, in conjunction with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), senses emitted infrared and microwave radiation from Earth to provide a three-dimensional look at Earth's weather and climate. With more than 2,000 channels sensing different regions of the atmosphere, the instruments create a global, three-dimensional map of atmospheric temperature and humidity, cloud amounts and heights, greenhouse gas concentrations and many other atmospheric phenomena.

The AIRS and AMSU instruments are managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, under contract to NASA. JPL is a division of Caltech.

More information about AIRS can be found at:
https://airs.jpl.nasa.gov

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NASA's AIRS Maps Carbon Monoxide from Brazil Fires

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New data from NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument, aboard the Aqua satellite, shows the movement high in the atmosphere of carbon monoxide associated with fires in the Amazon region of Brazil. This time series maps carbon monoxide at an altitude of 18,000 feet (5,500 meters) from Aug. 8-22, 2019.

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Interaktive Weltkarte zum schnellen Vergleich der Größe von Ländern, Kontinenten usw.

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Animierte Karte

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r/dataisbeautiful - Vegetation intensity throughout the year for Africa [OC]

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48,386 votes and 877 comments so far on Reddit

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Idee zur Systematisierung räumlicher Strukturen zwecks Handhabbarkeit.

https://twitter.com/PierreAGERON/status/1156769331130306560?s=20

https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EA2rjSQXkAAVtQZ?format=jpg&name=large

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WEF-Überblicksartikel zu wahrscheinlichen Zusammenhängen zwischen demographischen Trends, technischem Fortschritt und "Entwicklung".
Erste Verwendungsidee: Als Info-Steinbruch für die Erstellung lebendiger Diagramme zum (Regionalisierung) Themenkomplex.

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The built environment and fashion industries are primed to lead the recovery. This is why

By focusing on decarbonization and the promotion of labour rights protections, these industries can create economic opportunities that promote a more human and environment-centered way of...

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What automation means for the future of the global population

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By focusing on decarbonization and the promotion of labour rights protections, these industries can create economic opportunities that promote a more human and environment-centered way of...

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WEF-Überblicksartikel zu wahrscheinlichen Zusammenhängen zwischen demographischen Trends, technischem Fortschritt und "Entwicklung".
Erste Verwendungsidee: Als Info-Steinbruch für die Erstellung lebendiger Diagramme zum (Regionalisierung) Themenkomplex.

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The built environment and fashion industries are primed to lead the recovery. This is why

By focusing on decarbonization and the promotion of labour rights protections, these industries can create economic opportunities that promote a more human and environment-centered way of...

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What automation means for the future of the global population

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By focusing on decarbonization and the promotion of labour rights protections, these industries can create economic opportunities that promote a more human and environment-centered way of...

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CO2-Fußabdruck-Rechner für die unterschiedlichen Transportmodi

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Compare energy consumption, CO2 emissions and other environmental impacts in respect of planes, cars and trains for passenger transport.

Why EcoPassenger?

The transport sector accounts for more than a quarter of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. More importantly, transport has seen higher emissions growth than any other sector over the past number of decades, and this trend is set to continue.

The International union of railways (UIC) is keen to do its part by:

increasing awareness among transport users of the consequences of our everyday travel choices

supporting decision-making on how to facilitate sustainable choices

challenging existing practices, taking into account the entire energy chain and including energy life cycle costs

What is EcoPassenger?

A user-friendly online tool based on a sound scientific methodology

A calculator for comparison of the energy consumption, CO2 and exhaust atmospheric emissions of planes, cars and trains for passenger transport

fed with the most accurate and latest available data for all transport modes

developed through cooperation between UIC, the Sustainable Development Foundation, ifeu (the German Institute for Environment and Energy) and HaCon
(software)

The EcoPassenger methodology

EcoPassenger does not merely calculate the energy or the fuel it takes to run a train, car or plane. Calculations include emissions from cumulative energy consumption, including the energy used to produce the electricity or fuel, using a "well to wheel" approach.

The methodology used for rail services is based on the Environmental Strategy Reporting System, including dual reporting of the national mix and railways mix for companies seeking guarantees of origin of renewable energies.

EcoPassenger and EcoTransIT World were re-launched in cooperation with the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen in June 2008. The EcoPassenger methodology has been accepted as a contributor to the development of a European standard.

Integrating the EcoPassenger tool in your website

The EcoPassenger tool can be integrated in other websites, offering enhanced options for performing calculations with EcoPassenger that highlight the impact of personal choices on energy consumption, carbon emissions and local air pollution.

To implement the EcoPassenger tool on your website, please choose from one of the following:

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EcoPassenger - UIC - International union of railways

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Compare energy consumption, CO2 emissions and other environmental impacts in respect of planes, cars and trains for passenger transport. The transport sector accounts for more than a quarter of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. More importantly, transport has seen higher emissions growth than any other sector over the past number of decades, and this trend is set to continue.

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Anteile an "Treibhausgas"-Emissionen nach Emittenten & notwendige Schritte zur "Klimaneutralität"

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Anteile an "Treibhausgas"-Emissionen nach Emittenten & notwendige Schritte zur "Klimaneutralität"

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Infrografiken

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How to Reduce the World’s Carbon Footprint by 2050 — Information is Beautiful

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To keep global warming & climate change below 3-4 degrees celsius, we have to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to renewable energy - globally. A graphical blueprint on how to get to net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

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Avocado & Lachs: Wie nachhaltig ist "Superfood" des urbanen Lebensstils des globalen Nordens?

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Avocado & Lachs: Wie nachhaltig ist "Superfood" des urbanen Lebensstils des globalen Nordens?

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TV-Reportage

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SENDETERMIN So., 21.07.19 | 18:50 Uhr | Das Erste

Die dunkle Seite von Trend-Food

Der Lachs gehört eigentlich nicht in die Küstengewässer von Chile. Er ist auf der Nordhalbkugel heimisch, aber hier wächst er wunderbar zur Schlachtreife heran. So nennen es die Betreiber der Aquakulturen. 700.000 dieser Raubfische züchten sie im Süden von Chile für den Weltmarkt. In den 1980er Jahren war es noch ein Luxusprodukt, zu finden auf den Buffets der Reichen, mittlerweile ist Lachs aber zum Trend-Food geworden.

Auch dank der Massenzucht in Chile ist der Fisch erschwinglich geworden. Relativ billig und eine gesunde Alternative zum Fleisch - alles scheint für den Lachs zu sprechen. Wäre da nicht die dunkle Seite des Booms. Antibiotika-Gaben, damit der Fisch in den Aquakulturen gesund bleibt, bis zu 700-mal mehr als in Norwegen zum Beispiel, weil in Chile die Umweltgesetze so viel laxer sind.

Schließlich wurden die Lachse, die eigentlich Raubfische sind, zu Vegetariern "erzogen". Klingt erst einmal wie eine gute Idee, so kann verhindert werden, dass die Meere leer gefischt werden. Die Kehrseite des "vegetarischen Lachses" findet man in Brasilien. Soja-Anbau in riesigen, immer mehr Land verschlingenden Agrar-Großbetrieben. Dazu kommt, dass die Soja-Pellets für das Lachs-Mästen mit gesundheitsschädlichen Mitteln behandelt werden, die in der EU und in den USA verboten sind. Aber nur so kann das Soja haltbar gemacht werden, um es in riesigen Mengen zu den Lachs-Farmen zu transportieren. Die dunkle Seite des Trend-Foods, wie Matthias Ebert im Süden Lateinamerikas zeigt.

Avocados - das "grüne Gold"

Weiter im Norden bauen Farmer Avocados im großen Stil an. Ein Lebensmittel, das fast schon Kult-Status in den USA und in Europa erreicht hat: Gesundes Fett, cremig liegt es bei Veganern, Vegetariern und der wachsenden Hipster-Gemeinde der Metropolen im Trend.

In Mexiko werden mehr Avocados produziert als irgendwo sonst in der Welt. Das "grüne Gold" nennen sie es hier, doch längst glänzt es nicht mehr, wie Xenia Böttcher zeigt.

Niemals hätte José Gonzalez gedacht, dass Avocados sein Leben so dramatisch verändern würden. Seit 35 Jahren arbeitet er im Avocado-Geschäft und die steigende Nachfrage hat ihn zu einem wohlhabenden Mann gemacht. Und zu einem bedrohten. Nur noch mit schwer bewaffneten Bodyguards geht er auf seine Plantagen, sein Sohn wurde bereits entführt, 100.000 USD sollte er zahlen. Er selbst wurde schon zwei Mal entführt.

Erhielt Gonzalez für ein Kilo Avocados einst 20 Cent, so sind es jetzt bereits 3,50 Euro. Und es werden Milliarden Avocados exportiert.

Brutaler Machtkampf

Mexikos organisierte Kriminalität will mitmischen beim Geschäft mit dem "grünen Gold". Kartelle streiten im Bundesstaat Michoacan um die Macht. Die "Tempelritter" gegen "Jalisco - neue Generation". Der Kampf ist besonders brutal, Hinrichtungen keine Seltenheit. Der Terror, die Angst soll die Farmer gefügig machen. Wer sein Schutzgeld nicht zahlt, verschwindet oder wird leblos aufgefunden.

In Lateinamerika haben Globalisierung und der Boom von Lebensmitteln, die in den Industriegesellschaften zum Trend werden, nicht selten brutale Auswirkungen. Ausbeutung von Natur und Menschen, damit in der nördlichen Hemisphäre der Tisch gedeckt ist. Eine Reportage der ARD-Lateinamerika-Korrespondenten Xenia Böttcher und Matthias Ebert über die dunkle Seite von Trend-Food.
Ein Film von Xenia Böttcher und Matthias Ebert
Stand: 31.08.2019 13:15 Uhr

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Weltspiegel-Reportage: Lachs und Avocado für Europa | Weltspiegel

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SENDETERMIN So., 21.07.19 | 18:50 Uhr | Das Erste Die dunkle Seite von Trend-Food Der Lachs gehört eigentlich nicht in die Küstengewässer von Chile. Er ist auf der Nordhalbkugel heimisch, aber hier wächst er wunderbar zur Schlachtreife heran. So nennen es die Betreiber der Aquakulturen.

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Teilen/Mieten von Kleidung als Beitrag zu nachhaltiger Lebensstil? 

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Teilen/Mieten von Kleidung als Beitrag zu nachhaltiger Lebensstil? 

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Text, Daten und Grafiken

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Renting clothes could be the future of fashion

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The rise of rental clothing outlets could mean a decline in waste and a more sustainable fashion industry.

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Teilen/Mieten von Kleidung als Beitrag zu nachhaltiger Lebensstil? 

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Teilen/Mieten von Kleidung als Beitrag zu nachhaltiger Lebensstil? 

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Text, Daten und Grafiken

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Renting clothes could be the future of fashion

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The rise of rental clothing outlets could mean a decline in waste and a more sustainable fashion industry.

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Infografik
Idee: Routenplanung mit marinetraffic.com & z. B. umap.openstreetmap.fr/de unter Beachtung wirtschaftlicher UND ressourcensparender Kriterien.
Via Twitter: https://twitter.com/o_merk/status/1143753781886238720

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How to decarbonise shipping? Nice infographic by @UCL_Energy and @UMAS_15 Also read our own report on this: https://t.co/tsLL02VDhq

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How to decarbonise shipping? Nice infographic by @UCL_Energy and @UMAS_15 Also read our own report on this: https://t.co/tsLL02VDhq https://t.co/kCSEuSalsu

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How to decarbonise shipping? Nice infographic by @UCL_Energy and @UMAS_15 Also read our own report on this: https://t.co/tsLL02VDhq https://t.co/kCSEuSalsu

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How to decarbonise shipping? Nice infographic by @UCL_Energy and @UMAS_15 Also read our own report on this: https://t.co/tsLL02VDhq https://t.co/kCSEuSalsu

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How to decarbonise shipping? Nice infographic by @UCL_Energy and @UMAS_15 Also read our own report on this: https://t.co/tsLL02VDhq

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Visualisierungen atmosphärischer Strömungen und Relief. Komplexität sichtbar gemacht. Erste Unterrichtsideen: zentrale Elemente identifizieren, Erläuterungstext für Animation entwerfen, lebendiges Diagramm
Via Twitter: https://twitter.com/myweather_ch/status/1137999567264407552?s=20

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Yes, I've shown such an animation before... But hey, this will the first major #Foehn event of the season. Cross section across the Alps (#Gotthard) showing trajectories and vertical wind speed. Explanations here (in German): https://t.co/8NaJltWx0M

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Yes, I've shown such an animation before... But hey, this will the first major #Foehn event of the season. Cross section across the Alps (#Gotthard) showing trajectories and vertical wind speed. Explanations here (in German): https://t.co/8NaJltWx0M https://t.co/aVqigBgNB5

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(1/3) Bis Sonntag entwickelt sich eine Föhnlage wie aus dem Lehrbuch. Nord-Süd Querschnitt durch den Gotthard für Sonntag um 11h. Hier der vertikale Wind mit starker Wellenbildung über den Alpen und im Lee. https://t.co/HNyvOu1eg1

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Yes, I've shown such an animation before... But hey, this will the first major #Foehn event of the season. Cross section across the Alps (#Gotthard) showing trajectories and vertical wind speed. Explanations here (in German): https://t.co/8NaJltWx0M https://t.co/aVqigBgNB5

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(1/3) Bis Sonntag entwickelt sich eine Föhnlage wie aus dem Lehrbuch. Nord-Süd Querschnitt durch den Gotthard für Sonntag um 11h. Hier der vertikale Wind mit starker Wellenbildung über den Alpen und im Lee. https://t.co/HNyvOu1eg1

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
Yes, I've shown such an animation before... But hey, this will the first major #Foehn event of the season. Cross section across the Alps (#Gotthard) showing trajectories and vertical wind speed. Explanations here (in German): https://t.co/8NaJltWx0M https://t.co/aVqigBgNB5

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
Yes, I've shown such an animation before... But hey, this will the first major #Foehn event of the season. Cross section across the Alps (#Gotthard) showing trajectories and vertical wind speed. Explanations here (in German): https://t.co/8NaJltWx0M

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(1/3) Bis Sonntag entwickelt sich eine Föhnlage wie aus dem Lehrbuch. Nord-Süd Querschnitt durch den Gotthard für Sonntag um 11h. Hier der vertikale Wind mit starker Wellenbildung über den Alpen und im Lee. https://t.co/HNyvOu1eg1

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WWF-Klimarechner
Idee: Zur Bewertung von Lebensstilen geeignet?

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Civil Society Position on Future Energy

Europa ist mit den Folgen des russischen Krieges gegen die Ukraine konfrontiert, der eine anhaltende Energiekrise mit unbekannten Versorgungsengpässen, massiven Preissprüngen und zunehmender Energiearmut. Die Staaten sind derzeit dabei, ihre Energiesicherheitsstrategien umzugestalten, um den neuen Realitäten Rechnung zu tragen während Klimasorgen und die nachhaltige Energiewende in den Hintergrund treten.

PDF - 262,94 KB

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Civil Society Position on Future Energy Europa ist mit den Folgen des russischen Krieges gegen die Ukraine konfrontiert, der eine anhaltende Energiekrise mit unbekannten Versorgungsengpässen, massiven Preissprüngen und zunehmender Energiearmut. Die Staaten sind derzeit dabei, ihre Energiesicherheitsstrategien umzugestalten, um den neuen Realitäten Rechnung zu tragen während Klimasorgen und die nachhaltige Energiewende in den Hintergrund treten.

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Interaktive Karte und Datenvisualisierung

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Sailing Seas of Plastic - Interactive Data Visualisation

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Sailing Seas of Plastic - Interactive Data Visualisation

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This map shows the global distribution of floating plastic in our oceans based on a recent study estimating a total mass of floating plastic debris of about 268,000 tonnes.

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Über den Bau einer ganzen nachhaltigen Stadt vom Reißbrett. Steinbruch für eine noch zu entwickelnde Unterrichtsidee?

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The built environment and fashion industries are primed to lead the recovery. This is why

By focusing on decarbonization and the promotion of labour rights protections, these industries can create economic opportunities that promote a more human and environment-centered way of...

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India is building a high-tech sustainable city from scratch

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By focusing on decarbonization and the promotion of labour rights protections, these industries can create economic opportunities that promote a more human and environment-centered way of...

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Grönland: Die zwei Seiten des Klimawandels

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Grönland: Die zwei Seiten des Klimawandels

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WEF-Blog-Beitrag als Grundlage für ein Mystery?

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Climate Change

Ice retreating has allowed boat tours for tourists to start much earlier in the summer season. Image: REUTERS/Lucas Jackson

Journalist, Thomson Reuters Foundation

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Climate Change

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License and Republishing

World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

Global Agenda

The Agenda Weekly

A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda

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This is how global warming is reshaping Greenland

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Climate Change Ice retreating has allowed boat tours for tourists to start much earlier in the summer season. Image: REUTERS/Lucas Jackson Journalist, Thomson Reuters Foundation Stay up to date: Climate Change Follow Image: IPCC Don't miss any update on this topic Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses.

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Grönland: Die zwei Seiten des Klimawandels

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Grönland: Die zwei Seiten des Klimawandels

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WEF-Blog-Beitrag als Grundlage für ein Mystery?

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Climate Change

Ice retreating has allowed boat tours for tourists to start much earlier in the summer season. Image: REUTERS/Lucas Jackson

Journalist, Thomson Reuters Foundation

Stay up to date:

Climate Change

Follow

Image: IPCC

Don't miss any update on this topic

Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses.

Sign up for free

License and Republishing

World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

Global Agenda

The Agenda Weekly

A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda

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This is how global warming is reshaping Greenland

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Climate Change Ice retreating has allowed boat tours for tourists to start much earlier in the summer season. Image: REUTERS/Lucas Jackson Journalist, Thomson Reuters Foundation Stay up to date: Climate Change Follow Image: IPCC Don't miss any update on this topic Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses.

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Artikel und Infografik, Q.: World Economic Forum

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Our food system is pushing nature to the brink. Here's what we need to do

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The natural world is headed for catastrophe unless we reduce food waste, improve our diets and diversify our calorie sources.

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Interaktive Karte mit Vorfällen der letzten 40 Jahre

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Every year it feels like the gaming industry sees the same stories-record sales, unfathomable market reach, and questions of how much higher the market can go.

We're already far past the point of gaming being the biggest earning media sector, with an estimated $165 billion revenue generated in 2020.

But as our graphic above helps illustrate, it's important to break down shifting growth within the market. Research from Pelham Smithers shows that while the tidal wave of gaming has only continued to swell, the driving factors have shifted over the course of gaming history.

1970-1983: The Pre-Crash Era

At first, there was Atari.

Early prototypes of video games were developed in labs in the 1960s, but it was Atari's release of Pong in 1972 that helped to kickstart the industry.

The arcade table-tennis game was a sensation, drawing in consumers eager to play and companies that started to produce their own knock-off versions. Likewise, it was Atari that sold a home console version of Pong in 1975, and eventually its own Atari 2600 home console in 1977, which would become the first console to sell more than a million units.

In short order, the arcade market began to plateau. After dwindling due to a glut of Pong clones, the release of Space Invaders in 1978 reinvigorated the market.

Arcade machines started to be installed everywhere, and new franchises like Pac-Man and Donkey Kong drove further growth. By 1982, arcades were already generating more money than both the pop music industry and the box office.

1985-2000: The Tech Advancement Race

Unfortunately, the gaming industry grew too quickly to maintain.

Eager to capitalize on a growing home console market, Atari licensed extremely high budget ports of Pac-Man and a game adaptation of E.T. the Extra Terrestrial. They were rushed to market, released in poor quality, and cost the company millions in returns and more in brand damage.

As other companies also looked to capitalize on the market, many other poor attempts at games and consoles caused a downturn across the industry. At the same time, personal computers were becoming the new flavor of gaming, especially with the release of the Commodore 64 in 1982.

It was a sign of what was to define this era of gaming history: a technological race. In the coming years, Nintendo would release the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) home console in 1985 (released in Japan as the Famicom), prioritizing high quality games and consistent marketing to recapture the wary market.

On the backs of games like Duck Hunt, Excitebike, and the introduction of Mario in Super Mario Bros, the massive success of the NES revived the console market.

Estimated Total Console Sales by Manufacturer (1970-2020)

Nintendo looked to continue its dominance in the field, with the release of the Game Boy handheld and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. At the same time, other competitors stepped in to beat them at their own game.

In 1988, arcade company Sega entered the fray with the Sega Mega Drive console (released as the Genesis in North America) and then later the Game Gear handheld, putting its marketing emphasis on processing power.

Electronics maker Sony released the PlayStation in 1994, which used CD-ROMs instead of cartridges to enhance storage capacity for individual games. It became the first console in history to sell more than 100 million units, and the focus on software formats would carry on with the PlayStation 2 (DVDs) and PlayStation 3 (Blu-rays).

Even Microsoft recognized the importance of gaming on PCs and developed the DirectX API to assist in game programming. That "X" branding would make its way to the company's entry into the console market, the Xbox.

2001-Present: The Online Boom

It was the rise of the internet and mobile, however, that grew the gaming industry from tens of billions to hundreds of billions in revenue.

A primer was the viability of subscription and freemium services. In 2001, Microsoft launched the Xbox Live online gaming platform for a monthly subscription fee, giving players access to multiplayer matchmaking and voice chat services, quickly becoming a must-have for consumers.

Meanwhile on PCs, Blizzard was tapping into the Massive Multiplayer Online (MMO) subscription market with the 2004 release of World of Warcraft, which saw a peak of more than 14 million monthly paying subscribers.

All the while, companies saw a future in mobile gaming that they were struggling to tap into. Nintendo continued to hold onto the handheld market with updated Game Boy consoles, and Nokia and BlackBerry tried their hands at integrating game apps into their phones.

But it was Apple's iPhone that solidified the transition of gaming to a mobile platform. The company's release of the App Store for its smartphones (followed closely by Google's own store for Android devices) paved the way for app developers to create free, paid, and pay-per-feature games catered to a mass market.

Now, everyone has their eyes on that growing $85 billion mobile slice of the gaming market, and game companies are starting to heavily consolidate.

Major Gaming Acquisitions Since 2014

Console makers like Microsoft and Sony are launching cloud-based subscription services even while they continue to develop new consoles. Meanwhile, Amazon and Google are launching their own services that work on multiple devices, mobile included.

After seeing the success that games like had on smartphones-reaching more than $1 billion in yearly revenue-and Grand Theft Auto V's record breaking haul of $1 billion in just three days, companies are targeting as much of the market as they can.

And with the proliferation of smartphones, social media games, and streaming services, they're on the right track. There are more than 2.7 billion gamers worldwide in 2020, and how they choose to spend their money will continue to shape gaming history as we know it.

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Map: Visualizing 40 Years of Nautical Piracy

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Every year it feels like the gaming industry sees the same stories-record sales, unfathomable market reach, and questions of how much higher the market can go. We're already far past the point of gaming being the biggest earning media sector, with an estimated $165 billion revenue generated in 2020.

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Info-Steinbruch

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Where does California's water come from?

Most of us remember learning the water cycle, and so we can understand easily enough that it's the rain and snow that is the ultimate source of our water supply. But what most Californians might not realize is how vast the state's water infrastructure is that irrigates the farmland and delivers the water to our faucets, and how profoundly that infrastructure has remade the state as we know it today.

California has built a water delivery infrastructure that is likely the most extensive anywhere on earth, capable of moving a drop of water that originates near the northern border all the way down south to the Mexican border. Through the development of this infrastructure, man has rearranged California's natural assets to meet societal needs, making the state unrecognizable from its pre-settlement history in the process.

Today, large urban centers exist where there are scant local resources to support their residents. There is cropland where once was a swampy marsh, manmade lakes where there once was desert, and even desert where there once was cropland. Some rivers have been completely dried up, some rivers flow through mountains into other river's beds, and some rivers even flow backwards at times. California, arguably, is the most hydrologically-altered landmass on the planet.

So why did we do all this?

California's complicated hydrology and population dynamics

California's climate and hydrology are unlike any other in the nation, with variability and uncertainty the main characteristics. In an average year, the total amount of precipitation is about 200 million acre-feet; however, the actual precipitation can vary anywhere from 100 million acre-feet to 300 million acre-feet, depending on whether it is a wet year, a dry year, or something in between. About half of the precipitation will evaporate, be used by vegetation, or sink into the subsurface, salt sinks, or flow to the ocean; the remaining half, known as 'dedicated water' is what is available for use in cities, on farms, for the environment, or to be put in storage.

Besides variability, there are other challenges for California's water supply. Most of this precipitation will occur between November and April, yet most water demand is in the hot, dry months of summer and early fall. Additionally, most of the precipitation falls in the mountains in the middle to northern half of the state, far from major urban and agricultural centers. So in order to make this work, California has built an extensive water storage and conveyance network that can store the water from the winter when it falls, and deliver it to the drier parts of the state in the summer.

Groundwater is a critical resource

Groundwater is also an important part of the state's water supplies, comprising about 40% of water used in an average year, and 60% or more in a drought year. But groundwater is very much location dependent: some communities have no groundwater and rely solely on surface water while other communities may have only groundwater; other communities rely on a mix of imported water and groundwater, and even some rely solely on imported water.

Learn more about California's groundwater by clicking here.

Where does your water come from?

