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In a guilt culture people sometimes feel they do bad things; in a shame culture social exclusion makes people feel they are bad.

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Governing force behind behaviour. Individuals are raised to answer to their own moral conscience and internal sense of right and wrong. In Catholic societies very strong sense of guilt. Individualism.

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One's beliefs, ideas, and ethics are decided by a religious teaching

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One's beliefs, ideas, and ethics are established from a non-religious figure or entity

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% of people in europe who say religion is unimportant

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% of people in europe who say religion is unimportant

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% of people in australia who say religion is unimportant

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% of people in australia who say religion is unimportant

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“what others will say and think”. concerned about personal shame and bringing shame on their in-group. Asian shame based. Collectivism.

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1. Politeness

2. Emotional Restraints

3. Collective Cultures

4. Flexible and co-operative

Control

1. Challenge and take charge of their environment

2. open minded

3. Individualistic

4. Firm and Assertive