# data[].attributes.body
Erotic love
Romantic love
Platonic love
Familiar love
Loving one self
Passionate love
Love for a pet
Material love
Cannibalistic love

# data[].attributes.body
The god above

# data[].attributes.body
sex

# data[].attributes.headline
M til det U til det M til det S til det store fede udråbstegn

# data[].attributes.subject
M til det U til det M til det S til det store fede udråbstegn

# data[].attributes.body
OO
I
I
I

# data[].attributes.body
No I can't forget this evening or your face as you were leaving
But I guess that's just the way the story goes
You always smile, but in your eyes
Your sorrow shows
Yes, it shows

No I can't forget tomorrow
When I think of all my sorrow
When I had you there but then I let you go
And now it's only fair that I should let you know
What you should know

I can't live
If living is without you
I can't live
I can't give anymore
I can't live
If living is without you
I can't give
I can't give anymore

Well, I can't forget this evening or your face as you were leaving
But I guess that's just the way the story goes
You always smile, but in your eyes
Your sorrow shows
Yes, it shows

I can't live
If living is without you
I can't live
I can't give anymore
I can't live
If living is without you
I can't live
I can't give anymore

No no no no I can't live
If living is without you
I can't live
I can't give anymore
I can't live

# data[].attributes.headline
Love has physical effects such as a quickened heart rate, butterflies in our stomachs, dilated pupils, sweaty palms, a hard time finding words,

# data[].attributes.subject
Love has physical effects such as a quickened heart rate, butterflies in our stomachs, dilated pupils, sweaty palms, a hard time finding words,

# data[].attributes.body
                                      "FORREST GUMP"

                                      Screenplay by

                                        Eric Roth

                                   Based on a novel by

                                      Winston Groom



               EXT. A SAVANNAH STREET - DAY (1981)

               A feather floats through the air. The falling feather.

               A city, Savannah, is revealed in the background. The feather
               floats down toward the city below. The feather drops down
               toward the street below, as people walk past and cars drive
               by, and nearly lands on a man's shoulder.

               He walks across the street, causing the feather to be whisked
               back on its journey. The feather floats above a stopped car.
               The car drives off right as the feather floats down toward
               the street.

               The feather floats under a passing car, then is sent flying
               back up in the air. A MAN sits on a bus bench. The feather
               floats above the ground and finally lands on the man's
               mudsoaked shoe.

               The man reached down and picks up the feather. His name is
               FORREST GUMP. He looks at the feather oddly, moves aside a
               box of chocolates from an old suitcase, then opens the case.

               Inside the old suitcase are an assortment of clothes, a
               pingpong paddle, toothpaste and other personal items.

               Forrest pulls out a book titled "Curious George," then places
               the feather inside the book. Forrest closes the suitcase.

               Something in his eyes reveals that Forrest may not be all
               there.

               Forrest looks right as the sound of an arriving bus is heard.

               A bus pulls up. Forrest remains on the bus bench as the bus
               continues on.

               A BLACK WOMAN in a nurse's outfit steps up and sits down at
               the bus bench next to Forrest. The nurse begins to read a
               magazine as Forrest looks at her.

                                     FORREST
                         Hello. My name's Forrest Gump.

               He opens a box of chocolates and holds it out for the nurse.

                                     FORREST
                         You want a chocolate?

               The nurse shakes her head, a bit apprehensive about this
               strange man next to her.

                                     FORREST
                         I could eat about a million and a
                         half of these. My momma always said,
                         "Life was like a box of chocolates.
                         You never know what you're gonna
                         get."

               Forrest eats a chocolate as he looks down at the nurse's
               shoes.

                                     FORREST
                         Those must be comfortable shoes.
                         I'll bet you could walk all day in
                         shoes like that and not feel a thing.
                         I wish I had shoes like that.

                                     BLACK WOMAN
                         My feet hurt.

                                     FORREST
                         Momma always says there's an awful
                         lot you could tell about a person by
                         their shoes. Where they're going.
                         Where they've been.

               The black woman stares at Forrest as he looks down at his
               own shoes.

                                     FORREST
                         I've worn lots of shoes. I bet if I
                         think about it real hard I could
                         remember my first pair of shoes.

               Forrest closes his eyes tightly.

                                     FORREST
                         Momma said they'd take my anywhere.

               INT. COUNTRY DOCTOR'S OFFICE - GREENBOW, ALABAMA - DAY
               (1951)

               A little boy closes his eyes tightly. It is young Forrest as
               he sits in a doctor's office.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         She said they was my magic shoes.

               Forrest has been fitted with orthopedic shoes and metal leg
               braces.

                                     DOCTOR
                         All right, Forrest, you can open
                         your eyes now. Let's take a little
                         walk around.

               The doctor sets Forrest down on its feet. Forrest walks around
               stiffly. Forrest's mother, MRS. GUMP, watches him as he clanks
               around the room awkwardly.

                                     DOCTOR
                         How do those feel? His legs are
                         strong, Mrs. Gump. As strong as I've
                         ever seen. But his back is as crooked
                         as a politician.

               Forrest walks foreground past the doctor and Mrs. Gump.

                                     DOCTOR
                         But we're gonna straighten him right
                         up now, won't we, Forrest?

               A loud thud is heard as, outside, Forrest falls.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Forrest!

               EXT. GREENBOW, ALABAMA

               Mrs. Gump and young Forrest walk across the street. Forrest
               walks stiffly next to his mother.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, when I was a baby, Momma named
                         me after the great Civil War hero,
                         General Nathan Bedford Forrest...

               EXT. RURAL ALABAMA

               A black and white photo of General Nathan Bedford Forrest.

               The photo turns into live action as the General dons a hooded
               sheet over his head.

               The General is in full Ku Klux Klan garb, including his horse.

               The General rides off, followed by a large group of Klan
               members dressed in full uniform.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         She said we was related to him in
                         some way. And, what he did was, he
                         started up this club called the Ku
                         Klux Klan. They'd all dress up in
                         their robes and their bedsheets and
                         act like a bunch of ghosts or spooks
                         or something. They'd even put
                         bedsheets on their horses and ride
                         around. And anyway, that's how I got
                         my name. Forrest Gump.

               EXT. GREENBOW

               Mrs. Gump and Forrest walk across the street.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Momma said that the Forrest part was
                         to remind me that sometimes we all
                         do things that, well, just don't
                         make no sense.

               Forrest stops suddenly as his brace gets stuck. Forrest's
               brace is caught in a gutter grate. Mrs. Gump bends down and
               tries to free Forrest. Two old cronies sit in front of a
               barber shop and watch.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Just wait, let me get it.

               Mrs. Gump struggles to pull the stuck brace from the grate.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Let me get it. Wait, get it this
                         way. Hold on.

               Forrest pulls his foot out of the grate.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         All right.

               Mrs. Gump helps Forrest up onto the sidewalk. She looks up
               and notices the two old man.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Oooh. All right. What are you all
                         staring at? Haven't you ever seen a
                         little boy with braces on his legs
                         before?

               Mrs. Gump and Forrest walk along the sidewalk past the two
               old men. Mrs. Gump holds tightly onto Forrest's hand.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Don't ever let anybody tell you
                         they're better than you, Forrest. If
                         God intended everybody to be the
                         same, he'd have given us all braces
                         on our legs.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Momma always had a way of explaining
                         things so I could understand them.

               EXT. OAK ALLEY/THE GUMP BOARDING HOUSE

               Mrs. Gump and Forrest walk along a dirt road. A row of
               mailboxes stands left.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         We lived about a quarter mile of
                         Route 17, about a half mile from the
                         town of Greenbow, Alabama. That's in
                         the county of Greenbow. Our house
                         had been in Momma's family since her
                         grandpa's grandpa's grandpa had come
                         across the ocean about a thousand
                         years ago. Something like that.

               Mrs. Gump and Forrest walk along the Gump Boarding House
               driveway.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Since it was just me and Momma and
                         we had all these empty rooms, Momma
                         decided to let those rooms out. Mostly
                         to people passing through. Like from,
                         oh, Mobile, Montgomery, place like
                         that. That's how me and Mommy got
                         money. Mommy was a real smart lady.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Remember what I told you, Forrest.
                         You're no different than anybody
                         else is.

               Mrs. Gump heads Forrest to the porch. She bends down to look
               Forrest in the eye.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Did you hear what I said, Forrest?
                         You're the same as everybody else.
                         You are no different.

               INT. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL / PRINCIPAL'S OFFICE - DAY

                                     PRINCIPAL
                         Your boy's... different, Mrs. Gump.
                         Now, his I.Q. is seventy-five.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Well, we're all different, Mr.
                         Hancock.

               The principal sighs, then stands up.

               INT. HALLWAY

               Forrest sits outside the principal's office and waits.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         She wanted me to have the finest
                         education, so she took me to the
                         Greenbow County Central School. I
                         met the principal and all.

               The principal stands in front of Mrs. Gump. Forrest, sitting
               left, listens.

                                     PRINCIPAL
                         I want to show you something, Mrs.
                         Gump. Now, this is normal.

               The principal holds up a chart with a designations according
               to I.Q. and points to the center of the graph, labeled
               "Normal." A red line below the normal area is labeled "State
               Acceptance." The principal points to the section below the
               acceptance line labeled "Below."

                                     PRINCIPAL
                         Forrest is right here. The state
                         requires a minimum I.Q. of eighty to
                         attend public school, Mrs. Gump.
                         He's gonna have to go to a special
                         school. Now, he'll be just fine.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         What does normal mean, anyway? He
                         might be a bit on the slow side, but
                         my boy Forrest is going to get the
                         same opportunities as everyone else.
                         He's not going to some special school
                         to learn to how to re-tread tires.
                         We're talking about five little points
                         here. There must be something can be
                         done.

               INT. HALLWAY

               Forrest sits outside the principal's office.

                                     PRINCIPAL
                         We're a progressive school system.
                         We don't want to see anybody left
                         behind.

               INT. PRINCIPAL'S OFFICE

                                     PRINCIPAL
                         Is there a Mr. Gump, Mrs. Gump?

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         He's on vacation.

               EXT. GUMP BOARDING HOUSE - NIGHT

               Forrest sits on a swing outside the house. Loud organic male
               grunts are heard coming from inside the house. Forrest sits
               on the swing as the grunts continue. The principal steps out
               of the Gump House and wipes the sweat from his face.

               Forrest is sitting on the porch.

                                     PRINCIPAL
                         Well, your momma sure does care about
                         your schooling, son. Mm-mm-mm.

               The principal wipes the sweat from his neck, then looks back
               at Forrest.

                                     PRINCIPAL
                         You don't say much, do you?

               Forrest grunts, imitating him. The principal, embarrassed,
               turns and walks away.

               INT. GUMP BOARDING HOUSE/FORREST'S BEDROOM

               Mrs. Gump reads from the book "Curious George" as Forrest
               sits on the bed and listens.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Finally, he had to try it. It looked
                         easy, but, oh, what happened. First
                         there...

                                     FORREST
                         Momma, what's vacation mean?

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Vacation?

                                     FORREST
                         Where Daddy went?

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Vacation's when you go somewhere,
                         and you don't ever come back.

               Forrest lies down on his bed and looks up.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Anyway, I guess you could say me and
                         Momma was on our own.

               EXT. GUMP BOARDING HOUSE - DAY

               A cab driver closes the trunk of the car as two women walk
               toward the house. A milkman steps down from the porch.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         But we didn't mind. Our house was
                         never empty. There was always folks
                         comin' and goin'.

                                     MRS. GUMP (V.O.)
                         Suppa.

               INT. GUMP BOARDING HOUSE

               Mrs. Gump steps forward and speaks to all the boarders.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         It's suppa, everyone. Forrest...

               A MAN WITH A CANE steps left across the hall.

                                     MAN WITH CANE
                         My, my. That sure looks special.

               Mrs. Gump looks into a sitting room and informs the boarders
               about dinner.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Gentlemen, would you care to join us
                         for supper? Hurry up and get it before
                         the flies do. I prefer you don't
                         smoke that cigar so close to mealtime.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Sometimes we had so many people
                         stayin' with us that every room was
                         filled with travelers. You know,
                         folks livin' out of their suitcases,
                         and hat cases, and sample cases.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Well, you go ahead and start. I can't
                         find Forrest.

               Mrs. Gump walks up the stairs.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Forrest... Forrest...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         One time a young man was staying
                         with us, and he had him a guitar
                         case.