Exactly where your water comes from depends on where you live in California. You can find out where your water comes from at this handy website.

Water development has fueled California's economic growth

The state's largest urban centers depend on multiple water systems to support their populations: The Bay Area depends on the State Water Project, the Central Valley Project, the Hetch Hetchy Water and Power System and the Mokelumne Aqeuduct for two-thirds of its water supplies. Southern California, home to half of the state's population, depends on the State Water Project, the Colorado River Aqueduct and the Los Angeles Aqueduct supply for about half of its supply.

California's vast agricultural industry is also dependent on water projects, both large and small. The Central Valley Project irrigates one-third of the irrigated lands in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys; Kern County is reliant on both the State Water Project and the Central Valley Project for its supply, and the All-American Canal conveys Colorado River water to the Imperial Valley.

But water development has been a mixed bag ...

The construction of California's extensive water infrastructure in the twentieth century has transformed the state into one of the world's leading agricultural producers, the most populated state in the country, and the eighth largest economy in the world. However, this intensive development has not been without its consequences: dams have blocked access to habitat for native species and altered the natural flow of water, wetlands have been drained, and invasive species have moved in, altering habitat. Populations of native fish and wildlife species have plummeted; some have gone extinct, and many more are threatened. Most of the state's waterways are impaired by pollutants from agricultural, urban, and legacy mining sources.

Most of California's water infrastructure projects were designed and constructed at a time when delivering cheap water to feed economic development was a goal, and ecosystem and species concerns were rarely considered.

Changing societal values have meant increased restrictions and regulations to protect endangered species have reduced the amount that can be withdrawn from our waterways and fueled political wars that have stretched on for decades as demands for water from agriculture, cities and industry must be constantly balanced against the need for maintaining water quality and protecting fisheries and wildlife.

California's Major Water Infrastructure Systems

To make it all work, California has built a vast and interconnected water system that is capable of moving water from the northern border to the southern border. In order to accomplish this, the state is home to two of the largest water delivery systems on earth as well as dozens of local and regional conveyance systems.

Here is a closer look at the California's largest water systems:

Central Valley Project

The Central Valley Project, the largest of the Bureau of Reclamation's water projects, delivers on average about 7 million acre-feet for agricultural, urban and wildlife use, irrigating 3 million acres of farmland and providing water for 1 million households in Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties, as well as in the Central Valley. For more on the Central Valley Project, click here.

State Water Project

The State Water Project, operated by the California Department of Water Resources, conveys 2.3 million acre-feet on average from Northern California to the Bay Area, the southern San Joaquin Valley, and Southern California, irrigating 750,000 acres of farmland and providing at least a portion of the drinking water for 23 million people. For more on the State Water Project, click here.

Los Angeles Aqueduct

The Los Angeles Aqueduct System is California's very first water conveyance system, built in 1913. Owned and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, the aqueduct system supplies about 200,000 acre-feet for use within the city limits. For more on the Los Angeles Aqueduct, click here.

Hetch Hetchy Water and Power System

Owned and operated by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, the Hetch Hetchy system delivers about 330,000 acre-feet per year from the Tuolumne River watershed to the city of San Francisco, and parts of San Mateo, Santa Clara and Alameda counties. Find out more about the Hetch Hetchy Water and Power System by clicking here.

Mokelumne Aqueduct

The Mokelumne Aqueduct, owned and operated by the East Bay Municipal Utilities District (EBMUD), supplies water to 1.4 million people and 35 municipalities in the East Bay, including Oakland, Berkeley, Richmond, and parts of Alameda and Contra Costa County. For more on the Mokelumne Aqueduct, click here.

Colorado River Systems

California hold entitlements to 4.4 MAF of Colorado River water which is delivered to the Imperial Valley, Coachella Valley, and Southern California by two systems: The Colorado River Aqueduct and the All American Canal. Learn more about these systems by clicking here.

( Click on the chart for a larger view.)
This page was written by Chris "Maven" Austin and published on July 5, 2015.

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California's Water Systems ~ MAVEN'S NOTEBOOK | Water news

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Where does California's water come from? Most of us remember learning the water cycle, and so we can understand easily enough that it's the rain and snow that is the ultimate source of our water supply. But what most Californians might not realize is how vast the state's water infrastructure is that irrigates the farmland ...

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Klick Link: https://twitter.com/TheEconomist/status/1100168902640836608
(The Economist via Twitter)

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones https://t.co/8mMsBzFxYJ

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones https://t.co/8mMsBzFxYJ

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones https://t.co/8mMsBzFxYJ

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones

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Film über die natürlichen und anthropogenen funktionalen Zusammenhänge von Fließgewässern, unterschiedlichen Wasserständen und "harten" und "weichen" Wasserbaumaßnahmen.
Mögl. Verwendung als Hintergrundwissen zur Einschätzung von Flussausbaumaßnahmen, z. B. Elbvertiefung

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Video: Problems of hard engineering & 'softer' alternatives

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This video and its companion , created in collaboration with the University of Aberystwyth, explore how hard and soft engineering approaches are used to manage river flooding. We look at case study examples of flooding and management on the Rivers Severn (Hafren), Ystwyth and Rheidol.

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Welche Prozesse können großräumige Bewässerungsprojekte auslösen? Notiere die x wichtigsten Elemente und Entwicklungen. Visualisiere sie in einer Ursache-Wirkungs-Darstellung. Ich-Karte: Welche Rolle spielst Du dabei?
Klick Link: https://twitter.com/wef/status/1105091002262585344

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It's even affected human life expectancy. 

🔎 Learn more about our impact on the planet: https://t.co/AXbQiWesMc #nature #environment

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It's even affected human life expectancy. 

🔎 Learn more about our impact on the planet: https://t.co/AXbQiWesMc #nature #environment https://t.co/d4av9pjCdk

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It's even affected human life expectancy. 

🔎 Learn more about our impact on the planet: https://t.co/AXbQiWesMc #nature #environment https://t.co/d4av9pjCdk

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It's even affected human life expectancy. 

🔎 Learn more about our impact on the planet: https://t.co/AXbQiWesMc #nature #environment https://t.co/d4av9pjCdk

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It's even affected human life expectancy. 

🔎 Learn more about our impact on the planet: https://t.co/AXbQiWesMc #nature #environment

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Foto-Vergleich als Impuls?
Klick Link: https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/86ub1c/mount_st_helens_before_and_after_the_eruption_of/

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Mount St. Helens before and after the eruption of 1980

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2.1k votes, 75 comments. 26.2m members in the pics community. A place for pictures and photographs.

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Surabaya reagiert auf Plastikmüllflut
Film via Twitter. Klick Link: https://twitter.com/thisisgeography/status/1103186382950989824

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These 11 companies are leading the way to a circular economy

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From smart bins that analyse our trash, to chemical-free dyes and roads made of of recycled plastic, these innovations are creating a more sustainable world.

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These 11 companies are leading the way to a circular economy

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From smart bins that analyse our trash, to chemical-free dyes and roads made of of recycled plastic, these innovations are creating a more sustainable world.

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Video: Entwicklungschancen durch Human Cloud Industry?

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Video: Entwicklungschancen durch Human Cloud Industry?

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Rolle der Digitalisierung als Entwicklungsbeschleuniger?
Alt. Einsatzmöglichkeit: zum Thema Afrikabild in Deutschland. Wahrnehmung & Konstruktion: Was ist "typisch" Afrika?
Klick Link: https://twitter.com/thisisgeography/status/1100282235352158208
(The Economist, via Twitter)

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Klick Link: https://twitter.com/TheEconomist/status/1100168902640836608
(The Economist via Twitter)

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones https://t.co/8mMsBzFxYJ

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones https://t.co/8mMsBzFxYJ

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones https://t.co/8mMsBzFxYJ

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones

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The Economist via Twitter. Klick Link: https://twitter.com/TheEconomist/status/1100168902640836608

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones https://t.co/8mMsBzFxYJ

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones https://t.co/8mMsBzFxYJ

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones https://t.co/8mMsBzFxYJ

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The Apple iPhone may be an American success story, but China has a stranglehold over key elements that go into smartphones

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Interaktive Karte plus Hintergrundinformationen, Erklärvideos etc.

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Wie sehr ist die Atemluft mit Stickstoffdioxid belastet? Das wollte 45 Min mithilfe der NDR Nutzerinnen und Nutzer herausfinden und hat die größte Luftmessaktion im Norden angestoßen.
Der Spitzenwert unserer großen NDR Luftmessaktion vom November 2018 liegt an den Hamburger Landungsbrücken: mit 149 Mikrogramm pro Kubikmeter (µg/m3) - dem fast Vierfachen über dem Grenzwert für Stickstoffdioxid. Der Ort mit dem niedrigsten Wert liegt im schleswig-holsteinischem Tönning mit nur 2 µg/m3. Schauen Sie auf die interaktive Karte: Wie ist die Luft bei Ihnen?

Hier finden Sie alles rund um den Schwerpunkttag im NDR zum Thema Luftverschmutzung. In verschiedenen Sendungen des NDR im Fernsehen, im Hörfunk und bei ndr.de wird über die Aktion sowie über Hintergründe zum Thema Luftverschmutzung berichtet.

Zur Aktion hat der NDR, nicht nur die Doku "45 Min Spezial: Was atmest du?" gezeigt, sondern sich auch mit den Abgasen von Kreuzfahrtschiffen beschäftigt: "45 Min: Dreckige Luft vom Traumschiff?".

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im auftrag der redaktion langfristig online wegen gesellschaftspolitischer relevanz.

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Was atmest du? Das Ergebnis der großen Luftmessaktion

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Wie sehr ist die Atemluft mit Stickstoffdioxid belastet? Das wollte 45 Min mithilfe der NDR Nutzerinnen und Nutzer herausfinden und hat die größte Luftmessaktion im Norden angestoßen. Der Spitzenwert unserer großen NDR Luftmessaktion vom November 2018 liegt an den Hamburger Landungsbrücken: mit 149 Mikrogramm pro Kubikmeter (µg/m3) - dem fast Vierfachen über dem Grenzwert für Stickstoffdioxid.

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Karte: Wertvollstes Exportgut, nach Ländern

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Karte: Wertvollstes Exportgut, nach Ländern

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Klick Link: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DzxuHxtX4AA1Afu.jpg:large

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Erklär-Animationen, 3 Teile (UK Met-Office), via YT

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What is global circulation? | Part One | Differential heating

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Fischbestände: Welchen Fisch kann man fangen (und essen), welcher ist bedroht? 

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Fischbestände: Welchen Fisch kann man fangen (und essen), welcher ist bedroht? 

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Visualisierung aktueller Greenpeace-Infos.

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Which Fish Are Okay to Eat? — Information is Beautiful

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Toxins. Dwindling stocks. By catch. Cruel fishing. Filter & factor your concerns. See which fish are left for you to eat…

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Fischbestände: Welchen Fisch kann man fangen (und essen), welcher ist bedroht? 

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Fischbestände: Welchen Fisch kann man fangen (und essen), welcher ist bedroht? 

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Visualisierung aktueller Greenpeace-Infos.

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Which Fish Are Okay to Eat? — Information is Beautiful

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Toxins. Dwindling stocks. By catch. Cruel fishing. Filter & factor your concerns. See which fish are left for you to eat…

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Video eines Modellversuchs
Klick Link: https://twitter.com/thisisgeography/status/1092675849751613441

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast https://t.co/oHcQEeFfVM

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast https://t.co/oHcQEeFfVM

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast https://t.co/oHcQEeFfVM

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast

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Video eines Modellversuchs
Klick Link: https://twitter.com/thisisgeography/status/1092675849751613441

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast https://t.co/oHcQEeFfVM

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast https://t.co/oHcQEeFfVM

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast https://t.co/oHcQEeFfVM

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Scale model to show how mangroves protect the coast

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Animierte Karte, MP4-Video (CC BY-NC 3.0 DE) via https://www.pik-potsdam.de/services/infothek/cstory

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Hamburg, Stadt- u. Hafenentwicklung im Zuge der Containerisierung

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Hamburg, Stadt- u. Hafenentwicklung im Zuge der Containerisierung

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Infografik. Quelle: Port of Hamburg Magazine, März 2018

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Interessante Informationen in den Kommentaren zu funktionalen Zusammenhängen des Naturereignisses mit gesellschaftl. Aktivitäten (z. B. Düngemittel).
Klick: https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/9hzyy7/after_hurricane_florence_north_carolinas_rivers/

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50 größte Metropolregionen der USA und ihr Wachstum 2016-17

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50 größte Metropolregionen der USA und ihr Wachstum 2016-17

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Kartogramm, via https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/9hkolg/50_largest_city_economies_in_the_us_and_their/

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50 largest city economies in the US and their economic growth 2016-2017

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67 votes, 11 comments. 1.2m members in the MapPorn community. High quality images of maps.

