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False speech that damages a person's good name, character, or reputation. Slander.spoken defamatory speech. Libel. written defamatory speech.

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National Socialist Party of America v. Village, arising out of what is sometimes referred to as the Skokie Affair, is a United States Supreme Court case dealing with freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.

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Slander = spoken defamatory speech. Libel = Written defamatory speech

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All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. ... The 14th amendment is a very important amendment that defines what it means to be a US citizen and protects certain rights of the people.

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Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

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In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

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speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders.

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the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation

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Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.

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imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes. It prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy and mandates due process of law.

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Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement. For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact (de facto), although not by law (de jure).

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Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any search warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause.

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A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

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found that the passing of any state laws that establish a religious body is a direct violation of the United States Constitution.

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judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful. In US law, the First Amendment severely limits the ability of the government to do this.

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protects individuals from government interference in the practice of their faith. The government cannot target laws at specific religious practices or place undue burdens on its citizens' worship.

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test courts may use to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance. To pass rational basis review, the challenged law must be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.

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states are required under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys.

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upheld the rights of states to pass laws allowing or even requiring racial segregation in public and private institutions such as schools, public transportation, restrooms, and restaurants.

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slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in a free state and territory (where slavery was prohibited) was not thereby entitled to his freedom; that African Americans were not and could never be citizens of the United States

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ruled that restrictive state regulation of abortion is unconstitutional. ... With regard to the fetus, the court located that point at “capability of meaningful life outside the mother's womb,” or viability.

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outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted by white Democrat-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period, in the late 19th century, the laws were enforced until 1965.

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action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination.

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an examination to determine whether a person meets the literacy requirements for voting, serving in the armed forces, etc.; a test of one's ability to read and write.

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Supreme Court case regarding the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution as it relates to criminal procedure. The Court held that evidence that was obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment could not be used against someone in State or Federal court.

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clause of the fourteenth amendment that forbids any state to deny equal protection of the laws to any individual within its jurisdiction.

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Supreme Court case that overturned Ernesto Miranda's conviction for kidnapping and rape because he had not been informed of his legal rights prior to confessing. For example, Miranda did not know that he could ask for an attorney or remain silent during questioning.

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US Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, in the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education

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Supreme Court case which declared school-sponsored prayer in public schools unconstitutional.

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selected provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

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nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband.

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upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy.

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situation occurring when the police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested. In making the arrest, the police are allowed legally to search for and seize incriminating evidence. Unreasonable searches and seizures.

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De jure segregation refers to the legal separation of groups in society.

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Peaceful expression of thoughts, ideas, or opinions before a willing audience.

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Prevents a criminal defendant from being tried for the same criminal act twice after an acquittal or conviction.

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Evidence gathered in violation of the Constitution cannot be used in a trial.

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Characteristic used in applying a law, which a court will review subject to a strict scrutiny standard. A classification is called suspect because it is likely to be based on illegal discrimination.

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Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise of religion.

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Limits the power of the national government, and prohibits the state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property.