               Mrs. Gump looks into Forrest's room. She hears singing coming
               from another room and walks over to a closed door. Mrs. Gump
               opens the door, revealing a young man with long sideburns as
               he plays the guitar and sings. Forrest holds onto a broom
               and dances oddly. The young man is ELVIS PRESLEY.

                                     ELVIS PRESLEY
                              (sings)
                         "Well, you ain't never caught a
                         rabbit, and you ain't no friend of
                         mine."

               Forrest's legs rock back and forth to the guitar.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Forrest! I told you not to bother
                         this nice young man.

                                     ELVIS
                         Oh, no, that's all right, ma'am. I
                         was just showin' him a thing or two
                         on the guitar here.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         All right, but your supper's ready
                         if y'all want to eat.

                                     ELVIS
                         Yeah, that sounds good. Thank you,
                         ma'am.

               Mrs. Gump leaves and closes the door. Elvis sits back down.

               Forrest stands left, and looks himself in a mirror.

                                     ELVIS
                         Say, man, show me that crazy little
                         walk you just did there. Slow it
                         down some.

               Forrest begins to dance again as Elvis plays the guitar and
               sings.

                                     ELVIS
                              (sings)
                         "You ain't nothin' but a hound, hound
                         dog..."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I liked that guitar.

               Forrest dances as he watches himself in the mirror.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         It sounded good.

                                     ELVIS
                              (sings)
                         "...cryin' all the time"

               Forrest rocks up and down on his braced legs, then begins to
               step.

                                     ELVIS
                              (sings)
                         "You ain't nothin' but a hound dog..."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I started moving around to the music,
                         swinging my hips. This one night me
                         and Momma...

               EXT. GREENBOW - NIGHT

               Mrs. Gump and Forrest walk along a sidewalk. A television
               inside a store window reveals Elvis Presley as he performs
               "Houng Dog" on a stage.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...was out shoppin', and we walked
                         right by Benson's Furniture and
                         Appliance store, and guess what.

               The television reveals Elvis as he thrusts his hips and sings.

                                     ELVIS
                              (sings)
                         You ain't nothin' but a hound dog...

               Mrs. Gump and Forrest watch the television. Elvis dances
               around in the same manner Forrest did. A woman in the audience
               screaming and applauding.

                                     ELVIS
                              (sings)
                         You ain't nothin' but a hound dog...

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         This is not children's eyes.

               Mrs. Gump walks away, pulling Forrest with her. Forrest stops
               and takes one last look. Elvis continues to perform over the
               television.

                                     ELVIS
                              (sings)
                         "Well, you ain't never caught a rabbit
                         and you ain't no friend of mine."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Some years later, that handsome young
                         man who they called "The King," well,
                         he sung too many songs, had himself
                         a heart attack or something.

               EXT. SAVANNAH/BUS BENCH - DAY

               Forrest is still sitting on the bus bench. The black nurse
               looks at him.

                                     FORREST
                         Must be hard being a king. You know,
                         it's funny how you remember some
                         things, but some things you can't.

               EXT. COUNTRY ROAD/ALABAMA - MORNING (1954)

               Mrs. Gump and Forrest wait for the school bus. The bus pulls
               up as Mrs. Gump prepares Forrest for his first day of school.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         You do your very best now, Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         I sure will, Momma.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I remember the bus ride on the first
                         day of school very well.

               The bus driver opens the door and looks down. Forrest walks
               to the steps of the bus and looks at the bus driver. She is
               smoking a cigarette.

                                     BUS DRIVER
                         Are you comin' along?

                                     FORREST
                         Momma said not to be taking rides
                         from strangers.

                                     BUS DRIVER
                         This is the bus to school.

                                     FORREST
                         I'm Forrest Gump.

                                     BUS DRIVER
                         I'm Dorothy Harris.

                                     FORREST
                         Well, now we ain't strangers anymore.

               The bus driver smiles as Forrest steps up into the bus.

               INT. BUS

               Forrest steps up onto the bus. Mrs. Gump waves to Forrest as
               the bus drives away. Forrest begins to walk down the aisle.

               TWO YOUNG BOYS look up from the seat.

                                     BOY #1
                         This seat's taken.

                                     BOY #2
                         It's taken!

               Forrest looks around. A larger girl slides over so Forrest
               can't sit next to her. She shakes her head. Forrest looks to
               the other side where a boy sits alone on a larger seat. They
               boy glares up at Forrest.

                                     BOY #3
                         You can't sit here.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         You know, it's funny what a young
                         man recollects. 'Cause I don't
                         remember being born.

               EXT. SAVANNAH/BUS BENCH - DAY

               Forrest continues talking as he sits on the bus bench.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I, I... don't recall what I got for
                         my first Christmas and I don't know
                         when I went on my first outdoor
                         picnic. But, I do remember the first
                         time I heard the sweetiest voice...

               INT. BUS - MORNING (1954)

               Young Forrest is still standing in the aisle on the bus.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...in the wide world.

                                     GIRL
                         You can sit here if you want.

               Forrest looks back at JENNY CURRAN, a young girl about
               Forrest's age.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I had never seen anything so beautiful
                         in my life. She was like an angel.

                                     JENNY
                         Well, are you gonna sit down, or
                         aren't ya?

               Forrest sits down next to Jenny.

                                     JENNY
                         What's wrong with your legs?

                                     FORREST
                         Um, nothing at all, thank you. My
                         legs are just fine and dandy.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I just sat next to her on that bus
                         and had conversation all the way to
                         school.

                                     JENNY
                         Then why do you have those shoes on?

                                     FORREST
                         My momma said my back's crooked like
                         a question mark. These are going to
                         make me as straight as an arrow.
                         They're my magic shoes.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And next to Momma, no one ever talked
                         to me or asked me questions.

                                     JENNY
                         Are you stupid or something.

                                     FORREST
                         Mommy says stupid is as stupid does.

               Jenny puts her hand out toward Forrest. Forrest reaches over
               and shakes her hand.

                                     JENNY
                         I'm Jenny.

                                     FORREST
                         I'm Forrest Gump. Forrest Gump.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         From that day on, we was always
                         together. Jenny and me was like peas
                         and carrots.

               EXT. OAK TREE - DAY

               Young Jenny and Forrest run toward a large oak tree.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         She taught me how to climb...

               Jenny sits on a large branch and calls down to Forrest.

                                     JENNY
                         Come on, Forrest, you can do it.

               Forrest dangles from the branch.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...I showed her how to dangle.

               Jenny and Forrest sit on a tree branch and read.

                                     FORREST
                         "...a good little monkey and..."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         She helped me to learn how to read.

               Forrest hangs upside down from a branch and swings back and
               forth. Forrest's braces are wedged in the tree.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And I showed her to swing.

               EXT. OAK TREE - NIGHT

               The silhouete of the oak tree, Jenny and Forrest as they sit
               on a branch.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Sometimes we'd just sit out and wait
                         for the stars.

                                     FORREST
                         Momma's gonna worry about me.

               Jenny puts her hand on Forrest's hand.

                                     JENNY
                         Just stay a little longer.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         For some reason, Jenny didn't never
                         want to go home.

                                     FORREST
                         Okay, Jenny. I'll stay.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         She was my most special friend.

               INT. SAVANNAH/BUS STOP - DAY

               Forrest nods as he remembers.

                                     FORREST
                         My only friend.

               Forrest continues talking to the black woman. She doesn't
               seem to be listening as she reads her magazine. She looks up
               from her magazine.

                                     FORREST
                         Now, my Momma always told me that
                         miracles happen every day. Some people
                         don't think so, but they do.

               EXT. OAK ALLEY - ANOTHER DAY (1954)

               Jenny and Forrest walk. A dirt clod hits Forrest in the back
               of the head. Jenny looks as Forrest rubs his head. THREE
               YOUNG BOYS get off their bikes and pick up more rocks.

                                     BOY #1
                         Hey... dummy!

               Forrest is hit in the eye with another dirt clod. Forrest
               falls backward onto the ground as the boys glare at him.

                                     BOY #2
                         Are you retarded, or just plain
                         stupid?

                                     BOY #3
                         Look, I'm Forrest Gump.

               Jenny helps Forrest back up. Boy #1 and Boy #2 throw more
               dirt clods at Forrest.

                                     JENNY
                         Just run away, Forrest.

               Another dirt clod hits Forrest in the arm.

                                     JENNY
                         Run, Forrest!

               Forrest tries to run along the road, but his braces makes it
               impossible. He hobbles along as Jenny yells after him.

                                     JENNY
                         Run away! Hurry!

               Boy #1 and Boy #2 turn back toward the bikes.

                                     BOY #2
                         Get the bikes!

                                     BOY #3
                         Hurry up!

               The boys pick up their bikes and ride after Forrest.

                                     BOY #3
                         Let's get him! Come on!

                                     BOY #2
                         Look out, dummy, here we come!

               The boys ride after Forrest. Jenny stands and watches.

                                     BOY #2
                         We're gonna get you!

                                     JENNY
                         Run, Forrest! Run!

               Forrest hobbles along the dirt road.

                                     JENNY
                         Run, Forrest!

               Forrest looks over his shoulder. The three boys race on their
               bikes.

                                     BOY #1
                         Come back here, you!

               Forrest begins to run faster with his braces on. Forrest
               continues running as the boys chase him. Blood drips down
               from a cut on his head. The boys on the bikes are gaining on
               Forrest. Forrest hobbles along. He begins to gain speed.

                                     JENNY
                         Run, Forrest! Run!

               SLOW MOTION --

               Forrest runs from the chasing room. He looks over his shoulder
               in fear.

               The boys on the bikes peddle faster as they gain on Forrest,
               running.

               Forrest tries to run even faster to get away. Suddenly his
               braces shatter, sending steel and plastic flying into the
               air.

               Forrest runs and look down at his legs in surprise.

               Forrest continues to run faster as the metal braces and straps
               fly off his legs.

               Forrest runs free of his braces and begins to pick up speed.

               The chasing boys ride over the remains of Forrest's braces.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, you wouldn't believe it if I
                         told you.

               EXT. SAVANNAH/ BUS BENCH - DAY

                                     FORREST
                         But I can run like the wind blows.

               The black woman continues to read her magazine. Forrest smiles
               as he remembers.

                                     FORREST
                         From that day on, if I was going
                         somewhere, I was running!

               EXT. OAK ALLEY - DAY (1954)

               Forrest sprints away from the boys. The boys stop the chase
               and watch in disbelief. Forrest is already at the far end of
               the road, clear of the chasing boys.

                                     BOY #2
                         He's gettin' away! Stop him!

               Boy #1 throws his bike down in frustration. Forrest runs
               across a field.

               EXT. COUNTRY ROAD

               Forrest runs past a chain gang in their prison uniforms.

               They are cutting at the weeds on the side of the road.

               EXT. GREENBOW

               Forrest runs across the street. THE TWO OLD MEN sit in front
               of the barber shop.

                                     OLD CRONY
                         That boy sure is a running fool.

               EXT. JENNY'S HOUSE

               Forrest runs down a driveway toward Jenny's small house.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now remember how I told you that
                         Jenny never seemed to want to go
                         home? Well, she lived in a house
                         that was as old as Alabama. Her Momma
                         had gone up to heaven when she was
                         five and her daddy was some kind of
                         a farmer.

               Forrest knocks on Jenny's door.

                                     FORREST
                         Jenny? Jenny?

               Forrest look around the field at the left. He notices Jenny
               and runs toward her.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         He was a very lovin' man. He was
                         always kissing and touchin' her and
                         her sisters. And then this one time,
                         Jenny wasn't on the bus to go to
                         school.

               Forrest runs to Jenny.

                                     FORREST
                         Jenny, why didn't you come to school
                         today?

                                     JENNY
                         Hsh! Daddy's takin' a nap.

               Jenny grabs Forrest's hand and runs into the field. Jenny's
               DAD drunk, steps out onto the porch and shouts.

                                     JENNY'S DAD
                         Jenny!

                                     JENNY
                         Come on!

                                     JENNY'S DAD
                         Jenny, where'd you run to? You'd
                         better come back here, girl!

               Jenny's dad steps out toward the field. Jenny leads Forrest
               into the thick tobacco field. Jenny's dad runs through the
               field searching for Jenny with a liquor bottle in his hand.

                                     JENNY'S DAD
                         Where you at?

               Jenny and Forrest run into a corn field as Jenny's dad tries
               to chase her.

                                     JENNY'S DAD
                         Jenny! Jenny! Where you at? Jenny!

               Jenny drops to her knees and pulls Forrest down with her.

                                     JENNY
                         Pray with me, Forrest. Pray with me.

                                     JENNY'S DAD
                         Jenny!