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Karte, via https://i.redd.it/yt8i60ghbsp11.png

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Migration in die USA nach Herkunft, 1975-2018

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Migration in die USA nach Herkunft, 1975-2018

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Animiertes Diagramm
Klick: https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/9jbbkr/refugees_arriving_in_the_united_states_of_america/

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Fair Roses? Eine Reise in die Welt des Rosenhandels

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Fair Roses? Eine Reise in die Welt des Rosenhandels

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Anhand verschiedener Szenarien wirft die interaktiv gestaltete Seite einen Blick hinter die Kulissen eines oft undurchsichtigen Geschäfts. Sie lädt zu einer virtuellen Reise in die Welt der Rosenindustrie ein, auf der die kenianische Farmarbeiterin genauso zu Wort kommt wie der niederländische Handelsagent und der lokale Umweltaktivist. Schritt für Schritt erfährt der Besucher, was die beteiligten Personen miteinander verbindet und wie der globale Handel mit Schnittblumen im Detail funktioniert.

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Rosen? Die kommen doch alle aus den Niederlanden, oder?
Dass nicht alle Rosen aus den Niederlanden, sondern aus ganz anderen Teilen der Welt zu uns kommen, erfahren Sie in
Kapitel 1. Reise starten...

Fair Roses verwenden Cookies, um Ihnen den bestmöglichen Service zu bieten. Wenn Sie unsere Webseite weiter nutzen, erklären Sie sich mit der Verwendung von Cookies einverstanden. Ok

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Was steckt hinter dem Alltagsprodukt Rosen? Sind diese „fair", wie viele Labels suggerieren? In dieser Infografik wollen wir dieser Frage nachgehen und Sie erkunden lassen, welche Akteure und Orte eine wichtige Rolle spielen beim Handel und bei der Produktion des Blumenstraußes, den Sie in Deutschland in einem Supermarkt oder im Blumenfachhandel kaufen.

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Map created by NordNordWest via Wikimedia

The Aral Sea was once the fourth largest body of inland water in the world with an area of 68,000 km2 but, as the map dramatically illustrates, it has now shrunk and fragmented to a mere shadow of its former self.

It lies between Kazakhstan to the north and Uzbekistan to the south. Its drainage basin also includes parts of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan.

Its name roughly translates as "Sea of Islands" in reference to the over one thousand islands that one dotted its waters - but no more.

The two main rivers that feed the Aral Sea are the Amu Darya (also known as the Oxus), which rises in the Hindu Kush and flows (or, rather, used to flow) in at the south end and the smaller Syr Darya, which rises in the Tien Shan Mountains and flows in at the north end.

The sea lies in what is known as an endorheic basin, meaning that it has no outflows and so maintains its size by balancing inflows (river, groundwater and direct precipitation) with evaporation, making it particularly vulnerable to river diversion.

Prior to 1960 the Aral Sea had a thriving fishing industry, which in its heyday employed some 40,000 and reportedly produced one-sixth of the Soviet Union's entire fish catch.

The deltas of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya were also home to a muskrat-trapping industry that used to yield as many as 500,000 pelts a year.

Shortly the after the Second World War, when the area was part of the U.S.S.R., the Soviet Government started to construct irrigation canals that were fed by water from the two rivers, mainly to boost cotton production.

At first this proved manageable, but around 1960 the Soviets launched a major push to further develop the cotton industry, especially in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, requiring a major expansion in the network of canals. By 1988 Uzbekistan had become the world's largest exporter of cotton, or "white gold".

However, as a consequence, evaporation began to outpace in-flows and the sea began to shrink. This came as no surprise to the government, which seemingly had made a conscious decision to sacrifice the sea in the interests of cotton production.

Indeed, Russian climatologist, Aleksandr Voeikov once dismissed the Aral Sea as a "useless evaporator" and a "mistake of nature."

In any event, between 1960 and 2002, the surface area of the Aral Sea shrank by about 70% and its volume by 90%. In the process its surface level dropped by about 16 metres.

As can readily be seen on the map this shrinkage split the sea into a number of separate bodies of water, the two largest of which are the South Aral Sea and the North Aral Sea.

In 2002 the South Aral Sea itself split into eastern and western portions and in 2014 the eastern potion dried up completely and is now known as the Aralkum Desert, while the western portion has been reduced to a thin strip along the former edge of the southern sea.

At the same time evaporation increased the overall salinity levels almost five-fold in the waters that remained. Indeed, the salinity of the South Aral Sea is now about three times that of ordinary seawater.

Whatever the intentions of the Soviets, their treatment of the Aral Sea has had dire consequences. U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has referred to the situation as "one of the planet's most shocking environmental disasters".

The combination of shrinkage and high salinity has killed off most of the sea's natural flora and fauna and devastated its fishing and muskrat-trapping industries.

In 1960 the fishing catch amounted to 43,430 tons, while by 1980 it had fallen to zero. Former fishing towns along the original shores have become ship graveyards.

Thus the town of Moynaq in Uzbekistan, which once had a busy harbour harbor and a thriving fishing industry employing around 30,000 people, now lies many kilometers from the shore.

To make matters worse the irrigation canals were unlined so that with most of the diverted water was lost before even reaching the cotton, not only wasting water but leaching harmful salts into the soil.

This factor, along with poor soil conservation practices associated with the cotton monoculture meant that yields could only be maintained through the use of massive quantities of pesticides and fertilizer. The runoff from the fields then washed these chemicals into what was left of the Aral Sea.

As the sea receded these chemicals were left as deposits on the dry lakebed, where they were picked up by the wind as toxic dust and spread to the surrounding area causing a wide range of health issues in the local population.

These include: respiratory illnesses, tuberculosis, various cancers, birth defects, immunological disorders and liver, kidney and eye problems.

Other consequences included reduced precipitation leading to a diminished supply of fresh water and desertification of surrounding lands. There has also been an impact on the local climate with the summers becoming shorter and hotter and the winters longer and colder.

The winds have also coated surrounding glaciers with salt and dust, accelerating their rate of melting and further destabilizing the climate.

A further potential hazard is the abandoned soviet biological weapons testing facility, Aralsk-7, on the former Vozrozhdeniya Island, which is no longer an island.

In 2002, U.S. officials became so worried that, under an agreement with Uzbekistan, they provided funds and expertise to decontaminate a number of anthrax burial sites on the former island.

In June 1991, following the dismantling of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan became independent countries. Since then there has been a marked difference between the two in their impact on the Aral Sea.

Uzbekistan has continued to emphasize cotton production as a key export, although it has also diversified into cereal crops in an effort to attain greater food self-sufficiency.

Thus on the Uzbek side the amount of water required for irrigation and the consequent impact on the Aral Sea have not changed significantly. The Amu Darya now ends at a dam, about 110 kilometres from the Aral Sea.

Moreover, Uzbekistan has embarked on extensive oil and gas exploration in areas formerly occupied by the Aral Sea and would, therefore, not be keen to see these areas under water again.

The situation in Kazakhstan is quite different. Cotton plays a very minor role in the country's economy, which relies mostly on its oil and gas deposits near the Caspian Sea.

This has reduced the priority it places on irrigated land and has increased its willingness to revive those parts Aral Sea that are under its control. It is also worth noting that, unlike, the Amu Darya, the Syr Darya never completely lost its connection to the sea.

The local population got the ball rolling in the mid-1990s by building a makeshift dam of sand across south end of the North Aral Sea to retain all of the Syr Darya's meagre discharge and in the process isolating it from the South Aral Sea.

In 2005 this was replaced by the permanent 13 kilometre Kok-Aral Dam as part of a joint project between the World Bank and the Government of Kazakhstan.

This $85 million project also made much needed improvements to the canals and other irrigation structures upriver from the Aral Sea, thereby greatly increasing the flow in the Syr Darya and enhancing the overall efficiency of the irrigation system.

The results have been impressive, with recovery much faster than expected. By 2008 the North Aral Sea had grown in area by 20%, its level had risen by 12 metres, its volume had increased by 68%, its salinity had dropped to 1960 levels and many native plants, migratory birds and animals had returned.

It has helped restore some of the former delta wetland ecosystems and has benefited agriculture through some increase in rainfall.

It has also brought the sea much closer to the former port city of Aralsk. There are even reports of some improvements in the health of the local population.

Freshwater fish such as pike, perch and carp, which had taken refuge in the Syr Darya, returned to the sea. In 2008 this enabled fishermen to catch roughly 1,500 tons.

Admittedly progress in restoring the fishing industry has been slow, giving mostly part-time employment to only a few hundred people.

The World Bank is considering a follow-up project to improve environmental and economic conditions further, a scheme estimated to cost $300 million. It includes returning water to the port of Aralsk and nearby villages, rehabilitating delta lakes and further improving river flows.

Unlike the North Aral Sea, the South Aral Sea is shared between the two countries so that any improvement in its status would require the cooperation of both.

However, as noted, Uzbekistan has shown little interest in its restoration and while the southern sea periodically receives excess water from the North Aral Sea through a sluice in the dam, its future remains bleak.

To read more about the Aral Sea have a look at the following books:

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The Incredible Shrinking Aral Sea 1960-2014

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Map created by NordNordWest via Wikimedia The Aral Sea was once the fourth largest body of inland water in the world with an area of 68,000 km2 but, as the map dramatically illustrates, it has now shrunk and fragmented to a mere shadow of its former self.

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The International Labour Organisation states in its latest World Report on Child Labour (2013) that there are around 265 million working children in the world-almost 17 per cent of the worldwide child population. According to the publicly available data discussed in more detail below, Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where child labour is most prevalent.

While absolute numbers are still high, particularly in those countries with the lowest standards of living, from a historical viewpoint there are concrete examples of countries that managed to virtually eliminate widespread child labour in the course of a century. The United Kingdom is a case in point. In terms of recent developments, global trends show a significant reduction in child labour over the last couple of decades. However, there is wide dispersion in the progress that different countries have achieved.
See all interactive charts on child labor ↓
Historical studies suggest that child work was widespread in Europe and North America in the 19th century, but declined very rapidly at the turn of the 20th century. The available historical evidence seems consistent with the fact that industrialisation in Western countries initially increased the demand for child labour, but then eventually contributed towards its elimination.

These visualizations show the share of children in employment for the UK and the United States at the turn of the 20th century. For the US chart you can add data on rural versus urban child labour trends: for both boys and girls, the incidence of child labour was higher in rural populations.

Whilst consistent survey data on child labour in the UK is limited beyond 1911, some estimates of 20th century labour have emerged. These statistics show the significant impact of the First and Second World Wars on childhood employment. Following a reported spike in employment during the First World War (1914-1918), rates of childhood labour appeared to fall to approximately 6-7 per cent of children aged 12-14 in England and Wales.

This would make the UK's rate of reduction in child labour slightly faster than that of the United States. However, with the onset of the Second World War in 1939, the incidence of child employment appeared to show another spike- by 1944, this had increased again to 15.3 per cent of 12-14 year olds.

A global comparison

How do the child labour figures above compare to current global estimates? This visualization plots the series for the UK, US, and also Italy, together with two recent global series. The different series in this chart are not perfectly comparable because of differences in the definitions. However, they do provide a rough sense of perspective.

As we can see, the incidence of child labour in England in 1900 was similar to global incidence a century later. Global rates of child labour today are similar to those of Italy in the 1950's at around 10 per cent. In the next section we explore these series in more detail and discuss recent developments.

The incidence of child labour has been going down in recent years

A complete and overview of recent global trends in child labour can be found in the ILO's report Marking Progress Against Child Labour (2013) produced by the organization's International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC). This report presents global estimates and trends for the period 2000-2012.

The two charts here show the ILO report data. This first chart presents the recent changes in the world-wide share of children (ages 5-17) in employment.

As we discuss below, there is lack of consensus regarding the appropriate ages for measuring child labor, particularly for the purpose of cross-country comparisons and global aggregates. The age bracket ranging from 5 to 17 years of age is common in many UN reports, but there is evidently a need to differentiate work at different ages, since children in their teenage years are less vulnerable to workplace abuse. Other common age brackets are 5-11 and 5-14 years of age.

The second chart presents global trends using estimates in two age brackets: 5-14 and 15-17 years of age. Unfortunately these global estimates are not broken down by gender, and are not available for other age brackets. However, the pattern is consistent with the remark made above: child labour has been going down in recent years.

The share of economically active children in the world has been going down for decades

The ILO Programme on Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population (EPEAP) has been producing statistics on labour force participation (for adults and children) since 1950, through the ILO's cross-country database known as LABORSTA. Basu (1999) uses this source to produce global labour force participation rates for children (ages 10-14) in the period 1950-1995.

This visualization presents the corresponding trend using the data published in Basu (1999). While these estimates are informative about child labour, they cannot be linked directly to those of children in employment published by the ILO IPEC for the period 2000-2012 due to issues of comparability; specifically, the IPEC and EPEAP estimates discussed above rely on different survey instruments covering a different set of countries, and break up the relevant population in different age brackets.

Many studies rely on the LABORSTA data to shed light on the extent of child labour in the 20th century. However, this source is generally believed to understate the extent of child labour, since data is not collected for work inside the household (not even market work). Nonetheless, regardless of discrepancies between these two sources, the trends tell a consistent story: the share of economically active children in the world has been going down for decades.

Where do children work?

Contrary to popular perception, most working children in the world are unpaid family workers, rather than paid workers in manufacturing establishments or other forms of wage employment. This visualization shows a breakdown of 2012 global estimates of child labour by employment status.

Schultz and Strauss (2008) compile information from a number of different sources (mostly country-specific datasets from national statistics offices-see the original paper for detailed sources) to provide a picture of the industrial composition of economically active children. This table presents their results. In almost every listed country, a majority of economically active children work in agriculture, forestry, or fishing.

A point that is also worth emphasizing here is the lack of consistency in the age brackets for which child labour estimates are available.

Child labour across countries today

How does the incidence of child labour vary across countries?

This visualization shows the share of children (7-14 years) in employment for a number of countries (for the years in which data is publicly available from the World Bank consolidated dataset).

As it can be appreciated, the prevalence of child labour varies widely by country; for instance, the share of children in employment (here defined in terms of being economically active for one hour a week) was fifteen times larger in Uganda than in Turkey according to 2006 estimates. While most countries exhibit a downward trend, many countries are lagging.

Switch to the map view in this chart to compare the level of child labour between countries. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where child labour is most prevalent, and also the region where progress has been slowest and least consistent.

What fraction of working children are not attending school?

As we discuss in more detail below, child labour is by definition problematic whenever it interferes with the children's development. Because of this it is informative to study child labour specifically when it is coupled with absence from school.

The visualization here shows the share of children in employment who work only (i.e. those children who are economically active and do not attend school). Again, there is wide variation across countries; while in Latin America the majority of children who are economically active also attend school, in sub-Saharan Africa this is not the case. However, trends are encouraging on the whole, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where the problem is most acute. The next section exploring correlates, determinants and consequences of child labour, provides more information about the link between work and school attendance.

How many hours do working children actually work?

The harmful consequences of child labor are partly determined by the intensity of work, and how it affects time allocation in other activities, such as playing or learning (more on this below). Hence, to understand child labor it is crucial to understand time allocation.

The chartshows, country by country, the weekly average of hours worked by children (ages 7-14) who are economically active.

As we can see, average hours worked by children vary widely across countries, even at similar levels of GDP per capita. For example, while average incomes in Bangladesh and Nepal are roughly similar, in the former economically active children spend more than three times as much time working.

In fact, even across countries with similar labor force participation of children, differences in average hours worked are large.

Current gender gaps

In the majority of countries boys are more likely than girls to be engaged in economic activity. The visualization here presents the incidence of child employment for boys vs. girls by country, according to the most recent estimates available from the data published by the World Bank. Here, the diagonal line marks equal values for boys and girls; as it can be appreciated, most countries lie below the diagonal line.

As it has already been mentioned, child labour is particularly problematic to the extent that it hinders the children's development, notably by interfering with schooling. Since time is a scarce resource, the extent to which children's employment is linked to school attendance depends on the type and number of hours worked.

In countries where children tend to work longer hours, it is more common that working children remain out of school. The chart here shows this by plotting country-level average hours worked by children against share of working children who are out of school.

The chart here shows aggregates, but we can see a similar relationship between school attendance and hours worked using micro data (i.e., plotting the relationship by pooling observations across individual households).

The visualization from Schultz and Strauss (2008) presents evidence of this link using micro data from UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (2000 and 2001). It plots school attendance rates for children 10-14 against total hours worked in the last week (by type of work) with 95 percent confidence intervals (labeled CI and plotted in lighter shades).

The steepest part of the curves are in the range 20-45 hours, suggesting-as one would naturally expect-that it is most difficult for a child to attend school when approaching full-time work. This evidence also shows that there are no significant difference by domestic or marketed work.

Is there a causal relationship between children's work and schooling?

The above relationship between work and schooling is informative about the impact of children's work on schooling, but is not sufficient to establish causality; there are many potential economic and cultural factors that simultaneously influence both schooling and work decisions; and in any case, the direction of the relationships is not obvious-do children work because they are not attending school, or do they fail to attend school because they are working?

A number of academic studies have tried to establish causality by attempting to find a factor (an 'instrumental variable') that only affects whether a child works without affecting how the family values other uses of the child's time (e.g. Rosati, F., Rossi, M. (2003); ). While these studies can be criticized on the grounds of the validity of the instrumental variables used, they seem to agree on the fact that there is a stronger association between child labour and schooling than the raw data would suggest.

Cross-country data on child labour and economic growth suggests a strong negative correlation between economic status and child labour. This visualization depicts the cross-country incidence of child labour (share of children ages 7-14 involved in economic activity) against GDP per capita (PPP adjusted GDP per capita in international dollars). To provide some context regarding the absolute number of children, each country's observation is pictured as a circle where the size of the circle represents population aged 5-14.

This evidence cannot be interpreted causally; as before, countries differ in many aspects that may be associated with child labour choices and income. But there are a number of reasons why, conceptually, child labour might be indeed caused by poor living conditions. For example, children might only work if the parents are unable to meet subsistence conditions; or it could be the case that parents allocate more of the children's time to schooling as they afford the necessary inputs for schooling (text-books, uniforms, etc).

Partly following this logic, several countries have implemented cash transfer programmes in an attempt to discourage child labour and increase schooling. The idea behind these programmes is that the cash transfers are conditioned on a number of desirable actions, including sending children to school; and in doing so, they lower the relative costs of schooling and raise family income.

Schultz (2004) evaluates one such program in Mexico (the so-called 'Progresa' program) and finds a significant reduction in wage and market work associated with eligibility for Progresa. Similar findings have been found in other countries as well. The literature often refers to these programmes as the prime example of "collaborative measures" against child labour: non-coercive interventions that alter the economic environment of decision makers in order to make them more willing to let children stay out of work.

Definitions and measurement

General definition

Broadly speaking, the term "child labour" is defined as the employment of children in any work that deprives them of their childhood and dignity, and that is harmful to their physical and mental development.

The ILO defines child labour as work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; and that interferes with the children's schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school, either by obliging them to leave school prematurely, or by requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work (a general definition along these lines can be found in the ILO's Child Labour website). The ILO's Convention No. 138, adopted in 1973 and ratified by most countries of the world, stipulates the relevant ages that different countries use to define child labour.

Hours worked and age classification

According to the definition provided above, whether or not a given job is considered 'child labour' depends on the details of the actual context - the child's age, the number of hours worked and the type of tasks performed. The chart here, from Hilowitz (2004), shows a diagrammatic classification of child labour (shaded region) depending on age and type of work.

This chart shows why it is difficult to produce estimates of child labour that are suitable for cross-country comparisons: there are differences in legislation, and age matters relative to the type of work.

According to the conceptual classification used by the ILO, children in child labour include those in worst forms of child labour and children in employment below the minimum age, excluding children in permissible light work - where "permissible light work" is defined as any non-hazardous work by children (ages 12 to 14) of less than 14 hours during the reference week (for more details see ILO-IPEC, Diallo, Y., et al. (2013)).

Global aggregates and cross-country data are not publicly available for 'children in child labour' as per the conceptual definition above. The ILO tends to report figures of economically active children for the broadest age bracket (5-17 years of age). The World Bank - World Development Indicators also report figures of economically active children, but use a narrower age definition (7-14 years of age). In both cases, 'economically active' refers to children who work for at least one hour during a reference week.

Because of the limitations of the data, academic studies often focus on children's time allocation, which leaves more room for exploring the consequences of employment on other activities, such as school attendance. These studies tend to rely on country-specific survey data.

Terminology

Many studies distinguish between 'children in child labour' and 'children in employment', while using the terms 'working children', 'children in economic activity' and 'children in employment' interchangeably. In such cases, the former ('children in child labour') are considered a subset of the latter ('children in employment' or any of the aforementioned interchangeable terms).

As noted above, children in child labour include those in worst forms of child labour and children in employment below the minimum age, excluding children in permissible light work-where "permissible light work" is defined as any non-hazardous work by children (ages 12 to 14) of less than 14 hours during the reference week (for more details see ILO-IPEC, Diallo, Y., et al. (2013)).

Data quality

Schultz and Strauss (2008) provide a complete account of the particular challenges that arise from measuring children employment through household surveys. The authors highlight difficulties arising from coverage (i.e. capturing the most vulnerable children through random sampling) and accuracy (i.e. misreported hours worked and sensitivity to the recall period used).

Cunningham and Viazzo (1996) and Humphries (2010) note similar challenges in the use of national census and household survey data for accurate coverage of the incidence of child labour. There remains a generally accepted consensus that census data is likely to underestimate the scale of child labour for several reasons. This is particuarly important in case of later censuses, where national regulation required children to be in education; in this case, child labour was likely to be underreported, for fear of prosecution. These estimates therefore often underrepresent the numerous children, particularly girls, who worked unpaid at home. Since census results typically capture data from households, this often limits coverage to children who live within a family household. This can exclude children either orphaned, or living on the streets- in many cases, we might expect the incidence of child labour to be more prevalent in these demographics.

Specifically regarding the information published by the World Bank in their World Development Indicators, it is important to highlight that, while definitions are standardized (children in employment are always defined as those children aged 7-14 involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the reference week of the corresponding survey), the data-collection instruments are not standardized across the different sub-sources feeding the consolidated dataset. It is because of this that many policy reports (such as the much-referenced report Marking Progress Against Child Labour (2013)) 'homogenize' the data before reporting estimates, by correcting for discrepancies in the underlying survey instruments. Those visualizations presented here that use the consolidated data published by the World Bank have not been corrected.

Issues of consistency across different survey instruments in the World Bank consolidated data can help us explain country-specific patterns that are otherwise difficult to interpret. Consider the case of India. As can be appreciated in this visualization, the incidence of child labour in India seems to jump up in 2006, only to go back in 2010 to the levels that would have been predicted with the observations from 2000 and 2005. After checking the survey catalogue, it becomes clear that the estimates for 2006 come from the country's Demographic and Health Survey, while those for the other years come from consecutive rounds of the National Sample Survey. Cases such as this illustrate why current academic studies typically rely on data stemming from a single survey instrument, such as UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.

Data and research gaps

In addition to the above-mentioned difficulties related to measurement, there are also important limitations in the way child labour data is made available.

As pointed out before, most UN reports publish global child labour estimates for custom age brackets, and only sometimes break down estimates by gender and type of work (including distinctions for 'light work', 'hazardous work', etc.). To our knowledge, there are no publicly available cross-country estimates of the evolution of child labour, broken down simultaneously by gender, age and type of work.

This is unfortunate, since a set of time-series constructed from ' contingency tables' cutting across age, gender and type of work would give us a much better picture of where to focus our efforts to fight child labour. Constructing such tables should be straightforward from the depurated micro-data used to produce the existing global reports.

Relatedly, it would be similarly helpful if the depurated cross-country series published in the World Bank - World Development Indicators were expanded to account for more flexible definitions of economic activity beyond "one hour of work in the reference week".

Some exercises along these lines have already been undertaken in academia. As we discuss above, Schultz and Strauss (2008) present estimates of 'children in economic activity', by type of activity (market work and domestic work) and by number of hours worked. To do this, the authors used mainly UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) from 2000 and 2001. It would be extremely helpful for researchers and policymakers if such exercises were updated and published regularly in open-access data portals.

Regarding gaps in empirical research, it is important to highlight the lack of robust evidence speaking to the consequences of child labour on future outcomes - such as the working children's subsequent health and earnings in adulthood. Schultz and Strauss (2008) provide a summary of available evidence on this research front. The body of literature is thin and the econometric results tend to be fragile because of difficulties to establish causality.

A related research question for which there is little robust empirical evidence is whether child labor is the result of 'agency problems' - namely, whether children work because parents fail to fully consider the tradeoffs and costs that work has on their children.

Children in employment (country-specific historical data)

Toniolo and Vecchi (2008)

Data Source: Toniolo, Gianni, and Giovanni Vecchi. Italian Children at Work. 1881-1961. Giornale degli economisti e Annali di economia (2007): 401-427.

Description of available measures: Share of children ages 10-14 (total, and by gender) who are economically active

Time span: 1981-1961

Geographical coverage: Italy

Cunningham and Viazzo (1996)

Data Source: Cunningham, Hugh, and Pier Paolo Viazzo. Child Labour in Historical Perspective 1800-1985: Case Studies from Europe, Japan and Colombia. No. hisper96/1. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 1996.

