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How is energy transferred and conserved?

How can energy be harnessed to perform useful tasks?

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How can you alter chemical equilibrium and reaction rates?

How can you predict the relative quantities of products in a chemical reaction?

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What regulates weather and climate?

What effects are humans having on the climate?

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What holds atoms together in molecules?

How do chemical reactions absorb and release energy?

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What is inside atoms and how does this affect how they interact?

What models can we use to predict the outcomes of chemical reactions?

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This resources different types of heat transfer and explains insulator and conductors.

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What is energy, how is it measured, and how does it flow within a system?

What mechanisms allow us to utilize the energy of our foods and fuels?

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The video provides means to explain Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy. The video also integrates the transfer and use of various forms of energy.

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This article explains the 2 types and 9 forms of energy in a comprehensive, yet simple infographic.

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What is Energy?

Energy is the ability to do work. It is what makes matter move or change.

Energy helps you walk across the street, throw a ball into the air, vacuum your house, watch television and ride the bus to school. Some of the above are possible because we have figured out how to convert energy from one form into another and use it to do our work.

Types of energy

There are many types of energy, but they can be categorized into 2 types:

Potential Energy has 4 forms:

1. Chemical energy - the energy stored in the bonds between atoms that holds molecules together

2. Nuclear energy - the energy stored in the nucleus of the atom that holds the nucleus together

3. Gravitational energy - the energy an object has because of its position or height

4. Elastic energy - or stored mechanical energy, is energy stored in an object by the application of force

Kinetic Energy has 5 forms:

1. Mechanical energy - or motion, is the movement of objects or substances from one place to another

2. Electrical energy - the energy from flow of electric charge (movement of electrons in one direction)

3. Thermal energy - or heat energy, the internal energy of a substance due to the vibration of atoms and molecules making up the substance

4. Radiant energy - or light energy, or electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves

5. Sound energy - the movement of energy through substances in the form of compression waves

As a high school freshman, Ani enjoys technical subjects - creating using Autodesk Inventor, Excel vlookups and pivots, WordPress customizations and Arduino programming. He has been blogging since 2nd grade and dabbles in web design and coding when he can. He enjoys STEM subjects and teaching, so STEAMism is a great way for him to combine both.

Energy | Little Scientists Site

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The 2 types and 9 forms of Energy - Kinetic and Potential

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There are 2 energy types and these are classified into 9 forms kinetic (mechanical, electrical, thermal, radiant and sound energy) and potential (chemical, nuclear, gravitational, elastic energy). Let's find out more about these with some examples to help figure out how they "matter" in our daily life,

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Heat transfer and the different mechanisms behind it. Engineering applications and an advanced resource.

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Heat Transfer: Crash Course Engineering #14

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The seafloor is a variety of ages is an anchoring phenomenon about Earth's natural process.

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Simulation Lab. Students can manipulate a system to discover how different variables change substances state of matter.

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Watch different types of molecules form a solid, liquid, or gas. Add or remove heat and watch the phase change. Change the temperature or volume of a container and see a pressure-temperature diagram respond in real time. Relate the interaction potential to the forces between molecules.

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Simulation lab where students can explore how heating and cooling iron and brick in a couple situations would transfer energy.

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Back to HTML5 Version

Topics

Description

Explore how heating and cooling iron, brick, water, and olive oil adds or removes energy. See how energy is transferred between objects. Build your own system, with energy sources, changers, and users. Track and visualize how energy flows and changes through your system.

Sample Learning Goals

Predict how energy will flow when objects are heated or cooled, or for objects in contact that have different temperatures.

Describe the different types of energy and give examples from everyday life.

Describe how energy can change from one form of energy into another.

Explain conservation of energy in real-life systems.

Design a system with energy sources, changers, and users and describe how energy flows and changes one form of energy into another.

Tell the energy story for real-life systems.

Overview of sim controls, model simplifications, and insights into student thinking ( PDF ).

Teacher-Submitted Activities

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Explore how heating and cooling iron, brick, water, and olive oil adds or removes energy. See how energy is transferred between objects. Build your own system, with energy sources, changers, and users. Track and visualize how energy flows and changes through your system.

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What is the science behind nutrition labels? This resources gives a comprehensive view and engaging means to helps students understand how content is discovered and measured.

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ChemMatters: The Science Behind Calories and Nutrition Facts Labels

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What important information is on a nutrition label? Outside of science, what is beneficial for humans to consume from a nutritionists perspective.

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Basic Nutritional Advice : Hints on Reading Food Nutrition Labels

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An lab that students can do at home. This lab explores the pH of water using a red cabbage indicator. Students can explore dynamic equilibrium using this lab to justify their explanation.

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The Sci Guys: Science at Home - SE2 - EP4: Red Cabbage pH Indicator - Acid Base Indicator

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Video explains the ideal gas law and how temperature, pressure, volume, and amount of gas can be manipulated and derive various laws.

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Gallery walk video representation of the history of the atom.

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The 2,400-year search for the atom - Theresa Doud

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Online Simulation where students can see various greenhouse gasses to explore this phenomenon.

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How do greenhouse gases affect the climate? Explore the atmosphere during the ice age and today. What happens when you add clouds? Change the greenhouse gas concentration and see how the temperature changes. Then compare to the effect of glass panes. Zoom in and see how light interacts with molecules.

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What is the evidence for Earth's Layers?