                                     JENNY
                         Dear God, make me a bird so I can
                         fly far, far, far away from here.
                         Dear God, make me a bird so I can
                         fly far, far, far away from here.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Momma always said that God is
                         mysterious.

                                     JENNY'S DAD
                         Jenny! Get back here!

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         He didn't turn Jenny into a bird
                         that day. Instead...

               EXT. TRAILER PARK/ALABAMA - DAY (1955)

               A police officer escorts Jenny to her grandmother's trailer.

               Jenny's grandmother meets Jenny outside and leads her toward
               the trailer.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...he had the police say Jenny didn't
                         have to stay in that house no more.
                         She went to live with her grandma
                         just over on Creekmore Avenue, which
                         made me happy 'cause she was so close.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - NIGHT (1955)

               Jenny climbs over a second-floor railing and enters the house.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Some nights, Jenny'd sneak out and
                         come over to my house, just 'cause
                         she said she was scared. Scared of
                         what, I don't know...

               INT. GUMP HOUSE/FORREST'S BEDROOM

               Jenny lies in bed next to young Forrest. She hugs him.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...but I think it was her grandma's
                         dog. He was a mean dog. Anyway, Jenny
                         and me was best friends...

               EXT. GREENBOW/OAK ALLEY - DAY (1961)

               Forrest and Jenny are teenagers now. They walk along an
               oaklined road.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...all the way to high school.

               Suddenly Forrest is hit in the back with a rock. Forrest and
               Jenny turn around.

                                     OLDER BOY #1
                         Hey, stupid!

                                     JENNY
                         Quit it!

               A teenage boy throws another rock as a pickup truck pulls up
               behind him. Jenny turns and looks at Forrest.

                                     JENNY
                         Run, Forrest, run!

                                     OLDER BOY #1
                         Hey. Did you hear me, stupid?

                                     JENNY
                         Run, Forrest!

               Forrest drops his books and runs down the road. The teenage
               boy jumps into the back of the pickup truck with another boy
               as the truck speeds after Forrest. Jenny steps left and gets
               out of the way.

                                     OLDER BOY #2
                         Come on, he's getting away! Move it!

                                     JENNY
                         Run, Forrest! Run!

                                     OLDER BOY #1
                         You better be runnin', stupid.

               Forrest runs along the road. The truck speeds after him.

                                     OLDER BOY #2
                         Come on, dummy!

                                     OLDER BOY #1
                         Haul ass, dummy!

               Older Boy throws rocks at Forrest.

                                     OLDER BOY #1
                         Yeah, you better be runnin'!

               INT. TRUCK

                                     BOY
                         Ya-hoo!

               EXT. OAK ALLEY

               The boys in the back of the truck throw rocks at Forrest as
               they drive up to him.

                                     OLDER BOY #1
                         Move it, jack rabbit!

               The truck follows right on Forrest's heels. A rebel flag
               license plate adorns the truck's grill.

                                     OLDER BOY #1
                         Come on!

               Forrest runs along the road as the truck chases him. The
               boys in the back of the truck pound on the roof as the truck
               turns right, after Forrest. The truck drives into a field.

               Forrest runs toward a fence.

                                     BOY
                         Run! Faster! Yeah! Go! Go! Come on,
                         Forrest! Yeah!

                                     JENNY
                         Run, Forrest!

               Forrest leaps over a five-foot fence as the boys try to catch
               him.

               EXT. SAVANNAH/BUS BENCH - DAY (1981)

               Forrest looks left as he continues telling his life story.

                                     FORREST
                         Now, it used to be, I ran to get
                         where I was goin'. I never thought
                         it would take me anywhere.

               EXT. HIGH SCHOOL/ROAD - DAY (1961)

               Forrest runs along the road in front of the high school. The
               truck continues to chase him as the boys pound on the roof.

                                     OLDER BOY
                         Come on. Whoo-hoo!

               The truck speeds past Forrest as he turns from the road and
               runs onto the high school football field. Forrest runs across
               the field during a football scrimmage.

               In the stands watching the scrimmage is the legendary
               University of Alabama football coach BEAR BRYANT, wearing
               his trademark plaid hat.

               A group of assistant coaches sit around him, as well as the
               high school football coach. The quarterback throws the ball
               into the air.

               Forrest runs past the quarterback. The receiver catches the
               ball. Forrest runs past the receiver as an opposing player
               tackles the stunned receiver.

               The football coach stands, followed by the assistant coaches.

                                     FOOTBALL COACH
                         Who in the hell is that?

                                     HIGH SCHOOL COACH
                         That there is Forrest Gump. Coach.
                         Just a local idiot.

               Forrest runs under the field goal post and through the end
               zone.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And can you believe it? I got to go
                         to college, too.

               EXT. UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA STADIUM - DAY (1962)

               The crowd roars with excitement as a football is kicked off.

               The football players run around on the field. The crowd of
               cheering fans create a huge sign that reads: "GO."

               Forrest is in a University of Alabama football uniform. He
               looks up into the cheering crowd as his teammate fields the
               kickoff. The teammate runs over to Forrest and hands him the
               ball.

                                     FOOTBALL COACH
                         Okay! Run!

               The football coach, the assistants, and Alabama players cheer
               for Forrest.

                                     FOOTBALL COACH
                         Run, you stupid son-of-a-bitch! Run!

               Forrest runs across the field. He speeds past the defending
               players. Forrest runs past the opposite players. The crowd
               cheers wildly, holding up cards, making a large sign that
               reads: "Go."

               They turn the cards over, creating the word: "ALABAMA." The
               football coach runs along the sidelines as he yells.

                                     FOOTBALL COACH
                         You stupid son-of-a-bitch! Run! Go!
                         Run!

               Forrest cuts and runs toward the sidelines. Two opposing
               players collide. The football coach, the assistants and the
               players all motion for Forrest to run toward the end zone.

                                     FOOTBALL COACH
                         Run! Turn! Go!

               Forrest turns up the sidelines and runs toward the end zone.

               Some opposing players fall down. Forrest runs along the
               sidelines. The opposing players try to catch him.

               Forrest runs into the end zone as an opposing player dives
               at his feet. The referee holds up his arm, signaling a touch
               down. The crowd cheers wildly.

               Forrest continues to run, smashing through the band members,
               then all the way toward the team tunnel. The football coach
               looks at an assistant coach.

                                     FOOTBALL COACH
                         He must be the stupidest son-of-a-
                         bitch alive. But he sure is fast!

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, maybe it was just me but college
                         was very confusing times.

               INT. GREENBOW/BARBER SHOT - BLACK & WHITE TELEVISION (JUNE
               11, 1963)

               An anchorman named CHET HUNTLEY appears over the television.

                                     CHET HUNTLEY
                              (on TV)
                         Federal troops enforcing a court
                         order integrated the University of
                         Alabama today.

               EXT. UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA - DAY

               Forrest walks through a crowd of people.

                                     CHET HUNTLEY
                         Governor George Wallace had carried
                         out his symbolic threat to stand in
                         the schoolhouse door.

                                     GOVERNOR WALLACE
                         We hereby denounce and forbid this
                         illegal and unwarranted action by
                         the central government.

               INT. GREENBOW/BARBER SHOP

               A black & white television reveals George Wallace as he stands
               in the doorway of the schoolhouse.

                                     KATZENBACH
                              (on TV)
                         Governor Wallace, I take it from
                         that, uh...

               EXT. UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA

               Forrest steps over to a young man as the crowd looks at the
               demonstration.

                                     KATZENBACH
                         ...statement that you are going to
                         stand in that door, and that you are
                         not going to carry out the orders of
                         this court, and that you are going
                         to resist us from doing so. I would
                         ask you once again to responsibility
                         step aside and if you do not, I'm
                         going to assure you...

                                     FORREST
                         Earl, what's going on?

                                     EARL
                         Coons are tryin' to get into school.

                                     FORREST
                         Coons? When raccoons try to get on
                         our back porch, Momma just chase 'em
                         off with a broom.

                                     EARL
                         Not raccoons, you idiot, niggas. And
                         they want to go to school with us.

                                     FORREST
                         With us? They do?

               Forrest walks toward the schoolhouse.

               INT. COACHES' OFFICE

               A football coach looks at a black and white television as a
               newsman outside the schoolhouse speaks to the camera.

                                     NEWSMAN
                              (on TV)
                         ...block the doorway, President
                         Kennedy ordered the Secretary of
                         Defense then to use the military
                         force.

               BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE

               The footage cuts to Governor Wallace as he speaks to General
               Graham.

                                     NEWSMAN
                         Here by videotape is the encounter
                         by General Graham, Commander of the
                         National Guard, and Governor Wallace.

               Forrest stands next to George Wallace and listens.

                                     GOVERNOR WALLACE
                         We must have no violence today, or
                         any other day, because these National
                         Guardsmen are here today as Federal
                         Soldiers for Alabamans. And they
                         live within our borders and they are
                         all our brothers. We are winning in
                         this fight because we are awakening
                         the American people to the dangers
                         that we have spoken about so many
                         times, just so evident today, the
                         trend toward military dictatorship
                         in this country.

               EXT. UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA

               Some of the Alabama policeman and citizens clap their hands
               as the National Guardsmen stand at attention with their
               weapons in front of them. Forrest walks through the crowd.

               Two black students were being led toward the schoolhouse.

                                     NEWSMAN
                         And so at day's end the University
                         of Alabama in Tuscaloosa had been
                         desegregated and students Jimmy Hood
                         and Vivian Malone had been signed up
                         for summer classes.

               The young black girl drops one of her books. Forrest notices
               and steps past the policeman toward the book on the ground.

               Forrest steps out from the crowd and picks up the book. He
               brings it up to the girl.

                                     FORREST
                         Ma'am, you dropped your book. Ma'am.

               INT. COACHES' OFFICE - NIGHT (1963)

               A coach looks at the television. The television reveals
               Forrest as he stands at the schoolhouse door. He looks around,
               then waves.

                                     CHET HUNTLEY
                              (on TV)
                         Governor Wallace did what he promised
                         to do. By being on the Tuscaloosa
                         campus, he kept the mob from gathering
                         and prevented violence.

               An assistant coach looks at the television, then at the other
               coaches.

                                     ASSISTANT COACH
                         Say, wasn't that Gump?

               The football coach and two assistant coaches look. Forrest
               dries himself off with a towel as he steps from the showers.

                                     CHET HUNTLEY
                              (on TV)
                         NBC News will present a special
                         program on the Alabama integration
                         story at 7:30 p.m. tonight...

                                     ASSISTANT COACH
                         Naw, that couldn't be.

                                     FOOTBALL COACH
                         It sure as hell was.

                                     CHET HUNTLEY
                         ...standard Eastern Daylight Time.
                         Now a word from Anacin.

               Forrest steps up to the coaches' area and grabs a clean towel.

               The coaches turn and stare at Forrest. Forrest gives them
               one of his silly waves, then walks away.

               COLOR FOOTAGE - Governor Wallace waves to the crowd as he
               stands behind a podium with his wife.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         A few years later, that angry little
                         man at the schoolhouse door thought
                         it would be a good idea, and ran for
                         President.

               COLOR FOOTAGE - Governor Wallace mingles in a crowd. Gunshots
               are fired, wounding him. Some men wrestle the shooter. Wallace
               lies wounded on the ground.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         But, somebody thought that it wasn't.

               EXT. SAVANNAH/BUS BENCH - DAY (1981)

               Forrest sits on the bench as the black woman looks at him. A
               WHITE WOMAN with a bay sits left.

                                     FORREST
                         But he didn't die.

               A bus pulls up to the bus stop. The BLACK WOMAN looks down
               at her watch.

                                     BLACK WOMAN
                         My bus is here.

                                     FORREST
                         Is it the number 9?

                                     BLACK WOMAN
                         No, it's the number 4.

               The Black Woman gets up and steps over to the bus.

                                     FORREST
                         It was nice talkin' to you.

               The white woman sits closer to Forrest.

                                     WHITE WOMAN
                         I remember when that happened, when
                         Wallace got shot. I was in college.

                                     FORREST
                         Did you go to a girls' college, or
                         to a girls' and boys' together
                         college?

                                     WHITE WOMAN
                         It was co-ed.

                                     FORREST
                         'Cause Jenny went to a college I
                         couldn't go to. It was a college
                         just for girls.

               EXT, GIRLS' COLLEGE/JENNY'S DORM - NIGHT (1963)

               Forrest sits outside Jenny's dorm in the rain.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         But, I'd go and visit her every chance
                         I got.

