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Peripheral Model

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There are many different models and theories that we can use to explain the structure and function of cities. There are three models that we are going to talk about the first one is called the Concentric Model. The concentric model is used to show the the distribution of social groups within urban areas. E.W. Burgess says that a city develops in rings and grows outwards from the central area.  In the middle/ the first innermost ring is the CBD. The second ring is the zone of transit where more of the industry and lower class housing is. Immigrants just moving to the city usually live here, the houses they live in are houses that are subdivided. The third ring is the zone of the working class homes. These homes are a little bit nicer where more stable working class families live. The fourth ring is the zone of the better residences. This is where the newer and more spacious homes are for the middle-class families. The last ring is the commuters zone. This is where some people live farther out of the built up city and choose to live in villages that have become dormitory towns for commuters. As you can see this model shows that the farther you go out the more expensive it gets. The downside to this model is it doesn't take into account the physical barriers. The second model we are going to talk about is the sector model. Hoyt (the person who came up with this theory) says that a city grows in a series of sectors and not rings like the Concentric Model. He says that certain areas of a city are more attractive for different activities. He also says that a city grows outwards in a sector from the middle  The nicer and more expensive housing is built on the outer edge of a city after the high class is established. The factories are built along transportation lines. The downside to the sector model is that it was based on central railroad transportation but now that we live in 2020 we have cars to get us places instead of everyone riding the train. The third model is the Multiple Nuclei Model. This model was developed by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman in 1945. This model says that a city is a complex that has more than just one center where all of the activities are. This model and theory states that some activities are attracted to certain nodes. Nodes like universities and neighborhoods. A university might attract well-educated residents and bookstores. The downside to this model is that in reality there is no straight and perfect line that separate's places and zones from one another. One thing that is important that you should know is the Central Place theory. This theory is also used to describe where and why cities or services are placed where they are. Another thing that is important that you should know is the Peripheral model. The peripheral model says that there is "an inner city that is surrounded by suburban residential and business areas that are all tied together by a beltway or ring road." There also things like edge cities around the beltway. One question is Can just any one of these models be used to describe how every city is in the world?

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Multiple Nuclei Model

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Concentric Model

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Sector Model