Description of available measures: Share of boys and girls (ages 10-14) recorded as working

Time span: 1851-1911

Geographical coverage: United Kingdom

World Development Indicators published by the World Bank (based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank)

The main source of consolidated data on child labour is the inter-agency research cooperation programme Understanding Children's Work. The principal source for this programme is the ILO's Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour (SIMPOC), which is the statistical arm of the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC). Understanding Children's Work links the SIMPOC data with data produced by the World Bank (specifically the Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study datasets) and UNICEF (specifically datasets produced with the organization's so-called Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys); as well as data from direct partnerships with national statistical offices. Details about the corresponding household surveys used to produce these datasets, including information about sample size, sample units and coverage, can be found in survey catalog of Understanding Children's Work.

Data Source: Understanding Children's Work project based on data from ILO, UNICEF and the World Bank. This data is published by the World Bank.

Description of available measures:

Geographical coverage: Global by country (predominantly low and middle income countries)

Link: http://data.worldbank.org/indicators

ILO - ILOSTAT (formerly ILO - LABORSTA)

The ILO Programme on Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population (EPEAP) has been producing statistics on labour force participation (for adults and children) since 1945, through the database known as ILOSTAT (formerly LABORSTA). Many studies rely on the LABORSTA/ILOSTAT data to shed light on the extent of child labour in the 20th century, before ILO started producing specialized child labour data. LABORSTA/ILOSTAT data is however problematic as a source to measure child labour, since data on work inside the household (even market work) are often not collected. Schultz and Strauss (2008) say that this source is not reliably useful for analyzing changes in child labor over time, given that the survey instruments, coverage, and estimation methodologies are not designed for this purpose.

Data Source: ILO Programme on Estimates and Projections of the Economically Active Population (EPEAP), through the

Description of available measures: Labour force participation rates by age groups

Time span: Since 1950

Geographical coverage: Global by country

Link: http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/

Children's time allocation (cross-country data)

UNICEF MICS

The UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, which can be obtained upon request, contain rich information about children's time allocation in 108 countries (essentially the same set of countries for which the World Bank publishes the data referenced above). They include a child labour module which asks children 5-14 whether they work outside of their household in the last week and the last year as well as how many hours they worked outside the household in the last week. The surveys also collect hours in the last week for work in domestic chores and in the household business.

Data Source: UNICEF MICS

Description of available measures: Children's time allocation outside their household and in domestic chores in the household

Time span: 1994-2015

Geographical coverage: Global by country (predominantly low and middle income countries)

Link: http://mics.unicef.org/

Composite indices

Maplecroft's Child Labour Index

Maplecroft's Child Labour Index evaluates the frequency and severity of reported child labour incidents in 197 countries. The private risk analysis firm producing the data does not provide details about its methodology, but it does produce periodic analysis reports that are publicly available. Further information can be found on Maplecroft's website.

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Why and where do children work? How did child labor change over time?

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The Heihe-Tengchong line is an imaginary line that divides China diagonally into two, cutting across the country from Tengchong in Yunnan to Heihe in Heilongjiang, on the Russian border. To the east of the line is 43 per cent of the country's land and 94 per cent of the total population. To the west, 57 per cent of the land but only 6 per cent of the people.

The line was first imagined by National Central University population geographer Hu Huanyong in 1935, but just within the past day it has recaptured the attention of thousands on social media.

According to 1935 statistics, territory west of the line comprised 57 per cent of China's total area but only 4 per cent of the country's population. Despite mass migration of Han Chinese to the far west after 1949 and the exemption of minority peoples from planned birth policies, in 2002 still only 6 per cent of the population was in the west.

If you're a fan of population geography and infographics (and who isn't?) then you'll also love this map that captured the attention of people around the world this year:

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INFOGRAPHIC: The invisible line that divides 94% of China's people from the other 6%

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The Heihe-Tengchong line is an imaginary line that divides China diagonally into two, cutting across the country from Tengchong in Yunnan to Heihe in Heilongjiang, on the Russian border. To the east of the line is 43 per cent of the country's land and 94 per cent of the total population.

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Karte

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Infografik und Links zu weiteren Infografiken zu verwandten Themen

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We're all by now familiar with the term 'carbon footprint', but what about our water footprint? While most people have their upcoming bill in mind when taking a long shower or watering the lawn, does anyone really think about H20 when grocery shopping?

As the infographic below shows, depending on your diet, the food we buy can have a huge water footprint. If you buy 1kg of beef for a barbecue at the weekend, there has been an average of 15,415 liters of water used in its production!

Breaking up meat's monopoly as the most thirsty food type is nuts, with 9,063 liters of water needed to produce the average kilo. Further down the scale are fruits and vegetables, requiring 962 and 322 liters per kilogram respectively. In terms of the most water-efficient way to consume calories, the best option from this list is cereals -one kilocalorie demanding 0.51 liters.

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We're all by now familiar with the term 'carbon footprint', but what about our water footprint? While most people have their upcoming bill in mind when taking a long shower or watering the lawn, does anyone really think about H20 when grocery shopping?

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Animierte Karte: Effektive Klimaklassifikation nach Köppen u. Geiger, Veränderungen 1976-2100

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Animierte Karte: Effektive Klimaklassifikation nach Köppen u. Geiger, Veränderungen 1976-2100

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Twitter-Thread zum Entstehungsprozess wissenschaftlicher Aussagen in anerkannten Publikationen. Impulsgeber für Methode "Tatsachen und Meinungen"?
Klick: https://twitter.com/TrevorABranch/status/1033209408073789440

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Less than 4% of the global ocean is fished, not 55% as reported in a recent Science article. 
 
https://t.co/Duy7j8eWRW

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Less than 4% of the global ocean is fished, not 55% as reported in a recent Science article. 
 
https://t.co/Duy7j8eWRW https://t.co/VCrkkOoCcK

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Less than 4% of the global ocean is fished, not 55% as reported in a recent Science article. 
 
https://t.co/Duy7j8eWRW https://t.co/VCrkkOoCcK

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
Less than 4% of the global ocean is fished, not 55% as reported in a recent Science article. 
 
https://t.co/Duy7j8eWRW https://t.co/VCrkkOoCcK

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
Less than 4% of the global ocean is fished, not 55% as reported in a recent Science article. 
 
https://t.co/Duy7j8eWRW

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Spilhaus-Projektion zeigt das Meer als Zentrum der Welt

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Athelstan Spilhaus (1911-1998), géophysicien et océanographe, propose une représentation de la Terre centrée sur les océans. Les pôles sont placés en Amérique du Sud et en Chine, déformant particulièrement les continents, mais les océans se confondent en une mer intérieure fermée.

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Athelstan Spilhaus (1911-1998), géophysicien et océanographe, propose une représentation de la Terre centrée sur les océans. Les pôles sont placés en Amérique du Sud et en Chine, déformant particulièrement les continents, mais les océans se confondent en une mer intérieure fermée.

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Spilhaus-Projektion zeigt das Meer als Zentrum der Welt

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Athelstan Spilhaus (1911-1998), géophysicien et océanographe, propose une représentation de la Terre centrée sur les océans. Les pôles sont placés en Amérique du Sud et en Chine, déformant particulièrement les continents, mais les océans se confondent en une mer intérieure fermée.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Athelstan Spilhaus (1911-1998), géophysicien et océanographe, propose une représentation de la Terre centrée sur les océans. Les pôles sont placés en Amérique du Sud et en Chine, déformant particulièrement les continents, mais les océans se confondent en une mer intérieure fermée.

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Expansionsprozess, Visualisierung

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The port of Rotterdam is Europe's largest sea port. The port owes its leading position to its outstanding accessibility for sea-going vessels. In addition, the port of Rotterdam creates direct and indirect employment for some 385,000 people, in businesses throughout the Netherlands. A place where unlimited ambitions can become reality.

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Expansionsprozess, Visualisierung

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The port of Rotterdam is Europe's largest sea port. The port owes its leading position to its outstanding accessibility for sea-going vessels. In addition, the port of Rotterdam creates direct and indirect employment for some 385,000 people, in businesses throughout the Netherlands. A place where unlimited ambitions can become reality.

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Artikel und Verlinkungen zu Zusammenhängen zwischen Ernährungsgewohnheiten, wirtschaftlichen Interessen, Ernährungssicherheit und Klimawandel. Als Hintergrund, aber auch als Impulsgeber für unterrichtliche Leitfragen geeignet.

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A series of new reports shows how climate change is intertwined with the world's worsening health, and suggests changes in the global food production system.

An influential group of investors has added its voice to a growing chorus of health professionals and scientists who are calling for radical changes to agriculture and food consumption in an effort to fight climate change, malnutrition and obesity.

A handful of new reports emphasize that climate change and the world's worsening health are urgent, intertwined crises. One of them calls for an international treaty to address the problem.

A scientific study published Monday also shows how "food production shocks" linked to climate change have been rising globally, putting food security at risk. The researchers identified nearly 230 food production shocks, in 134 countries, from 1961 to 2013, and said the frequency of crop production shocks driven by extreme weather had been increasing steadily. Food shocks threaten to destabilize the global food supply and drive up global hunger rates, which have started to tick up in recent years.

"Land-based crop and livestock production are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events such as drought, which are expected to become more frequent and intense with climate change," said Richard Cottrell of the University of Tasmania, the report's lead author.

The drumbeat for change in food and nutrition gained volume this month with the release of a detailed plan by an international commission organized by the prestigious medical journal The Lancet. The plan urges a major overhaul in food production and diets, or what one of the report's authors called "nothing less than a new global agricultural revolution."

A second Lancet-convened commission, this one focused on obesity, issued a report on Sunday arguing for an international treaty to address global diets and climate change, similar to a landmark 2005 global treaty that aimed to cut tobacco use.

Then on Tuesday, 80 investor groups representing more than $6.5 trillion in assets called on six of the largest fast food companies, including McDonald's and the corporate owners of KFC and Pizza Hut, to set targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions from their meat and dairy supply chains.

Food production, globally, is responsible for about a third of greenhouse gas emissions, largely from meat and dairy production. Nearly 85 million Americans -or nearly a third of the population-eat at a fast food restaurant on any given day. But, as the Lancet report on obesity notes, demand for convenience and protein are rising in the developing world, too.

"This is the largest-emitting sector that doesn't have a low-carbon plan," said Brooke Barton, a senior director with Ceres, the sustainability group that co-organized the investor campaign. "While some companies in some high-emitting industries, like the electric power industry, are starting to set goals and transform their business models in line with the Paris climate agreement, the meat and dairy industry is digging in its hooves."

'The Global Syndemic'

The Lancet Commision on Obesity, made up of more than 40 experts from 14 countries, says that, while its original mandate was to address obesity, it reframed its mission to address the pandemics of obesity, malnutrition and climate change-or what it called "the triple-burden challenges of The Global Syndemic."

"We decided we have to look at this with a systems approach. It's not people's fault," said Vivica Kraak, a professor of food and nutrition policy at Virginia Tech who contributed to the report. "The environments they live in foster overconsumption and unsustainable choices."

The authors say that malnutrition, obesity and other diet-related conditions are the leading cause of poor health globally and that climate change will amplify them.

"It's about poor diet quality whether you're in a high-income country or a low-income country. And with climate change, you have greenhouse gas emissions with animal agriculture, but we also have a lot of food waste," Kraak said. "We really need to radically change the food system and the way we eat. It's all connected."

The report says that obesity is increasing in every region of the world largely because "the systemic and institutional drivers of obesity remain largely unabated" and are being driven by "powerful commercial interests."

As with climate change, the commission says, "the enormous health and economic burdens caused by obesity are not seen as urgent enough to generate the public demand or political will to implement the recommendations of expert bodies for effective action." But, it says, the dangers are as critical.

Industry Pressure and Dietary Guidelines

In the Lancet's other recent report on climate change and diet, the EAT-Lancet Commission called for a "comprehensive shift" in global diets, including cutting meat consumption roughly in half, and for governments to factor sustainability into their dietary guidance.

This week's report underscores the urgency of that guidance and points out how industry pressure has undermined the process.

"For example, when the USA and Australia tried to include sustainability in their national dietary guidelines, vested interests from food industries leaned heavily on their governments to eliminate sustainability from the terms of reference," the report says.

"Reducing the consumption of red meat is a cornerstone for healthy, sustainable diets," the report adds, "but achieving this will be formidable given the current supply and demand dynamics. Western-style fast foods might also be part of aspirational diets for some populations in low-income countries."