               A car pulls up. A song is heard from the radio. Forrest,
               holding a box of chocolates, looks at the car. The two people
               inside the car begins to kiss and embrace each other. Jenny
               is inside the car with a boy. She leans back against the
               passenger side door as they struggle to get comfortable.

                                     JENNY
                         Ouch! That hurts.

               Forrest gets up and runs toward the car. He tries to look in
               the window as he steps over to the driver's side door. He
               opens the door and begins to punch the boy inside. Jenny
               jump out of the car and runs over to Forrest.

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest! Forrest! Forrest, stop it!
                         Stop it!

                                     BILLY
                         Jesus!

                                     JENNY
                         What are you doing?

                                     FORREST
                         He was hurtin' you.

               Jenny's date, named BILLY, gets out of the car angrily.

                                     BILLY
                         What the hell is going on here?

                                     JENNY
                         No, he's not!

                                     BILLY
                         Who is that? Who is that?

                                     JENNY
                         Get over there!

               Jenny turns and looks at Billy. He shoves Jenny's hands away
               from him.

                                     JENNY
                         Billy, I'm sorry.

                                     BILLY
                         What in the hell, git, would you git
                         away from me!

                                     JENNY
                         Don't... Wait a second!

                                     BILLY
                         Git, just git away from me!

                                     JENNY
                         Don't go! Billy, wait a second!

               Billy gets back into the car.

                                     JENNY
                         He doesn't know any better!

               Billy pulls away as Jenny steps toward Forrest.

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest, why'd you do that?

               Forrest holds out the box of chocolates.

                                     FORREST
                         I brought you some chocolates. I'm
                         sorry. I'll go back to my college
                         now.

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest, look at you! Come on. Come
                         on.

               Jenny grabs Forrest hand and leads him toward the dorm.

               INT. JENNY'S DORM/HALLWAY

               Jenny and Forrest sneak to Jenny's door.

                                     FORREST
                         Is this your room?

                                     JENNY
                         Shh!

               Jenny unlocks the door and they step inside.

               INT. JENNY'S DORM ROOM

               Jenny pulls a robe off of her sleeping roommate's bed. Jenny
               hands the robe to Forrest, sitting on Jenny's bed.

                                     JENNY
                         Do you ever dream, Forrest, about
                         who you're gonna be?

                                     FORREST
                         Who I'm gonna be?

                                     JENNY
                         Yeah.

                                     FORREST
                         Aren't I going to be me?

                                     JENNY
                         Well, you'll always be you, just
                         another kind of you. You know? I
                         want to be famous.

               Jenny picks up a towel, then walks back toward Forrest. Jenny
               dries the water from her hair.

                                     JENNY
                         I want to be a singer like Joan Baez.
                         I just want to be an empty stage
                         with my guitar, my voice... just me.

               Jenny takes off her slip and sits on the bed next to him.

               She is only wearing her bra and panties. Forrest looks at
               Jenny like he's never seen a woman in her underwear before.

                                     JENNY
                         And I want to reach people on a
                         personal level. I want to be able to
                         say things, just one-to-one.

               Forrest looks down at Jenny's breasts. Jenny realizes that
               he is looking at her.

                                     JENNY
                         Have you ever been with a girl,
                         Forrest?

                                     FORREST
                         I sit next to them in my home
                         economics class all the time.

                                     DJ
                              (over radio)
                         You're listening to WHHY in
                         Birmingham, the clear A.M. voice of
                         Northern Alabama. I'm Joel Dorn...

               Forrest looks at Jenny as she removes her bra. Forrest looks
               away, a bit shamed. Jenny takes his hand and guides it up to
               her breast.

                                     DJ
                              (over radio)
                         ...coming to you on a night that is
                         anything but clear. The weatherman
                         says that rain's gonna fall all night
                         long so stay with us, get warm, get
                         cozy, get under the covers to the
                         cool sounds of WHHY.

               Forrest looks over at Jenny's breasts, the shudder as he has
               an orgasm.

                                     FORREST
                         Ohh... Oh... I'm sorry. Sorry.

                                     JENNY
                         It's okay.

                                     DJ
                              (over radio)
                         ...444-6789, with ya till sunrise,
                         playing the music you want to hear
                         when you want to hear it. If you
                         have a request or dedication, give
                         us a call. We guarantee you'll hear
                         your requests within one hour.

               Forrest breathes heavily. Jenny puts her bra back on.

                                     JENNY
                         It's all right.

               Jenny leans over and puts her head on Forrest's shoulder.

                                     DJ
                              (over radio)
                         Candy is on the line tonight. Candy's
                         answering the phones, give Candy
                         your request, your dedication, and
                         ask her why she won't go out with
                         me, would you? Here's more music.

                                     JENNY
                         It's okay.

                                     FORREST
                         Oh, I'm dizzy.

               A song is coming over the radio. Jenny hugs Forrest.

                                     JENNY
                         I bet that never happened in home
                         ec.

                                     FORREST
                         No.

               Jenny laughs and kisses Forrest on the cheek. Forrest and
               Jenny hug on the bed as Jenny's roommate pretends to be
               asleep, but is listening, horrified, with her eyes open.

                                     FORREST
                         I think I ruined your roommate's
                         bathrobe.

                                     JENNY
                         I don't care. I don't like her,
                         anyway.

               EXT. UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA/FOOTBALL STADIUM - DAY (1963)

               Forrest runs across the field as the defending team chases
               him. The crowd yells for Forrest. They flip a sign that reads:
               "Go Forrest."

                                     CROWD
                         Run! Run! Run!

               Forrest runs along the field. The crowd cheers.

                                     CROWD
                         Run! Run! Run!

               Forrest runs into the end zone. The band members rush toward
               Forrest with their hands up, signaling him to stop. The crowd
               flips over cards, creating a sign that reads "STOP."

                                     CROWD
                         Stop!

               Forrest stops in the end zone as he hears the crowd yells.

               The band motions for Forrest to stop and stay in the end

               zone. A group of defending players fall over each other in
               the end zone. Forrest looks as the crowd cheers wildly.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         College ran by real fast 'cause I
                         played so much football.

               BLACK AND WHITE PARAMOUNT NEWSREEL - DAY (1963)

               The White House with the words "The eyes and ears of the
               world Paramount News" superimposed.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         They even put me on a thing called
                         the All-America Team where you get
                         to meet the President of the United
                         States.

               BLACK AND WHITE NEWSREEL

               PRESIDENT KENNEDY holds an autographed football as the All-
               American Team stands behind him. Forrest is among the players
               in suits.

                                     ANNOUNCER
                              (over newsreel)
                         President Kennedy met with the
                         Collegiate All-American Football
                         Team at the Oval Office today.

               INT. WHITE HOUSE RECEPTION AREA - DAY (1963)

               The All-American players mingle around the food table. Forrest
               steps up to the table. A large spread of food and soda is on
               the table.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, the real good thing about meeting
                         the President of the United States
                         is the food.

               Forrest takes a bottle of Dr. Pepper from the buffet table.

               Numerous bottle of Dr. Pepper are displayed on the table. A
               servant opens the bottle for him.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         They put you in this little room
                         with just about anything you'd want
                         to eat or drink. And since number
                         one, I wasn't hungry, but thirsty...

               Forrest begins to guzzle the Dr. Pepper.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...and number two, they was free, I
                         musta drank me about fifteen Dr.
                         Peppers.

               Forrest sets down an empty Dr. Pepper bottle next to a large
               number of other empty bottles. Forrest holds his stomach and
               burps.

               BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE - President Kennedy shakes hands
               with the All-American football players.

                                     PRESIDENT KENNEDY
                         Congratulations. How does it feel to
                         be an All-American?

                                     1ST PLAYER
                         It's an honor, Sir.

               Another player steps up to the President and shakes the
               President's hand.

                                     PRESIDENT KENNEDY
                         Congratulations. How does it feel to
                         be an All-American?

                                     2ND PLAYER
                         Very good, Sir.

                                     PRESIDENT KENNEDY
                         Congratulations. How does it feel to
                         be an All-American?

                                     3RD PLAYER
                         Very good, Sir.

               The player walks away. Forrest steps up to the President.

               The President shakes his hand.

                                     PRESIDENT KENNEDY
                         Congratulations. How do you feel?

                                     FORREST
                         I gotta pee.

               President Kennedy turns and smiles.

                                     PRESIDENT KENNEDY
                         I believe he said he had to go pee.

               INT. WHITE HOUSE/BATHROOM

               Forrest urinates in the bathroom, then lowers the lid and
               flashes. Forrest washes his hands, then notices an autographed
               photo from Marilyn Monroe and a photo of John with his brother
               Bobby.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Sometime later, for no particular
                         reason, somebody shot that nice young
                         President when he was ridin' in his
                         car.

               ARCHIVAL FOOTAGE - DAY SLOW MOTION - President Kennedy rises
               in a convertible and smiles.

                                     FORREST
                         And a few years after that...

               ARCHIVAL FOOTAGE - Robert Kennedy stands at a podium as people
               around him applaud.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...somebody shot his little brother,
                         too, only he was in a hotel kitchen.

               EXT. SAVANNHA/BUS BENCH - DAY (1981)

               Forrest sits on the bench and shakes his head.

                                     FORREST
                         It must be hard being brothers. I
                         wouldn't know.

               EXT. UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA - DAY - GRADUATION DAY (1966)

               Students in their caps and gowns step forward the podium to
               receive their diplomas. Forrest's name is called. He steps
               up and accepts his diploma.

                                     DEAN
                         Forrest Gump.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now can you believe it? After only
                         five years of playing football, I
                         got a college degree.

               The dean shakes Forrest's hand vigorously. Forrest looks out
               into the crowd.

                                     DEAN
                         Congratulations, son.

               Mrs. Gump, sitting in the audience, cries.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Momma was proud.

               Forrest and Mrs. Gump have their picure taken in front of a
               large statue. A military recruiter spots Forrest and steps
               up to him.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Forrest, I'm so proud of you. Here,
                         I'll hold this for you.

               Mrs. Gump takes the diploma from Forrest. The recruiter slaps
               Forrest on the shoulder and hands him some military
               literature.

                                     MILITARY RECRUITER
                         Congratulations, son. Have you given
                         any thought to your future?

                                     FORREST
                         Thought?

               Forrest looks at a pamphlet with a photo of "Uncle Sam" and
               the caption "EXCELLENT CAREERS FOR EXCELLENT YOUNG MAN. Apply
               now at your local U.S. Army Recruiting Center."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Hello, I'm Forrest...

               INT. ARMY BUS - DAY (1966)

               Forrest steps onto the army bus. Rain pours outside as the
               army bus driver yells at Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         ...Forrest Gump.

                                     ARMY BUS DRIVER
                         Nobody gives a hunk of shit who you
                         are, fuzzball! You're not even a
                         lowlife scum sucking maggot! Get
                         your faggoty ass on the bus. You're
                         in the Army now!

               Forrest is about to sit on the first available seat, but the
               recruit sitting there refuses Forrest.

                                     RECRUIT #1
                         This seat's taken.

               Forrest tries to sit on the next seat, but the 2nd recruit
               slides over, blocking him.

                                     RECRUIT #2
                         It's taken.

               Forrest steps forward, looking much like he did on his first
               bus ride to school years ago.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         At first, it seemed like I made a
                         mistake.

               A large black recruit with a strange look on his face, much
               like Forrest's, looks up from his seat. His name is BUBBA.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...seeing how it was my induction
                         day and I was already gettin' yelled
                         at.

               Bubba moves his case over, making room for Forrest to sit
               down.

                                     BUBBA
                         You can sit down... if you want to.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I didn't know who I might meet or
                         what they might ask.

               Bubba hands Forrest a handkerchief.

                                     BUBBA
                         You ever been on a real shrimp boat?

                                     FORREST
                         No, but I been on a real big boat.

                                     BUBBA
                         I'm talkin' about a shrimp catchin'
                         boat. I've been workin' on shrimp
                         boats all my life. I started out my
                         uncle's boat, that's my mother's
                         brother, when I was about maybe nine.
                         I was just lookin' into buyin' a
                         boat of my own and got drafted. My
                         given name is Benjamin Buford Blue.

               Bubba and Forrest shake hands.

                                     BUBBA
                         People call me Bubba. Just like one
                         of them redneck boys. Can you believe
                         that?

                                     FORREST
                         My name's Forrest Gump. People call
                         me Forrest Gump.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         So Bubba was from Bayou La Batre,
                         Alabama, and his momma cooked shrimp.

               INT. LOUISIANA/KITCHEN - DAY (1966)

               Bubba's mother, a robust woman in a cook's uniform, carries
               a bowl of shrimp into a dining room. She sets it down on a
               table in front of a wealthy white man.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And her momma before her cooked
                         shrimp.

               INT. SOMEWHERE IN THE SOUTH/KITCHEN - DAY (EARLY DAYS OF
               SLAVERY)

               Bubba's grandmother carries a bowl of shrimp into a dining
               room. She sets it down on a table in front of a wealthy white
               man.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And her momma before her momma cooked
                         shrimp, too. Bubba's family knew
                         everything...

               INT. ARMY BUS - DAY (1966)

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...there was to know about the
                         shrimpin' business.

                                     BUBBA
                         I know everything there is to know
                         about the shrimpin' business. Matter
                         of fact, I'm goin' into the shrimpin'
                         business for myself after I get out
                         the Army.

                                     FORREST
                         Okay.

               INT. BARRACKS - DAY

               A DRILL SERGEANT is in Forrest's face as Forrest stands in
               line with the other recruits.

                                     DRILL SERGEANT
                         Gump! What's your sole purpose in
                         this Army?

                                     FORREST
                         To do whatever you tell me, Drill
                         Sergeant!

                                     DRILL SERGEANT
                         Godamnit, Gump! You're a goddamned
                         genius! That's the most outstanding
                         answer I've ever heard. You must
                         have a godamned I.Q. of a hundred
                         and sixty! You are godamned gifted,
                         Private Gump!

               The Drill Sergeant moves down the line to the next man.

                                     DRILL SERGEANT
                         Listen up, people...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, for some reason, I fit in the
                         Army like one of them round pegs.
                         It's not really hard. You just make
                         your bed real neat and remember to
                         stand up straight.

                                     DRILL SERGEANT
                         That is one very intelligent
                         individual! You lock your scuzzy
                         bodies up behind that private and do
                         exactly what he does and you will go
                         far in this man's army!

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And always answer every question
                         with "Yes, Drill Sergeant!"

                                     DRILL SERGEANT
                         Is that clear?

                                     FORREST & RECRUITS
                         Yes, Drill Sergeant!

               ANOTHER DAY

               The recruits are sitting at the base of their bunks assembling
               their rifles. Bubba speaks to Forrest.

                                     BUBBA
                         What you do is you just drag your
                         nets across the bottom. On a good
                         day, you can catch over a hundred
                         pounds of shrimp. If everything goes
                         all right, two men shrimpin' ten
                         hours, less what you spends on gas,
                         you can...

               Forrest finishes assembling his rifle as the other recruits
               are still working on theirs.

                                     FORREST
                         Done, Drill Sergeant!

                                     DRILL SERGEANT
                         Gump!

               The Drill Sergeant rushes up to Forrest.

                                     DRILL SERGEANT
                         Why did you put that weapon together
                         so quickly, Gump?

                                     FORREST
                         You told me to, Drill Sergeant.

               The Drill Sergeant looks at his stop watch.

                                     DRILL SERGEANT
                         Jesus Christ! This is a new company
                         record. If it wouldn't be a waste of
                         such a damn fine enlisted man, I'd
                         recommended you for O.C.S., Private
                         Gump. You are gonna be a General
                         some day, Gump! Now, disassemble
                         your weapon and continue!

               The Drill Sergeant walks away as Forrest begins to disassemble
               his rifle. After the Drill Sergeant walks past Bubba, Bubba
               looks up at Forrest. Bubba continues talking about shrimp in
               his slow southern drawl.

                                     BUBBA
                         Anyway, like I was sayin', shrimp is
                         the fruit of the sea. You can barbecue
                         it, boil it, broil it, bake it, saute
                         it. There, uh, shrimp kabobs, shrimp
                         creole...

               ANOTHER DAY

               Bubba and Forrest shine their boots.

                                     BUBBA
                         ...shrimp gumbo, panfried, deep fried,
                         stir fried. There's pineapple shrimp,
                         lemon shrimp, coconut shrimp, pepper
                         shrimp...

               ANOTHER DAY

               Bubba and Forrest are on their hands and knees as they scrub
               the floor with toothbrushes.

                                     BUBBA
                         ...shrimp soup, shrimp stew, shrimp
                         salad, shrimp and potatoes, shrimp
                         burger, shrimp sandwich... that's,
                         that's about it.

               NIGHT

               Bubba lies in his bunk and looks up quietly.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Nighttime in the Army is a lovely
                         time.

               Forrest lies in his bunk and looks up.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         We'd lay there in our bunks, and I'd
                         miss my momma. And I'd miss Jenny.

               A young private tosses a Playboy magazine onto Forrest.

                                     YOUNG PRIVATE
                         Hey, Gump. Get a load of the tits on
                         her!

               Forrest pick up the magazine and turns the page, revealing
               Jenny as she poses with a school sweater on, and that's all.

               The pictorial is titled: "Girls of the South." Forrest looks
               up with shock. He cranes his head up for a closer look.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Turns out, Jenny had gotten into
                         some trouble over... some photos of
                         her in her college sweater. And she
                         was thrown out of school.

                                     SONG
                         "My baby does the hanky-panky..."

               INT. NASHVILLE/NIGHT CLUB - NIGHT (1966)

               Forrest, in his army uniform, steps into the foyer of the
               club.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         But that wasn't a bad thing. Because
                         a man who owns a theater in Memphis,
                         Tennessee, saw those photo and offered
                         Jenny a job singing in a show. The
                         first chance I got, I took the bus
                         up to Memphis to see her perform in
                         that show.

               EMCEE steps out onto the stage.

                                     EMCEE
                         That was Amber, Amber Flame. Give
                         her a big hand, guys. Good job, Amber.
                         And now, for your listening and
                         viewing pleasure, direct from
                         Hollywood, California, our very own
                         beatnik beauty, let's give a big
                         round of applause to the luscious
                         Bobbie Dylan.

                                     CROWD
                         Bobbie... Bobbie...

               The emcee walks back off the stage and the curtain opens,
               revealing Jenny as she sits on a stool on the stage. She
               holds a guitar up and begins to play. She is topless.

                                     JENNY
                              (sings)
                         "Yes, and how many seas must the
                         white dove said, before she sleeps
                         in the sand."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Her dream had come true. She was a
                         folk singer.

                                     JENNY
                              (sings)
                         "Yes, how many times must the
                         cannonballs fly before they're forever
                         banned."

                                     MAN #1
                         You gotta lose the guitar, darling.

                                     MAN #2
                         Hey, come on, baby. Shake it up.
                         Shake it up now.

                                     MAN #3
                         Hey, somebody ought to get her a
                         harmonica.

               The men laugh.

                                     JENNY
                              (sings)
                         "The answer, my friend is blowing in
                         the wind. The answer is blowing in...

                                     MAN #
                         ...skin, honey. This isn't Captain
                         Kangaroo.

                                     MEN
                         Yeah! Come on!

               Man #5 reaches up and tries to stick some money in Jenny's
               shoe.

                                     MAN #5 :
                         Hey, honey, I got something here for
                         you.

               Jenny kicks his hand. He yells angrily as he sits back down,
               then tosses his drink on her.

                                     MAN #5
                         Goddamnit!

                                     JENNY
                         Hey! Hey! Stupid jerk! I'm singing a
                         song here. Polly, get out here!

                                     MAN #
                         Hey, show us some stuff, honey!

                                     JENNY
                         Shut up! Oh, shut up!

               Forrest walks up to Man #5 and grabs him and tosses him down
               on the ground. Man #4 tries to grab Forrest, but Forrest
               shoves him down too.

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest, what are you doing here?
                         What are you doing?

               Forrest climbs up onto the stage and picks Jenny up, guitar
               and all, and carries her.

                                     FORREST
                         Come on.

                                     JENNY
                         What are you doing? Forrest, let me
                         down!

               Jenny struggles and frees herself from Forrest. Forrest steps
               back in surprise. Jenny shoves the guitar at Forrest. Jenny
               walks off as Forrest holds the guitar. He follows after her.

               EXT. MEMPHIS BRIDGE - NIGHT

               Forrest follows Jenny over a bridge outside the night club.

                                     JENNY
                         You can't keep doing this, Forrest.
                         You can't keep tryin' to rescue me
                         all the time.

                                     FORREST
                         They was tryin' to grab you.

                                     JENNY
                         A lot of people try to grab me. Just --
                         you can't keep doing this all the
                         time!

                                     FORREST
                         I can't help it. I love you.

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest, you don't know what love
                         is.

               Jenny turns and looks over the bridge.

                                     JENNY
                         You remember that time we prayed,
                         Forrest? We prayed for God to turn
                         me into a bird so I could fly far,
                         far away?

                                     FORREST
                         Yes, I do.

                                     JENNY
                         You think I can fly off this bridge?

                                     FORREST
                         What do you mean, Jenny?

                                     JENNY
                         Nothing.

               Jenny turns and looks at the light of an approaching vehicle.

               She steps into the street.

                                     JENNY
                         I gotta get outta here.

               Jenny runs and flags down the approaching vehicle.

                                     FORREST
                         But wait. Jenny!

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest, you stay away from me, okay?
                         You just stay away from me, please.

               A pickup truck pulls over as Jenny looks at the driver.

                                     JENNY
                         Can I have a ride?

                                     DRIVER
                         Where you going?

                                     JENNY
                         I don't care.

                                     DRIVER
                         Get in the truck.

                                     FORREST
                         So bye-bye, Jenny. They sendin' me
                         to Vietnam. It's this whole other
                         country.

               Jenny walks toward Forrest. She looks at the driver.

                                     JENNY
                         Just hang on a minute.

               Jenny walks up to Forrest.

                                     JENNY
                         Listen, you promise me something,
                         okay? Just if you're ever in trouble,
                         don't try to be brave, you just run,
                         okay? Just run away.

                                     FORREST
                         Okay. Jenny, I'll write you all the
                         time.

               Jenny takes a last look at Forrest, then climbs into the
               truck. Forrest watches Jenny in the pickup as it drives away.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And just like that.

               EXT. GREENBOW/GUMP BOARDING HOUSE/RIVER - DAY

               Forrest, dressed in his uniform, sits on a log and looks out
               at a river.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...she was gone.

               Mrs. Gump walks toward Forrest and sits down next to him on
               the log. Forrest leans down, placing his head on his mother's
               shoulder.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         You come back safe to me, do ya hear?

               EXT. VIETNAM/MEKONG DELTA - MORNING (1967)

               The shadow of a helicopter over the rice field below. A
               soldier is manning a gun from inside the helicopter. The
               solider looks left, Forrest and Bubba ride in the helicopter.

               EXT. FIREBASE/4TH PLATOON

               The helicopter circles overhead, then lands at the firebase.

                                     SONG
                         "Some folks are born made to wave
                         the flag. Ooh, they're red, white
                         and blue. And when the band plays
                         "Hail to the Chief," ohh, they point
                         the cannon at you all. It ain't me.
                         It ain't me. I ain't no Senator's
                         son, no. It ain't me. It ain't me..."

               Bubba and Forrest jump out of the helicopter with their gear/
               They walk and look around oddly.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, they told us that Vietnam was
                         gonna be very different from the
                         United Sates of America.

               The soldier places a case of beer on a large stack of cases.

               He takes two beers out and walks away. In the background,
               soldiers are barbecuing steaks and drinking beer.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Except for all the beer cans and the
                         barbecue, it was.

                                     BUBBA
                         Y'know, I bet there's shrimp all in
                         these waters. They tell me these
                         Vietnams is good shrimp. You know,
                         after we win this war, and we take
                         over everything we can get American
                         shrimpers to come on here and shrimp
                         these waters. We'll just shrimp all
                         the time, man. So much shrimp, why,
                         you wouldn't believe it.

               Lieutenant DAN TAYLOR steps out of a tent. Shirtless, he
               holds a roll of toilet paper in his hand.

                                     LT. DAN
                         You must be my F.N.G.'s.

                                     BUBBA AND FORREST
                         Morning', sir!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Ho! Get your hands down. Do not salute
                         me. There are goddamned snipers all
                         around this area who would love to
                         grease an officer. I'm Lieutenant
                         Dan Taylor. Welcome to Fourth Platoon.

               Lt. Dan looks at Bubba.

                                     LT. DAN
                         What's wrong with your lips?

                                     BUBBA
                         I was born with big gums, sir.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Yeah, well, you better tuck that in.
                         Gonna get that caught on a trip wire.
                         Where you boys from in the world?

                                     BUBBA & FORREST
                         Alabama, sir!

                                     LT. DAN
                         You twins?

               Forrest and Bubba look at each other oddly, they don't get
               the joke.

                                     FORREST
                         No, we are not relations, sir.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Look, it's pretty basic here.

               Lt. Dan starts to walk. Bubba and Forrest grab their gear
               and follow him.

                                     LT. DAN
                         You stick with me, you learn from
                         the guys who been in country awhile,
                         you'll be right. There is one item
                         of G.I. gear that can be the
                         difference between a live grunt and
                         a dead grunt.

               Lt. Dan stops and looks at the boys.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Socks, cushion, sole, O.D. green.
                         Try and keep your feet dry when we're
                         out humpin'. I want you boys to
                         remember to change your socks wherever
                         we stop. The Mekong will eat a grunt's
                         feet right off his legs.

               Lt. Dan steps over to a large black soldier named SERGEANT
               SIMS.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Sergeant Sims! Goddamnit, where is
                         that sling-rope I told you to order.

                                     SGT. SIMS
                         I put in requisitions at Battalion.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Yeah, yeah, yeah, well you call those
                         sonabitches again, call them again
                         and again and again. I don't care
                         how much it takes...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Lt. Dan sure knew his stuff. I felt
                         real lucky he was my lieutenant. He
                         was from a long, great military
                         tradition. Somebody in his family
                         had fought and died in every single
                         American war.

               EXT. VALLEY FORGE/THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR - DAY (1778)

               A distant relative of Lt. Dan's, wearing a revolutionary war
               uniform, falls dead in the snow.

               EXT. GETTYSBURG/THE CIVIL WAR - DAY (1863)

               Another relative, wearing a civil war uniform and bearing a
               striking resemblance to Lt. Dan, falls down dead.

               EXT. NORMANDY/WORLD WAR II - DAY (1944)

               Another relative, wearing a World War II, falls down dead on
               the beach at Normandy.

               EXT. VETNAM/MEKONG DELTA/FIREBASE - DAY (1967)

                                     LT. DAN
                         Goddamnit, kick some ass!

                                     SGT. SIMS
                         I'm on it, Lieutenant.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Get on it!

               Lt. Dan steps back up to Bubba and Forrest.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I guess you could say he had a lot
                         to live up to.

               Lt. Dan walks along the walkway and Bubba and Forrest follow.

                                     LT. DAN
                         So, you boys are from Arkansas, huh?
                         Well, I've been through there. Little
                         Rock's a fine town. Now, go shake
                         down your gear, see the platoon
                         sergeant, draw what you need for the
                         field.

               Lt. Dan steps inside the latrine, still holding the roll of
               toilet paper.

                                     LT. DAN
                         If you boys are hungry, we got steaks
                         burnin' right here.

               Lt. Dan sits down out of sight in the latrine, then stands
               up, looking at the boys.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Two standing orders in this platoon.
                         One, take good care of your feet.
                         Two, try not to do anything stupid,
                         like gettin' yourself killed.

               Lt. Dan sits back down out of sight in the latrine. Bubba
               and Forrest look at each other.

                                     FORREST
                         I sure hope I don't let him down.

               EXT. RICE FIELD - ANOTHER DAY

               Forrest, Bubba, and other soldiers in the Fourth Platoon
               walk across the rice field. Some Vietnamese rice farmers are
               working as the soldiers walk past.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I got to see a lot of countryside.
                         We would take these real long walks.

               EXT. JUNGLE/DIRT ROAD - ANOTHER DAY

               Forrest's unit walks along a dirt road.

                                     SONG
                         And we were always lookin' for this
                         guy named Charlie. I can't get no
                         relief.

               Suddenly Lt. Dan holds up his fist, a signal for the unit to
               stop. He motions for them to get down.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Hold it up!

                                     SGT. SIMS
                         Hold up, boys!

               Forrest gets down and looks around.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         It wasn't always fun. Lt. Dan always
                         gettin' these funny feelings about a
                         rock or a trail, or the road, so
                         he'd tell you to get down, shut up!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Get down! Shut up!

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         So we did.

               Lt. Dan motions for the lead soldier to get down. Lt. Dan
               crouches down. Lt. Dan looks at the soldiers and points to
               his eyes. He lies down on the dirt road and crawls.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, I don't know much about anything,
                         but I think some of American's best
                         young men served in this war. There
                         was Dallas, from Phoenix. Cleveland,
                         he was from Detroit.

                                     CLEVELAND
                         Hey, Tex. Hey, Tex. Man, what the
                         hell's going on?

               Tex holds up his hand, motioning that he doesn't know.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And Tex was, well, I don't remember
                         where Tex come from.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Ah, nothin'. Fourth Platoon, on your
                         feet! Still got ten clicks to go to
                         that river.

               Forrest stands up and begins to walk with the platoon.

                                     LT. DAN
                         All right, move out! Comin' out.
                         Look alive out there.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         The good thing about Vietnam is there
                         was always someplace to go.

                                     LT. DAN (V.O.)
                         Fire in the hole!

               EXT. VIETNAM/VIET CONG FOXHOLE - ANOTHER DAY

               Lt. Dan walks away as Forrest rushes over, aims two pistols
               in the hole, then climbs inside.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And there was always something to
                         do.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Mount 'em up.

                                     SGT. SIMS
                         Spread out! Cover his back.

               ANOTHER DAY - The platoon walks through a rice paddy, waits
               deep in water. It begins to rain.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         One day it started raining, and it
                         didn't quit for four months.

               EXT. JUNGLE

               The rain pours down on Forrest and Bubba as they sit in a
               foxhole.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         We been through every kind of rain
                         there is. Little bitty stingin'
                         rain...

               ANOTHER DAY - The platoon walks through the jungle as rain
               pours down on them.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...and big ol' fat rain.

               ANOTHER DAY - The platoon shelters themselves as they walk
               through the wind and rain.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Rain that flew in sideways.

               ANOTHER DAY - Forrest and other soldiers walk chest-deep
               through a river. The rain splatters back up from the river,
               hitting the soldiers. Forrest holds his hand up to protect
               his face.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And sometimes rain even seemed to
                         come straight up from underneath.

               EXT. ENCAMPMENT - NIGHT

               The rain pours down on the men of the platoon as they sit in
               a camp. Bubba sits down next to Forrest.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Shoot, it even rained at night.

               Bubba leans his back up against Forrest's back.

                                     BUBBA
                         Hey Forrest...

                                     FORREST
                         Hey Bubba...

                                     BUBBA
                         I'm gonna lean up against you, you
                         just lean right back against me.

                                     BUBBA
                         This way, we don't have to sleep
                         with our heads in the mud. You know
                         why we a good partnership, Forrest?
                         'Cause we be watchin' out for one
                         another. Like brothers and stuff.
                         Hey, Forrest, there's somethin' I've
                         been thinkin' about. I got a very
                         important question to ask you. How
                         would you like to go into the
                         shrimpin' business with me?

                                     FORREST
                         Okay.

                                     BUBBA
                         Man, I tell you what, I got it all
                         figured out, too. So many pounds of
                         shrimp to pay off the boat, so many
                         pounds for gas, we can just live
                         right on the boat. We ain't got to
                         pay no rent. I'll be the captain; we
                         can just work it together. Split
                         everything right down the middle.
                         Man, I'm tellin' you, fifty-fifty.
                         And, hey, Forrest, all the shrimp
                         you can get.

                                     FORREST
                         That's a fine idea.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Bubba did have a fine idea.

               ANOTHER NIGHT - Some soldiers patrol the area. Forrest lies
               in a pup tent and writes a litter as the rain pours down. He
               uses his flashlight to see.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I even wrote Jenny and told her all
                         about it. I sent her letters. Not
                         every day, but almost. I told her
                         what I was doin' and asked her what
                         she was doing, and I told her how I
                         thought about her always.

               EXT. JENNY'S GRANDMOTHER'S TRAILER - DAY

               Jenny steps out of the trailer with a backpack and a guitar.

               She hugs a hippie guy, then jumps into the back of a
               Volkswagen bus with another guy.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And how I was looking forward to
                         getting a letter from her just as
                         soon as she had the time I'd always
                         let her know that I was okay.

               EXT. VIETNAM - NIGHT

               Forrest writes a letter in his tent.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Then I'd sign each letter, "Love,
                         Forrest Gump."

               EXT. JUNGLE - DAY

               The Fourth Platoon makes their way through the jungle and
               rain.

                                     SONG
                         "There's something happenin' here.
                         What it is ain't exactly clear.
                         There's a man with a gun over there,
                         telling' me I got to beware."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         This one day, we was out walking,
                         like always, and then, just like
                         that, somebody turned off the rain
                         and the sun come out.

               Forrest looks up as the sun suddenly appears. Forrest's
               platoon is attacked. A bullet kills the soldier standing
               next to Forrest. Bombs explode all around as the soldiers
               scramble to the ground.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Take cover!

               Forrest crawls over a berm as bullets fly overhead and explode
               all around him. Forrest rolls over and pulls his pack off
               Lt. Dan lies next to Forrest.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Get that pig up here, goddammit!

                                     BUBBA
                         Forrest, you okay?

               Two soldiers with a machine gun fire into the jungle. Lt.
               Dan shouts into the radio. Forrest begins firing his weapon
               into the jungle.

                                     LT. DAN
                         ...Strongarm, please be advised...

               Two soldiers pull a wounded soldier into the jungle.

                                     BUBBA
                         Medic, we got a man down!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Strongarm, this is Leg Lima 6, over!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Roger, Strongarm, be advised we have
                         incoming from the treeline at point
                         blue plus two. A.K's and rockets...

               The machine gunner fires into the treeline. Another soldier
               helps him with the ammunition. The machine gun jams.

                                     SOLDIER WITH BIG MACHINE GUN
                         Misfire! Misfire!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Goddammit, Mac! Get that pig unfucked
                         and get it in the treeline!

               A rocket explodes on the machine gunner and the other soldier,
               killing them. Forrest looks down and covers his head as
               rockets explodes all around him.

                                     LT. DAN
                              (into radio)
                         Ah, Jesus! My unit is down hard and
                         hurting! 6 pulling back to the blue
                         line, Leg Lima 6 out! Pull back!
                         Pull back!

                                     BUBBA
                         Forrest! Run! Run, Forrest!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Pull back!

                                     BUBBA
                         Forrest! Run! Run, Forrest! Run!
                         Run!

                                     SGT. SIMS
                         Pull back! Let's go!

               Lt. Dan gets up and grabs Forrest by the collar.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Run, goddammit, run!

               The platoon gets up and runs toward the cover of the jungle.

               Rockets explode all around the field. Forrest runs into the
               jungle. The soldiers run through the jungle as bullets explode
               all around. A soldier is blown up by a rocket. A soldier
               runs through the jungle. Forrest runs past the soldier.

                                     SOLDIER
                         Medic! Medic! Jesus, can I get a
                         medic?

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I ran and ran, just like Jenny told
                         me to.

               Rockets explode in the jungle as Forrest runs out toward a
               clearing.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I ran so far and so fast that pretty
                         soon I was all by myself, which was
                         a bad thing.

                                     FORREST
                         Bubba!

               Forrest turns around, then runs back into the jungle.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Bubba was my best good friend. I had
                         to make sure he was okay.

               Rockets explode in the jungle. Forrest runs back into the
               jungle to look for Bubba.

                                     1ST SOLDIER
                         Any friendlies out there?

                                     2ND SOLDIER
                         Yeah, I've got three over there.

                                     1ST SOLDIER
                         Where the hell are you?

               Forrest stops and aims his weapon. He looks around, scared.

                                     FORREST
                         Bubba?

               Something moves. Forrest turns and looks, then rushes over.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And on my way back to find Bubba,
                         well, there was this boy laying on
                         the ground.

                                     FORREST
                         Tex!

               Tex lies on the ground, his face distorted with pain.

                                     FORREST
                         Okay.

               Forrest reaches down and picks up Tex from the ground. Forrest
               pulls Tex up over his shoulder, then runs.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I couldn't just let him lay there
                         all alone, scared the way he was, so
                         I grabbed him up and run him out of
                         there.

               Forrest carries Tex out of the jungle and into the clearing.

               He sets Tex down on the bank of a river, and runs back into
               the jungle.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And every time I went back looking
                         for Bubba, somebody else was saying,
                         "Help me, Forrest. Help me."

               Forrest drops another wounded soldier down at the bank of
               the river next to Tex, and then runs back toward the jungle.

               Forrest grabs the third wounded soldier up from the ground
               and turns him over. It is DALLAS.

                                     DALLAS
                         Can't hear... Can't hear...

               Dallas is dropped off at the bank next to the other wounded
               soldiers. Forrest turns to go back to the jungle.

                                     2ND WOUNDED SOLDIER
                         No sweat, man. Just lay back. You're
                         gonna be okay. You're gonna be okay.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I started to get scared that I might
                         never find Bubba.

                                     STRONGARM
                              (over radio)
                         You're danger close for crack air,
                         over.

               Forrest trips over something and falls to the ground. He
               looks up to find two bloody legs. It is Lt. Dan, who is
               wounded. He speaks into the radio.

                                     LT. DAN
                              (into radio)
                         Roger, Strongarm, I know my position
                         is danger close! We got Charlie all
                         over this area! I gotta have those
                         fast movers in here now! Over!

                                     STRONGARM
                              (over radio)
                         Six, Strongarm, we want...

                                     FORREST
                         Lieutenant Dan, Coleman's dead!

                                     LT. DAN
                         I know he's dead! My whole goddamned
                         platoon is wiped out!

                                     STRONGARM
                              (over radio)
                         Leg Lima 6, Leg Lima 6, how copy you
                         this transmission? Over.

               Forrest tries to pick up Lt. Dan, who tries to push Forrest
               away.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Goddammit! What are you doing? Leave
                         me here! Get away. Just leave me
                         here! Get out!

               Forrest pulls Lt. Dan over his shoulder and runs through the
               jungle.

                                     STRONGARM
                         Leg Lima 6, Leg Lima 6. This is
                         Strongarm, be advised, your fast
                         movers are inbound at this time,
                         over.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Then it felt like something just
                         jumped up and bit me.

               Forrest falls down.

                                     FORREST
                         Ah, something bit me!

               Forrest gets up as Lt. Dan yells. Lt. Dan fires his pistol
               at the unseen enemy as Forrest pulls him away.

                                     LT. DAN
                         You dink son-of-a-bitch! I can't
                         leave the platoon! I told you to
                         leave me there, Gump. Forget about
                         me. Get yourself out! Did you hear
                         what I said! Goddammit, pull me down!
                         Get your ass out of here!

               Forrest drops Lt. Dan down at the bank, next to the other
               wounded soldiers. Lt. Dan grabs Forrest by the shirt, angry.

                                     LT. DAN
                         I didn't ask you to pull me out of
                         there, goddamn you! What the hell do
                         you think you're going?

                                     FORREST
                         To get Bubba.

                                     LT. DAN
                         I got an air strike inbound right
                         now. They're gonna nape the whole
                         area.

               Forrest gets up and runs as Lt. Dan yells after him.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Gump, you stay here, goddammit! That's
                         an order!

                                     FORREST
                         I gotta find Bubba!

               Forrest runs through the jungle searching for Bubba. Forrest
               slows down and looks around carefully.

                                     BUBBA
                         Forrest...

                                     FORREST
                         Bubba...

               Bubba looks up as he lies on the ground.

                                     BUBBA
                         I'm okay.

               Bubba holds a palm frond over his wound. Forrest removes the
               frond to look at the wound. Bubba's chest has been blown
               open.

                                     FORREST
                         Oh, Bubba, no...

                                     BUBBA
                         Naw, I'm gonna be all right.

               Forrest looks around as he hear the voices of the enemy.

                                     FORREST
                         Come on. Come on. Come here...

               Forrest carries Bubba through the jungle. The sound of
               approaching planes fills the air.

                                     BUBBA
                         I'm okay, Forrest. I'm all right.

               The roar of approaching planes is deafening. Forrest looks
               up in fear. Three planes dive down toward the jungle. They
               fire napalm as the jungle explodes with massive fireballs.

               Forrest runs, carrying Bubba. The fireballs explode behind
               him. The entire jungle area is in flames as Forrest runs.

               Forrest carries Bubba to the bank of the river. Lt. Dan and
               the other wounded soldiers wait for a rescue helicopter.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Helo's inbound. Pop smoke, get it up
                         there!

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         If I'd a known this was gonna be the
                         last time me and Bubba was gonna
                         talk, I'd a thought of something
                         better to say.

               Forrest looks down at Bubba. A soldier releases a smoke
               canister.

                                     FORREST
                         Hey, Bubba...

                                     BUBBA
                         Hey, Forrest. Forrest, why'd this
                         happen?

                                     FORREST
                         You got shot.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Then Bubba said something I won't
                         even forget.

                                     BUBBA
                         I wanna go home.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Bubba was my best good friend. And
                         even I know that ain't something you
                         can find just around the corner.
                         Bubba was gonna be a shrimpin' boat
                         captain, but instead he died right
                         there by that river in Vietnam.

               The helicopter fly overhead.

               BUS STATION - DAY

               Forrest continues with his life story. A MAN is sitting next
               to Forrest on the bus bench.

                                     FORREST
                         That's all I have to say about that.

                                     MAN
                         It was a bullet, wasn't it?

                                     FORREST
                         A bullet?

                                     MAN
                         That jumped up and bit you.

                                     FORREST
                         Oh, yes sir. Bit me directly in the
                         buttocks. They said it was a million
                         dollar wound, but the Army must keep
                         that money, 'cause I still ain't
                         seen a nickel of that million dollars.
                         The only good thing about being
                         wounded in the buttocks...

               FLASHBACK - INT. US. ARMY HOSPITAL/VIETNAM - DAY

               Forrest holds two ice cream cones in his hands as he is
               wheeled on a rolling stretcher.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...is the ice cream. They gave me
                         all the ice cream I could eat. And
                         guess what. A good friend of mine
                         was in the bed right next door.

               Forrest, lying on his stomach, is wheeled to his bed.

               Forrest's butt sticks up and is bandaged. Forrest looks at
               Lt. Dan lying on the bed. Forrest holds out an ice cream
               cone for Lt. Dan.

                                     FORREST
                         Lieutenant Dan, I got you some ice
                         cream. Lieutenant Dan, ice cream.

               Lt. Dan, annoyed, takes the ice cream cone and drops it into
               his bed pan. Forrest slides himself onto his bed. A NURSE
               reaches toward Lt. Dan.

                                     MALE NURSE
                         It's time for your bath, Lieutenant.

               The male nurse places Lt. Dan's hands on a pull-up bar, then
               picks up Lt. Dan, whose legs have been amputated.

                                     MALE NURSE
                         Harper...

               Another nurse wheels the rolling bed under Lt. Dan. The male
               nurse sets Lt. Dan down on the rolling bed. Forrest looks up
               at Lt. Dan as he is wheeled away. A soldier reads the names
               from a pile of letters.

                                     SOLDIER
                         Cooper, Larson, Webster, Gump, Gump...

                                     FORREST
                         I'm Forrest Gump.

               The soldier hands Forrest a large pile of letters.

               "Undeliverable as addressed. No forwarding order on file."

               Jenny Curran Rural Route 2 Greenbow, Ala. 39902 Forrest looks
               down at the pile of letters.

               INT. ARMY HOSPITAL/VIETNAM - DAY

               A group of wounded soldiers hang out in the hospital,
               recuperating. Forrest sits and watches "Gomer Pyle" on the
               television.

                                     SOLDIER
                         Gump, how can you watch that stupid
                         shit? Turn it off!

                                     ANNOUNCER
                         From the D.M.Z. to the Delta, you
                         are tuned to the American Forces
                         Vietnam Network. This is Channel 6,
                         Saigon.

               Forrest turns the TV off and he is hit on the back of the
               head by a ping-pong ball.

                                     SOLDIER
                         Good catch, Gump. You know how to
                         play this?

               Forrest shakes his head.

                                     SOLDIER
                         Come on, let me show you. Here.

               The wounded ping-pong player hands Forrest a paddle. Forrest
               and the wounded ping-pong player step toward the ping-pong
               table.

                                     SOLDIER
                         Now the secret to this game is, no
                         matter what happens, never, never
                         take your eye off the ball.

               He holds the ball up and moves it back and forth. Forrest
               keeps his eyes on the ball.

                                     SOLDIER
                         All right...

               The wounded ping-pong player tosses the ball down onto the
               table. Forrest begins to hit the ball back to the other
               player.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         For some reason, ping pong came very
                         natural to me.

                                     SOLDIER
                         See, any idiot can play.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         So I started playing it all the time.

               Forrest hits ping-pong balls.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I played ping-pong even when I didn't
                         have anyone to play ping-pong with.

               The balls at land in a bed pan positioned on a chair. A group
               of wounded soldier sit and watch Forrest play with himself.
               Forrest hits two balls at a time against the opposite side
               of the table.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         The hospital's people said it made
                         me look like a duck in water, whatever
                         that means. Even Lieutenant Dan would
                         come and watch me play.

               Lt. Dan stares out the window. Forrest lies in his bed asleep.
               A hand reaches and grabs him.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I played ping-pong so much, I even
                         played it in my sleep.

               Lt. Dan pulls Forrest to the floor, and holds Forrest down.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Now, you listen to me. We all have a
                         destiny. Nothing just happens, it's
                         all part of a plan. I should have
                         died out there with my men! But now,
                         I'm nothing but a goddamned cripple!
                         A legless freak. Look! Look! Look at
                         me! Do you see that? Do you know
                         what it's like not to be able to use
                         your legs?

                                     FORREST
                         Well... Yes, sir, I do.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Did you hear what I said? You cheated
                         me. I had a destiny. I was supposed
                         to die in the field! With honor!
                         That was my destiny! And you cheated
                         me out of it! You understand what
                         I'm saying, Gump? This wasn't supposed
                         to happen. Not to me. I had a destiny.
                         I was Lieutenant Dan Tyler.

                                     FORREST
                         Yo-You're still Lieutenant Dan.

               Lt. Dan looks at Forrest, lets go of Forrest and rolls.

               Lt. Dan sits up as Forrest looks at him.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Look at me. What am I gonna do now?
                         What am I gonna do now?

               INT. REC ROOM/VIETNAM HOSPITAL - ANOTHER DAY

               Forrest plays ping-pong by himself. An OFFICER walks up to
               him.

                                     OFFICER
                         P.F.C. Gump?

               Forrest immediately grabs the ball and places it down on the
               table under its paddle. Stands at attention.

                                     FORREST
                         Yes, sir!

                                     OFFICER
                         As you were.

               The officer holds up an envelope.

                                     OFFICER
                         Son, you've been awarded the Medal
                         of Honor.

               INT. VIETNAM HOSPITAL WARD

               Forrest steps up to Lt. Dan's bed.

                                     FORREST
                         Guess what, Lieutenant Dan, they
                         want to give me a me...

               Forrest stops in mid-sentence as he looks down at the bed. A
               heavily bandaged soldier with bloodstains lies there. Forrest
               turns and look at the NURSE.

                                     FORREST
                         Ma'am, what'd they do with Lieutenant
                         Dan?

                                     NURSE
                         They sent him home.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Two weeks later, I left Vietnam.

               INT. BARBER SHOP/GREENBOW - DAY

                                     ANCHORMAN
                              (on T.V.)
                         The ceremony was kicked off with a
                         candid speech by the President
                         regarding the need for further
                         escalation of the war in Vietnam.
                         President Johnson awarded four Medals
                         of Honor to men from each of the
                         Armed Services.

               The television reveals Forrest as he is awarded the Medal of
               Honor by President Johnson.

                                     PRESIDENT JOHNSON
                         America owes you a debt of gratitude,
                         son.

               Color footage revealing President Johnson as he places the
               award around Forrest's neck and shakes hands.

                                     PRESIDENT JOHNSON
                         I understand you were wounded. Where
                         were you hit?

                                     FORREST
                         In the buttocks, sir.

                                     PRESIDENT JOHNSON
                         Oh, that must be a sight.

               President Johnson leans and whispers into Forrest's ear.

                                     PRESIDENT JOHNSON
                         I'd kinda like to see that.

               INT. BARBER SHOP

               The television revealing Forrest as he drops his pants, bends
               over and shows the bullet wound on his bare buttocks.

               President Johnson looks down and smiles. The three men in
               the barber shop look up in disbelief. Mrs. Gump looks up in
               shock.

                                     PRESIDENT JOHNSON
                         Goddamn, son.

               EXT. LINCOLN MEMORIAL - DAY

               Forrest walks by the Lincoln Memorial. A fence surrounds the
               Memorial, as well as armed military guards.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         After that, Momma went to the hotel
                         to lay down, so I went out for a
                         walk to see our national capital.

                                     ISABEL
                         Hilary, all right, I've got the vets,
                         what do you want me to do with them?

