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The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition(Spanish: Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition(Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.

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one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351

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Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Empire 

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Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Empire 

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The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war.

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charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.

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was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III.

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an attempt by some leaders of Western Christian states to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin, in 1187.

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The Western Schism split within the Roman Catholic Church that lasted from 1378 to 1417. During that time, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance

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Late in the century, Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus, also threatened by the Seljuk Turks, appealed to the West for aid.

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While it was the first Crusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall.