# data[].attributes.headline
How do Phonological Disorders, CAS, and Typical Speech Development compare?

# data[].attributes.subject
How do Phonological Disorders, CAS, and Typical Speech Development compare?

# data[].attributes.body
- involve production of speech sounds
- affect the intelligibility of an individual
- may contribute to social and academic abilities
- errors are not caused by muscle weakness or paralysis

How are the three different?
- CAS often affects rate, rhythm, and stress while Phonological Disorders and Typical Speech Development do not affect these aspects of communication.
- CAS involves difficulty of motor planning for speech while Phonological Disorders and Typical Speech do not have an impact on motor planning.

# data[].attributes.body
- impairs the way an individual communicates with others
- negatively affects the intelligibility of an individual
- prevalence slightly higher in males than females

How are they different?
CAS only occurs in children.
Phonological Disorders can occur at any age.

CAS is characterized by inconsistent speech errors.
Phonological Disorders are characterized by consistent speech errors.

A child with CAS cannot produce an accurate plan for physical movement of articulators to produce speech.
An individual with a phonological disorder is unaware of phonological rules used to produce appropriate speech.

# data[].attributes.body
Progression of speech sound development in a typically developing child.

Symptoms / Charateristics:
- by age 3 at least half of what a child says should be intelligible
- by age 5 most of what a child says should be intelligible
- more difficult sounds may not be completely correct until age 7 or 8
- speech is used to modify word and sentence meaning
- contributes to social and academic success
- sound development based on typical milestones as shown in the chart below

# data[].attributes.body
A neurological childhood speech sound disorder in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence in neuromuscular deficits.

Symptoms / Characteristics:
- groping
- inconsistent errors
- inappropriate prosody
- restricted inventory
- receptive abilities exceed expressive
- elaborate gestures
- feeding difficulties

# data[].attributes.body
A disorder that is characterized by difficulty acquiring language rules that underlie speech.

Symptoms / Characteristics:
- substitute sounds
- leave off sounds
- change sounds
-consistent error patterns
-difficulties with syntax and reading
-cause mostly unknown