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Students will be able to:

- Describe Earth's internal structure (layers of different material properties and composition) and summarize how this is inferred through the analysis of seismic data

- Estimate the size of Earth's core using a record section from a recent earthquake

- Describe how primary and secondary waves propagate through Earth

Differentiate between Earth's asthenosphere and lithosphere (layers of different mechanical properties)

Objectives:

Students will be able to:

1. Describe Earth's internal structure (layers of different material properties and composition) and summarize how this is inferred through the analysis of seismic data

2. Estimate the size of Earth's core using a record section from a recent earthquake

3. Describe how primary and secondary waves propagate through Earth

4. Differentiate between Earth's asthenosphere and lithosphere (layers of different mechanical properties)

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How do we really know what's inside the Earth? Imaging Earth's interior with seismic waves- Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology

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In this multi-step lab, students explore the concepts of seismic wave propagation through materials with different mechanical properties, and examine seismic evidence from a recent earthquake to infer Earth's internal structure and composition.

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First Law of Thermodynamics, Basic Introduction - Internal Energy, Heat and Work - Chemistry

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This dynamic period table can be manipulated for students to explore various properties, orbitals, and isotopes and compounds.

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Video that describes exothermic and endothermic reactions using examples and direction of reactions activation energy and the energy released.

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What Are Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions | Chemistry | FuseSchool

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Articles that explains the cycling of materials in the hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere.

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Nutrient cycles are systems by which substances (chemical elements or molecules) move through the biotic (living) compartment of the earth-or the biosphere- as well as the three abiotic (non-living) components of the earth: the lithosphere (crust and upper mantle of the earth), the atmosphere (the gasses surrounding the earth), and hydrosphere (the water of the earth).

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Online Simulation where students can explore protons, neutrons, and electrons - mass number, net charge, and element.

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An online simulation which students can change coefficients of molecules to balance chemical reactions.

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Various isotopes of elements are found naturally or synthetically in a lab. Presentation slides that explains types and examples.

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What are Isotopes?

Let's imagine a pair of identical twins. These twins have the same temperament, and since they're identical, it is very hard to tell them apart unless you examine them closely. When it is time for their annual physical, the twins need to step on a weighing scale, and when they do, one weighs slightly more than the other. In terms of chemistry, we can say that these twins are like isotopes of each other.

Atoms and elements are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, and the electrons surround the nucleus, as shown in the illustration below. The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is equal to the atomic mass.

In a given element, the number of neutrons can be different from each other, while the number of protons is not. These different versions of the same element are called isotopes. Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but that have a different number of neutrons. Since the atomic number is equal to the number of protons and the atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons, we can also say that isotopes are elements with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Let us take a look at an example.

Isotopes of Hydrogen

The three are all isotopes of hydrogen. As you can see, they have the same atomic number, or number of protons, (number at the lower left of the element) but different atomic masses (number at the upper left of the element).

The number of neutrons can be calculated by calculating the difference between the atomic mass and atomic number. We can see that for the isotopes of hydrogen, they have varying number of neutrons. For protium, the number of neutrons is zero; for deuterium, the number of neutrons is one; and for tritium, the number of neutrons is two.

Going back to our comparison with identical twins, we can say that these three isotopes of hydrogen are like identical triplets of each other - they may appear to be identical outside, but they are different inside, and they also have different names.

Isotopes of Carbon

A very popular element, carbon, also has isotopes. There are three isotopes of carbon: carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14. The numbers that are after the carbon refer to the atomic mass.

The most common and abundant isotope of carbon is carbon-12. Looking at the percentages below each carbon isotope, we see that almost 98.9% of the carbon that is found is in the form of carbon-12. The least abundant form of carbon is carbon-14, with an abundance of less than 0.0001%. If we calculate the number of neutrons for each carbon isotope, we can see that they differ from each other. For carbon-12, we have 6 neutrons; for carbon-13, we have 7 neutrons; and for carbon-14, we have 8 neutrons.

You may notice if we look at the atomic masses of elements in the periodic table that they are rarely ever whole numbers, just like for carbon where the atomic mass is 12.011. This is because the atomic mass of carbon is based on the average atomic masses of its isotopes and the abundance of each isotope.

Types of Isotopes

There are two main types of isotopes, and these are radioactive isotopes and stable isotopes. Stable isotopes have a stable combination of protons and neutrons, so they have stable nuclei and do not undergo decay. These isotopes do not pose dangerous effects to living things, like radioactive isotopes.

They are typically useful when performing experiments in the environment and in the field of geochemistry. These isotopes can help determine the chemical composition and age of minerals and other geologic objects. Some examples of stable isotopes are isotopes of carbon, potassium, calcium and vanadium.

Radioactive isotopes have an unstable combination of protons and neutrons, so they have unstable nuclei. Because these isotopes are unstable, they undergo decay, and in the process can emit alpha, beta and gamma rays.

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types & examples - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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What Are Isotopes? - Definition, Types & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Let's imagine a pair of identical twins. These twins have the same temperament, and since they're identical, it is very hard to tell them apart unless you examine them closely. When it is time for their annual physical, the twins need to step on a weighing scale, and when they do, one weighs slightly more than the other.

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Video on differentiating various types of chemical reactions. The video explains each type of chemical reactions, definitions, and provides examples.

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Video that describes the types of chemical bonds: covalent, ionic, hydrogen and related information and content.

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Atomic Hook-Ups - Types of Chemical Bonds: Crash Course Chemistry #22

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How to use mole ratios from a balanced reaction to calculate amounts of reactants.

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How to use mole ratios from a balanced reaction to calculate amounts of reactants

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Calories per serving - what does that mean? How is calorie content measured? Lab Activity where students can measure calories from snacks.