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Investors Join Calls for a Food Revolution to Fight Climate Change - Inside Climate News

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An influential group of investors has added its voice to a growing chorus of health professionals and scientists who are calling for radical changes to agriculture and food consumption in an effort to fight climate change, malnutrition and obesity. A handful of new reports emphasize that climate change and the world's worsening health are urgent, intertwined [...]

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NatGeo-Web-Feature. Mögl. Grundlage für Erstellung eines Mysterys?

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What Happens to the Plastic We Throw Out

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How a piece of trash can travel from land to Henderson Island, an uninhabited, remote island in the middle of the South Pacific Ocean.

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Klimawandel in den USA, Wa/Po-Web-Feature

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Klimawandel in den USA, Wa/Po-Web-Feature

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Wie der Klimawandel das Leben der Menschen verändert. Strukturen, Funktionen und Prozesse im Kontext des Alltags.

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Bevölkerung Indien: Raumbedarf der Gesamtbevölkerung bei Bev.-Dichte wie in Delhi

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Bevölkerung Indien: Raumbedarf der Gesamtbevölkerung bei Bev.-Dichte wie in Delhi

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Karte via reddit.com: https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/9xwajj/oc_area_required_if_everyone_in_india_lived_as/?st=JP02C3WY&sh=de3ff558

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Infografiken zum aktuellen Stand (Zeitonline)

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Heimat für Billionen

So viele Lebewesen bevölkern einen durchschnittlich fruchtbaren Kubikmeter Boden.

In allen Farben

Gestein, Feuchtigkeit, Lebewesen: Unzählige Faktoren sorgen dafür, dass rein mineralisches Material in Jahrtausenden zu unterschiedlichen Bodenarten wird. Eine kleine Auswahl

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Wie viel der Erdoberfläche ist bepflanzt, welches Land düngt wie viel - und was lebt in der Erde? Diese sechs Grafiken bringen einem den Boden näher.

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Nachhaltige Nahrungsmittelversorgung: Beispiele für Meinungen zum Beitrag pflanzlicher Milch

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Nachhaltige Nahrungsmittelversorgung: Beispiele für Meinungen zum Beitrag pflanzlicher Milch

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Soziale Netzwerke bieten eine Vielfalt an Impulsen für frische Leitfragen, Tatsachen-und-Meinungen-Aufgaben, Analysen oder Bewertungen mit Raumkonzeptematrix, Wertequadrat oder Nachhaltigkeitsdreieck...
https://twitter.com/ChesterVegans/status/1032168644841754624?s=20

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Today is #WorldPlantMilkDay ! Remember these things:-

1. You’re not a baby cow
2. Plant mills are highly nutritious without high fat levels or pregnancy hormones 
3. Plant mills are kinder to the planet
4. Cows don’t want their babies killed/separated from them just after birth

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.original_text
Today is #WorldPlantMilkDay ! Remember these things:-

1. You’re not a baby cow
2. Plant mills are highly nutritious without high fat levels or pregnancy hormones 
3. Plant mills are kinder to the planet
4. Cows don’t want their babies killed/separated from them just after birth https://t.co/P7BA1fDMYk

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props_source.data.text
Today is #WorldPlantMilkDay ! Remember these things:-

1. You’re not a baby cow
2. Plant mills are highly nutritious without high fat levels or pregnancy hormones 
3. Plant mills are kinder to the planet
4. Cows don’t want their babies killed/separated from them just after birth https://t.co/P7BA1fDMYk

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
Today is #WorldPlantMilkDay ! Remember these things:-

1. You’re not a baby cow
2. Plant mills are highly nutritious without high fat levels or pregnancy hormones 
3. Plant mills are kinder to the planet
4. Cows don’t want their babies killed/separated from them just after birth https://t.co/P7BA1fDMYk

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
Today is #WorldPlantMilkDay ! Remember these things:-

1. You’re not a baby cow
2. Plant mills are highly nutritious without high fat levels or pregnancy hormones 
3. Plant mills are kinder to the planet
4. Cows don’t want their babies killed/separated from them just after birth

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Green Shipping - (Wie) kann Seetransport umweltverträglich(er) werden?

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Green Shipping - (Wie) kann Seetransport umweltverträglich(er) werden?

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Die Vorstellung klingt ziemlich unwirklich, ja vielleicht absurd: Würden an einem einzigen Tag sämtliche unter der Flagge der Marshall Inseln registrierten Schiffe ihren Heimathafen Majuro anlaufen, - die mehrere Quadratkilometer große Lagune von Majuro wäre zu klein, um alle aufzunehmen. Denn insgesamt sind es mehr als 2.000 Schiffe, deren Eigner sich für die kleine Insel-Republik im Zentral-Pazifik als Flaggen-Staat entschieden haben, darunter nicht nur große Container-Schiffe und andere Ozeanriesen, sondern auch Öl-Tanker und sogar Bohrinseln.

Das Motiv für das "Aus-Flaggen" ist bekannt: Die Marshall Inseln sind ein Steuerparadies, für Reeder und Schiffseigner, für Unternehmer jedweder Art. Tausende von Firmen unterhalten auf dem kaum 50 Kilometer langen Atoll Briefkästen, um in ihren Herkunftsländern Steuern zu umgehen. Tatsächlich laufen die meisten Schiffe mit der Flagge der Marshall Islands am Mast ihren Heimathafen Majuro niemals an.

Bedrohlicher Anstieg des Meeresspiegels

Allerdings gerät die Registrierung einer so großen Zahl von Schiffen im Steuerparadies Marshall Islands immer mehr in Konflikt mit einer ganz anderen Entwicklung: Der Inselstaat kämpft mit dramatischen Folgen des Klimawandels: Tropische Wirbelstürme, Überschwemmungen, Dürre, Wasserknappheit. Der Anstieg des Meeresspiegels bedroht das Leben der Menschen auf den Atollen.

Die Marshall-Inseln sind besonders vom Klimawandel betroffen. (dpa/picture-alliance)
Deswegen hat sich die Führung der kleinen Republik entschlossen, in den nächsten Jahren ehrgeizige Klimaziele durchzusetzen - insbesondere für den Seetransport, der für die Inseln lebenswichtig ist. Und deswegen stellen sich die Marshall Inseln auf internationalen Konferenzen an die Spitze der Bewegung für "Green Shipping", das heißt, für eine umweltfreundliche Passage auf den Weltmeeren.

Der weltweite Seetransport war beim Pariser Klimaschutz-Abkommen 2015 noch gänzlich ausgeklammert worden. Ausgerechnet aus dem - von der Hauptstadt Majuro aus gesehen - fernen Deutschland, der ehemaligen Kolonialmacht im 19. Jahrhundert, kommt Unterstützung bei der Verwirklichung der Klima-Ziele: An der ehemaligen Seefahrtsschule der ostfriesischen Kreisstadt Leer werden technische Lösungen entwickelt, damit die Frachtschiffe im Pazifik weniger Diesel, möglichst kein Schweröl und eines Tages überhaupt keine fossilen Brennstoffe mehr verheizen.

"Wir haben jetzt mit einem Projekt begonnen. Dieses Projekt heißt: 'Transition to low carbon sea transport', ein Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der Regierung der Marshall Islands, der University of the South Pacific, der Hochschule Emden-Leer, der Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, die unser Umweltministerium vertritt.

Dieses Projekt hat zum Ziel, dort die emissions-arme, CO2-arme Schifffahrt zu propagieren und technische Lösungen zu finden."

Michael Vahs ist Professor an der Hochschule Emden-Leer. Vahs weiß, wie schmutzig eine Seefahrt sein kann. Für die Reedereien Hamburg-Süd und Hapag-Lloyd war er im Pazifik und auf dem Atlantik unterwegs. Als Kapitän eines Stückgutfrachters transportierte er später in Skandinavien Holzprodukte.

Segelmaschine könnte die saubere Lösung sein

Heute arbeitet Vahs zusammen mit anderen Professoren sowie Studentinnen und Studenten mit Hochdruck und großer Begeisterung daran, möglichst bald technische Lösungen für einen sauberen Schiffstransport im Pazifik anzubieten. Eine Variante wurde auf dem Frachtschiff "Fehn Pollux" getestet; sie basiert auf der Weiterentwicklung einer Erfindung, die schon vor fast 100 Jahren gemacht wurde, dem sogenannten Flettner-Rotor.

"E-Ship 1", erster moderner Prototyp eines Schiffs mit Flettner-Säulenantrieb: Der sogenannte Flettner-Rotor könnte die saubere Lösung für den Schiffsverkehr und eine Entlastung der Umwelt darstellen (picture alliance / dpa / Ingo Wagner)
"Ein Flettner-Rotor ist eine Segelmaschine. Funktioniert ganz ähnlich wie klassische Segel, allerdings viel effizienter. Man braucht viel weniger Segelfläche im Vergleich des Segelsystems, wie es zum Beispiel auf der 'Gorch Fock' angeordnet ist."

Der 18 Meter hohe Flettner-Rotor, der auf dem Frachter "Fehn Pollux" montiert wurde, nutzt durch elektrisch erzeugte Umdrehungen die Windströmung in der Weise, dass dadurch - wie beim Segel - zusätzliche Schubkraft entsteht oder "Vortrieb", wie die Wissenschaftler sagen. - Professor Vahs nimmt noch einmal die Takelage der "Gorch Fock" als Vergleich:

"Man könnte mit wenigen kleinen Zylindern Flettner-Rotoren die gleiche Segelleistung erzielen, wie die 'Gorch Fock' jetzt mit einem riesigen Rick erzielt. Wir rechnen ganz grob mit einem Verhältnis von zehn zu eins. Das heißt, ein Flettner-Rotor ersetzt die zehnfache Fläche eines konventionellen Segels."

Kreuzfahrtschiffe sind eine enorme Belastung für die Umwelt - doch auch der Warentransport durch Frachter schädigt das Klima (Harald Brandt/Deutschlandradio)

Etwa 90 Prozent der weltweiten Warenströme sind Seetransporte. Der Schiffsverkehr, wäre dieser ein Land, stünde an sechster Stelle der internationalen Verschmutzungsskala.

Hauptsächlich sind es die fossilen Brennstoffe mit ihren Schadstoffen, also Kohlendioxid und Schwefel, die neben einigen anderen Gasen die selbstzerstörerische Erderwärmung verursachen: Voran das schwefelstoffhaltige Schweröl, das im Prozess der Raffinerie eigentlich ein Abfallprodukt ist, aber gerade deshalb gern eingesetzt wird, weil es so billig ist. Und nicht zu vergessen: Diesel!

Fehlendes Problembewusstsein

Ruß-Fontänen aus den Schornsteinen von Kreuzfahrtschiffen sind der sichtbarste Ausdruck von Umwelt-Verschmutzung. Wissenschaftler, die mit Statistiken umgehen, machen Emissionen im Schiffstransport für den vorzeitigen Tod von Hundertausenden Menschen verantwortlich. Von den Folgen für andere Lebewesen gar nicht zu reden.

Das Bewusstsein, dass auch die Seeschifffahrt einen eigenen Beitrag leisten muss, damit der Klimawandel mit seinen verheerenden Folgen nicht ungehindert voranschreitet, dieses Bewusstsein bleibt in der Branche vorerst noch auf einen kleinen Kreis beschränkt. Von einem Durchbruch zu "Green Shipping", der längst überfällig wäre, kann noch keine Rede sein.

Das fehlende Problembewusstsein für einen radikalen Kurswechsel im globalen Seetransport machte im Frühsommer die Messe "Breakbulk 2018" in Bremen deutlich. Auf der weltweit größten Stückgut-Messe, die sich hauptsächlich um Schiffsverkehr und Hafenwirtschaft drehte, herrschte ein weitgehend unbekümmerter Glaube an den ungebremsten wirtschaftlichen Fortschritt zu den bisherigen Bedingungen. Nur einige der aus aller Welt angereisten Aussteller fühlen sich dem "Green Shipping" verpflichtet, dem Motto für den Umweltschutz auf See.

"Ich denke, es ist für jeden von uns wichtig, die Umwelt sauber zu halten. Sonst stehen wir vor noch größeren Problemen, nicht nur im Bereich der Logistik, sondern überall auf der Welt."

Yu Fotion ist Marketing-Direktor der Xianling-Gruppe, die ihre Zentrale in der Hafenstadt Wuhan am Jangtse-Fluss in Zentralchina hat und weltweit im Warentransport unterwegs ist.

Ana Blanco vertritt auf der "Breakbulk 2018" in Bremen das britische Unternehmen Tuscor Lloyds, das in Manchester ansässig ist und über ein Netz von Schiffsagenten in 80 Ländern den Stückgut-Transport organisiert:

"Ich denke, das ist eines der großen Probleme, um das wir uns kümmern müssen. Das Schiff bedeutet eine Gefahr für die Umwelt. Manche Ladungen bergen große Risiken. Eigner und Reeder brauchen klare Vorgaben für den Umbau und Neubau von Schiffen, und zwar jetzt, nicht erst in hundert Jahren. Dann ist es zu spät. Es muss jetzt passieren."

Schwefelhaltige Kraftstoffe zurückdrängen

Die Europäische Union will Schweröl auf See ab 2020 ganz verbieten. Davon verspricht sich der Amerikaner Ian Hirt eine Menge. Er ist Hafendirektor des Port of Indiana in den USA. In dieser Funktion kümmert er sich um die Reinhaltung der Großen Seen, der "Great Lakes". Das sind fünf zusammenhängende Süßwasser-Seen in Nordamerika entlang der amerikanisch-kanadischen Grenze.

"Wir wollen schwefelhaltige Kraftstoffe zurückdrängen, sodass der Ausstoß von Schwefel geringer ist, wenn die Schiffe die Großen Seen erreichen."

Für die Großen Seen gelten strenge Vorschriften, deren Einhaltung kontrolliert und überwacht wird:

"Der Hafen von Indiana ist Mitglied einer Organisation, die 'Green Marine' heißt. Viele verschiedene Organisationen in den Great Lakes sind bemüht, den Schiffsverkehr und den Hafenbetrieb in den Großen Seen so umweltfreundlich wie möglich zu gestalten."

Die in Hamburg ansässige "Sailing Ship Society", die sich um den Schiffsantrieb durch klassische Segel kümmert, hat errechnet, dass ein Erzfrachter vom brasilianischen Erz-Umschlaghafen Tubarao auf der fast 11.500 Seemeilen weite Strecke nach Qingdao, dem ehemaligen Tsingtau, an der chinesischen Ostküste, etwa 34 Tage unterwegs ist und pro Tag bis zu 40 Tonnen Schweröl verbraucht. Kostenpunkt für die Hinfahrt: eine halbe Million Dollar. Wegen der widrigen Luft- und Meeresströmungen liegen die Treibstoffkosten für die Rückfahrt noch höher - bei rund 700 000 Dollar.

Gigantische Umweltschäden

In dieser Kalkulation sind die Kosten für die Umwelt - sprich Verunreinigung der Luft, des Meeres und die Abfallbeseitigung an Land - nicht enthalten. Bei Zehntausenden von Schiffen, die Tag und Nacht weltweit unterwegs sind, summieren sich die Schäden auf gigantische Summen, die in keiner Berechnung auftauchen, aber eine gewaltige Hypothek für gegenwärtige und kommende Generationen darstellen. Ian Hirt, der Hafendirektor von Portage, ist sich dieser Dimension bewusst. Dass der amerikanische Präsident den Klimawandel leugnet, weiß Hirt:

"Der Präsident sieht viele Dinge auf eine sehr eigene Weise. Ich bin überzeugt, die Menschen in den USA fühlen sich dem Klimaschutz sehr verpflichtet. Und ich hoffe, dass die Regierung dem folgt, was die meisten Amerikaner denken."

Trotz der sichtbaren Folgen des Klimawandels fehlt bei vielen Menschen das Problembewusstsein für einen verantwortlichen Umgang mit der Umwelt (Picture Alliance / dpa / Andreas Engelhardt)
Die Hansestadt Rostock ist auf der Bremer Messe "Breakbulk 2018" ebenfalls mit einem eigenen Stand vertreten. Als Fracht- und Fischereihafen zählt Rostock zu den wichtigsten Umschlagplätzen an der Ostsee und ist zugleich Anlaufstelle für Kreuzfahrtschiffe und Fähren. Wenn es um "Green Shipping" geht, also um den umweltfreundlichen Seetransport, steht Ronald Schulz, der Leiter der Hafenwirtschaft Rostock, vor ähnlichen Problemen wie sein US-Kollege Ian Hirt vom Port of Indiana:

"Rostock arbeitet auch an der Verbesserung der Umweltbedingungen. Jede Frage der Emissionen spielt dort eine Rolle. Es geht also nicht nur um den Verkehr, sondern teilweise auch, was die Häfen betrifft, um Stäube. Und natürlich akutes Thema ist diese Diskussion um Landstrom, ob das für den Rostocker Hafen eine Rolle spielen kann."

Akutes Problem Landstrom

Beim Landstrom geht es darum, dass die im Hafen angedockten Schiffe nicht mehr zur eigenen Stromversorgung ihre Dieselmotoren laufen lassen, sondern den Strom von Land beziehen. Allerdings ist Voraussetzung, dass genügend Stark-Strom vorgehalten wird.

"Wir zum Beispiel als einer der kleinen Häfen stellen unsere Technik im Moment um auf Hybrid-Technik und energie-effiziente Kran-Technik, die wir dort gerade gezielt kaufen. Neu ist natürlich auch, dass wir auf die Dezibel-Daten achten, was für Geräusche die Maschinen selber abgeben."

Für die Ostsee gelten bereits Schutzzonen, in denen Schiffe nicht mehr mit Schweröl fahren dürfen. Der Ausstoß von Schadstoffen ist nach Angaben von Schulz schon deutlich zurückgegangen.

Die italienische Reederei Grimaldi hat sich "Green Shipping" inzwischen deutlich auf ihre Fahnen geschrieben. Das traditionsreiche Unternehmen operiert mit einer Flotte von hoch spezialisierten Schiffen zumeist auf festen Routen zwischen Europa, Afrika und Südamerika. Der Transport von Neufahrzeugen gehört zu den Spezialitäten der Reederei, die in Hamburg eine Niederlassung mit einem eigenen Terminal unterhält. Dirk Pichlmeyer ist kaufmännischer Direktor von Grimaldi Hamburg:

"Die Reederei ist dabei, neue Schiffe jetzt in Auftrag zu geben auch mit diesem Green-Shipping-Motto. Grimaldi ist dabei, alternative Antriebe auch schon einzusetzen. Es werden schon Schiffe umgebaut, die teilweise mit Silicium-Batterien ergänzt werden, damit man in den Häfen selber die Maschinen und die Motoren abstellen kann. Es gibt ja die andere Variante mit den Scrubbern, wo man eben versucht, das Schweröl zu reinigen. Die beiden Varianten sind im Moment im Spiel."

Scrubber sind Filter, die den Ausstoß von Rußpartikeln und anderen Schadstoffen verhindern sollen. Diese Stoffe setzen sich in der Lunge fest oder legen sich wie ein dunkler Film auf das Polareis, das dadurch noch schneller schmilzt.

Wettlauf gegen die Zeit

In Oldenburg trafen sich im Juni Wissenschaftler, Reeder, Schiffbauer und Politiker, um sich über die neuesten technischen Möglichkeiten zur Durchsetzung von Klimazielen im Seetransport auszutauschen. "GreenShipping Niedersachsen" hatte die Konferenz einberufen. Der seit 2015 bestehende Dachverband forciert nicht nur die Erforschung umweltfreundlicher Antriebstechnologien, sondern auch deren praktische Umsetzung im Schiffbau. Professor Michael Vahs von der Hochschule Emden-Leer berichtete in Oldenburg über den Flettner-Rotor, der in Norddeutschland erprobt und dann auf Frachtschiffen der Marshall Inseln eingesetzt werden soll:

"Wir haben einen wichtigen Meilenstein erreicht. Der Rotor, der betriebsbereit an Land stand und getestet war auf dem Teststand, ist nun auf das Schiff gekommen, mit einem Schwerlastkran auf das Schiff gehoben, auf einen fertigen Flansch, der vorbereitet war, verschraubt. Und jetzt ist das ganze System betriebsbereit. In wenigen Tagen geht es dann auf die erste Probefahrt."

Vahs äußerte sich auch zu dem Kompromiss, den die Internationale Schifffahrts-Organisation der Vereinten Nationen im Frühjahr in London beschlossen hatte. Statt die klimaschädlichen Emissionen im Seetransport bis zum Jahr 2050 ganz zu verbieten, wie die Marshall Inseln gefordert hatten, wurde lediglich eine Halbierung beschlossen, und zwar gemessen am Ausstoß im Jahre 2008.

"Das reicht bei Weitem noch nicht. Ich finde es gut, dass Insel-Länder wie Marshall Islands und auch andere benachbarte Länder Druck machen, weil es für sie eine existenzielle Frage ist. Wir sollten gut daran tun, demgegenüber aufgeschlossen aufzutreten. Die Verursacher der Klima-Problematik, das sind die industrialisierten Länder."

Der Kampf gegen den Klimawandel ist zugleich ein Wettlauf gegen die Zeit.

"Wir haben nicht so viel Zeit. Wir dürfen da nicht in zu kleinen Schritten vorgehen, wir müssen eigentlich mutig voranschreiten, denn in etwa 30 Jahren brauchen wir die emissionsfreie Schifffahrt."

Ähnlich wie Michael Vahs argumentierte auch Peter Schenzle auf der "GreenShipping"-Tagung in Oldenburg. Schenzle, Jahrgang 1940, Schiffbau-Ingenieur, hat sein ganzes Berufsleben der schiffstechnischen Forschung gewidmet und dabei eine Reihe von Umwelt-Projekten vorangetrieben. Am bekanntesten ist das "Indosail-Projekt" - ein Frachtschiff mit Segelantrieb, von dem mehrere Prototypen gebaut wurden. Ursprünglich sollte der Frachtsegler in Indonesien im Inselverkehr eingesetzt werden, was dann aber aus politischen Gründen scheiterte.

Klima könnte schneller kippen als bisher angenommen

Die Windkraft wurde sein Herzblut-Thema, sagt Peter Schenzle, der nach wie vor Studentinnen und Studenten an der Technischen Universität in Hamburg-Harburg unterrichtet. Ganz hat der Schiffbauer die Hoffnung noch nicht aufgegeben, dass auf See das Segel eine ähnliche Renaissance erlebt wie das Windrad an Land - ob als Flettner-Rotor oder in Form von neuartigen Segel-Systemen, das sei nicht entscheidend, erklärt er. Sein Credo für Windschiffe hat Peter Schenzle in einem Neun- Punkte-Manifest zusammengefasst. Es beginnt mit dem Appell, alle Hebel in Bewegung zu setzen, bevor die Natur ihren Hebel umlegt, und endet mit den Worten "solare Energieversorgung und direkter Windvortrieb führen zum Ziel."

"Wir Techniker und Naturwissenschaftler dürfen nicht weiter im eigenen Saft kochen, sondern wir müssen laut und deutlich und verständlich auch wir alle klar machen, wie ernst es ist, und dass wir Optionen haben, dass eigentlich alle technischen Möglichkeiten da sind. Denn es könnte ja sein, dass das Klima irgendwann mal kippt.

Die ersten Anzeichen sind ja viel alarmierender als die ersten Prognosen waren. Als Schiffbauer weiß ich das, dass ein Schiff, das bei schönem Wetter sicher zu manövrieren ist, in extremen Zustand, in den ich es treibe, ein Risiko sein kann. Und wenn dieses Risiko global wird, dann sehen wir wirklich schlecht aus."

Das Tempo, in dem die Polkappen abschmelzen und die Eisschilde vor Grönland sich in Wasser auflösen, sind Vorboten dafür, dass das Klima tatsächlich viel schneller als bisher angenommen kippen könnte. Wissenschaftler sprechen von "Kippelementen im Erdgetriebe". Das heißt, bestimmte Entwicklungen erreichen einen Punkt, an dem sie nicht mehr umkehrbar sind; sie verselbstständigen sich.

Dass der Seetransport als einer der wesentlichen Verursacher des Klimawandels seinen Beitrag leisten muss, um solche Szenarien abzuwenden, steht außer Frage. Inzwischen gibt es genügend Beispiele dafür, dass unter der Maxime "Green Shipping" ein Durchbruch zu einem umweltfreundlichen Schiffstransport möglich ist. Ein generelles Verbot von Schweröl ist ein Gebot der Stunde. Bis 2020 zu warten - wegen der Folgen für Mensch und Natur wäre das nicht zu verantworten.

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Klimakiller Schiffsverkehr - Wie "Green Shipping" die Seefahrt verändern soll

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Kreuzfahrten boomen, der internationale Welthandel läuft zu etwa 90 Prozent über den Seeweg: Beides hat verheerende Folgen für die Umwelt. Das Problem ist bekannt - doch noch sind die Verfechter einer klimaverträglichen Seefahrt, dem sogenannten "Green Shipping", in der Minderheit. Dabei haben sie gute Ideen.

# data[].attributes.body
Könnten als Ideengeber für die Gestaltung eines lebendigen Diagramms dienen.
Klick Link:
https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/9awz84/qatar_the_worlds_weirdest_population_pyramid/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Qatar - the world's weirdest population pyramid. Animated 1950-2100. [OC]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
8.0k votes, 485 comments. 15.2m members in the dataisbeautiful community. A place to share and discuss visual representations of data: Graphs ...