                                     HILARY
                         What are you doing here so late?

               Forrest takes a photo of the memorial as a woman named Hilary
               gathers together some veterans against the Vietnam War.

                                     HILARY
                         We've been waiting for you for half
                         an hour, so just get them in a line,
                         will you. Hey, hey, come on, pictures
                         later. You look great. Oh come on,
                         get in this line, come on, come on
                         right in line. Come on, let him here,
                         let him in here.

               Hilary grabs Forrest and puts him in the line with the other
               vets against the war.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         It's a good thing Momma was resting,
                         'cause the street was awful crowded
                         with people looking at all the statues
                         and monuments. And some of them people
                         were loud and pushy.

               Hilary leads the line of vets toward the large anti-Vietnam
               War rally.

                                     HILARY
                         Okay, follow me! Come on.

               The group of vets walk as Forrest tries to take another
               picture. A vet behind him pushes him along.

                                     HILARY
                         Let's move it out.

                                     VET
                         Hey, buddy, come on. We could use
                         your help.

               Forrest walks in the line. A banner reads "Veterans against
               the War in Vietnam."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Everywhere I went, I had to stand in
                         line.

                                     HILARY
                         Follow me, let's go!

               Hilary leads the vets through a crowd of people outside the
               rally. Another woman, named Isabel, leads the vets toward
               the back of a stage.

                                     ISABEL
                         All right, come on, guys.

                                     HILARY
                         Stand here.

                                     VET
                         Hey, you're a good man for doin'
                         this. Good!

                                     FORREST
                         Okay.

               A man, wearing an American flag shirt, stands on the stage.

               He is anti-war activist ABBIE HOFFMAN.

                                     ABBIE HOFFMAN
                         We must declare to that fucking
                         impostor in the White House --
                         Johnson. We ain't going to work on
                         your farm no more! Yeah!

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         There was this man, giving a little
                         talk. And for some reason, he was
                         wearing an American flag for a
                         shirt...

                                     ABBIE HOFFMAN
                         Now, I'm going to bring up some
                         soldiers that are going to talk about
                         the war, man...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...and he liked to say the "F" word.
                         A lot. "F" this and "F" that. And
                         every time...

                                     ABBIE HOFFMAN
                         ...that war has come home, and we
                         have to stop these politicians...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...he said "F" word, people, for
                         some reason, well, they'd cheer.

                                     ABBIE HOFFMAN
                         ...these guys just told Lyndon Johnson
                         where to stick this fucking war!
                         Yeah!

               Forrest looks up at the cheering crowd. Abbie turns and
               motions for Forrest to come up on the stage.

                                     ABBIE HOFFMAN
                         Come on, man. Come up here, man.

                                     HILARY
                         Come on. Come on. Yeah, you!

               Hilary pulls Forrest up onto the stage.

                                     HILARY
                         Come on, get up there. Come on. Move,
                         move. Let's go! Let's go.

               The other vets follow Forrest pushes onto the stage and push
               him toward the microphones.

                                     VET
                         Come on, go. You can do it. Just get
                         up there. Go on. That's it.

               Thousands of cheering protesters stand around the Washington
               Monument. Forrest looks at the crowd. Abbie Hoffmann steps
               up to Forrest.

                                     ABBIE HOFFMAN
                         Tell us a little bit about the war,
                         man.

                                     FORREST
                         The war in Vietnam?

                                     ABBIE HOFFMAN
                         The war in Viet-fucking-nam!

               Abbie raises his fist as the crowd cheers wildly.

                                     FORREST
                         Well...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         There was only one thing I could say
                         about the war in Vietnam.

                                     FORREST
                         ...there was only one thing I could
                         say about the war in Vietnam.

               Forrest looks at the crowd as he speaks. A policeman looks
               around as he sneaks over to the audio circuit board.

                                     FORREST
                         In Vietnam war...

               The policeman pulls the patch cords out of the audio board.

               Forrest's amplified voice becomes inaudible. Forrest continues
               to speak into the microphone, even though no one can hear
               what he is saying. Hilary looks over and notices the
               policeman. Hilary rushes over toward the audio board, pushes
               the policeman away and grabs his night stick. Another
               protester grabs the policeman and pulls him away.

                                     POLICEMAN
                         Hey, what the hell are you doing?

                                     HILARY
                         I'll beat your head in, you goddamned
                         oinker!

               Isabel, Hilary and another protester try to plug the tangled
               mess of wires back into the audio board.

                                     ISABEL
                         Christ, what'd they do with this?

               Forrest continues to speak into the microphone. The crowd
               grows restless.

                                     CROWD
                         We can't hear you! We can't hear
                         anything!

                                     HILARY
                         This one! This one! Give me that!

               Hilary plugs in the right patch cord.

                                     HILARY
                         That's it.

                                     FORREST
                         ...and that's all I have to say about
                         that.

               Forrest looks at the massive crowd. They are silent. Abbie
               Hoffman steps over to Forrest and pats him on the shoulder.

                                     ABBIE HOFFMAN
                         That's so right on, man. You said it
                         all. What's your name, man?

                                     FORREST
                         My name is Forrest Gump. Forrest
                         Gump.

                                     ABBIE HOFFMAN
                         Forrest Gump!

               Abbie raises his fist into the air. Abbie steps away from
               Forrest. The crowd cheers.

                                     CROWD
                         Forrest Gump!

                                     JENNY
                              (screaming)
                         Forrest! Forrest!

               Jenny wades out into the reflection pool and waves her hand
               into the air. Forrest recognizes her.

                                     FORREST
                         Jenny!

               Forrest rushes off the stage as Jenny makes her way out into
               the pool.

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest!

               Forrest jumps down into the crowd and runs. Jenny smiles as
               she tries to run through the water. The crowd parts as Forrest
               runs into the pool. Jenny rushes toward him.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey! Hey!

               The massive crowd cheers for the embracing couple in the
               pool.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         It was the happiest moment of my
                         life.

               EXT. WASHINGTON MONUMENT/PROTESTER'S ENCAMPMENT - NIGHT

               Forrest and Jenny walk past the protesters who are camping
               out on the lawn.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Jenny and me were just peas and
                         carrots again. She showed me around,
                         and even introduced me...

               INT. BLACK PANTHER HEADQUARTERS/STOREFRONT, D.C. - NIGHT

               Forrest stands at an open window and looks at the White House.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...to some of her new friends.

               A Black Panther, named RUBEN, steps over and pulls the shades
               down.

                                     RUBEN
                         Shut that blind, man. And get your
                         white ass away from that window.
                         Don't you know we in war here?

               Another Black Panther named MASAI grabs Forrest and pats him
               down.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey man, he's cool. He's cool. He's
                         one of us. He's one of us.

                                     MASAI
                         Let me tell you about us.

                                     WESLEY
                         Where the hell have you been?

                                     JENNY
                         I ran into a friend.

                                     MASAI
                         Our purpose here is to protect our
                         black leaders from the racial
                         onslaught of the pig who wishes to
                         brutalize our black leaders, rape
                         our women, and destroy our black
                         communists.

                                     BLACK PANTHER
                         Masai, phone. Talk to these guys.

                                     WESLEY
                         Who's the baby killer?

                                     JENNY
                         This is my good friend I told you
                         about. This is Forrest Gump. Forrest,
                         this is Wesley. Wesley and I live
                         together in Berkeley, and he's the
                         president of the Berkeley chapter of
                         S.D.S.

                                     MASAI
                         Let me tell you something else.

                                     WESLEY
                         I want to talk to you.

                                     JENNY
                         Okay, but...

                                     WESLEY
                         No. Now! Goddammit!

                                     MASAI
                         We are here to offer protection and
                         help for all of those who need our
                         help, because we, the Black Panthers,
                         are against the war in Vietnam. Yes,
                         we are against any war where black
                         soldiers are sent to the front line
                         to die for a country that hates them.
                         Yes, we are against any war where
                         black soldiers go to fight and come
                         to be brutalized and killed in their
                         own communities as they sleep in
                         their beds at night. Yes, we are
                         against all these racists and imperial
                         dog acts.

                                     JENNY
                         You are a fucking asshole!

               Wesley hits Jenny across the face. Slow motion -- Jenny falls
               back. Slow motion -- Forrest steps forward with rage.

               Slow motion -- Wesley turns and looks at Forrest. Forrest
               tackles Wesley and slams him onto a table. Jenny turns and
               looks as Masai pulls out a gun.

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest! Quit it! Quit it! Forrest!
                         Stop it!

               Jenny rushes over to Forrest and pulls Forrest off Wesley.

                                     JENNY
                         Stop it!

               Jenny tries to help Wesley as he moans on the floor. Wesley
               knocks Jenny's hand away. He gets up, holding his bloody
               lip.

                                     WESLEY
                         Oh, God. I shouldn't have brought
                         you here. I should have known it was
                         just gonna be some bullshit hassle.

                                     FORREST
                         He should not be hitting you, Jenny.

                                     JENNY
                         Come on, Forrest.

               Jenny steps out the door as Forrest picks up his hat.

                                     FORREST
                         Sorry I had a fight in the middle of
                         your Black Panther party.

               The group of Black Panthers glare at Forrest. Forrest turns
               and walks out the room.

               EXT. WASHINGTON D.C. - NIGHT

               Forrest and Jenny walk past the White House. Protesters hold
               a candlelight vigil behind them.

                                     JENNY
                         He doesn't mean it when he does things
                         like this. He doesn't.

                                     FORREST
                         I would never hurt you, Jenny.

                                     JENNY
                         I know you wouldn't, Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         I wanted to be your boyfriend.

               They walk in silence. Jenny touches Forrest's uniform.

                                     JENNY
                         That uniform is a trip, Forrest. You
                         look handsome in it. You do.

                                     FORREST
                         You know what?

                                     JENNY
                         What?

                                     FORREST
                         I'm glad we were here together in
                         our national capitol.

                                     JENNY
                         Me too, Forrest. I have so much to
                         tell you, you won't believe what's
                         been going on...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         We walked around all night, Jenny
                         and me, just talkin'.

               EXT. ROUTE 66 - FLASHBACK - DAY

               Jenny stands in the rain, hitchhiking. A car pulls over to
               pick her up. Jenny and other other girls get into the car.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         She told me about all the travellin'
                         she's done.

               EXT. COMMUNE IN NEW MEXICO - NIGHT

               A hippie gives Jenny a sugar cube of acid as they sit in
               front of a roaring fire.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And how she'd discovered ways to
                         expand her mind and learn how to
                         live in harmony...

               EXT. HOLLYWOOD/WALK OF FAME - DAY

               A star with the name "Jean Harlow" on the sidewalk. Jenny
               and two other girls sing on the sidewalk and collect change
               from the passersby. Jenny plays the guitar.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...which must be out west somewhere,
                         'cause she made it all the way to
                         California.

                                     JENNY
                              (sings)
                         "Smile on your brother, everybody
                         get together, try to love on another
                         right now"

               A young hippie looks over his faded Volkswagen at the girls.

                                     YOUNG HIPPIE
                         Hey, anybody want to go to San
                         Francisco?

                                     JENNY
                         I'll go.

                                     YOUNG HIPPIE
                         Far out!

               EXT. WASHINGTON D.C. - DAWN

               Forrest and Jenny walk through the park.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I was a very special night for the
                         two of us. I didn't want it to end.

               EXT. PARKING LOT - EARLY MORNING

               Jenny carries a backpack as she prepares to board a bus back
               to Berkeley.

                                     FORREST
                         I wish you wouldn't go, Jenny.

                                     JENNY
                         I have to, Forrest.

                                     WESLEY
                         Jenny? Things got a little out of
                         hand. It's just this war and that,
                         that lyin' son-of-a-bitch Johnson. I
                         would never hurt you. You know that.

                                     FORREST
                         You know what I think? I think you
                         should go home to Greenbow. Alabama!

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest, we have very different lives,
                         you know.

               Forrest looks down at Jenny. He pulls his Medal of Honor
               from around his neck.

                                     FORREST
                         I want you to have this.

               Forrest places the Medal of Honor in Jenny's hand. Jenny
               looks up at him.

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest, I can't keep this.

                                     FORREST
                         I got it just by doing what you told
                         me to do.

                                     JENNY
                         Why're you so good to me?

                                     FORREST
                         You're my girl.

                                     JENNY
                         I'll always be your girl.

               Jenny and Forrest hug each other. Wesley waits for Jenny.

               Jenny turns and walks up to Wesley. They walk toward the
               entrance of the bus. Forrest smiles as Jenny looks at her.

               Jenny climbs up into the bus. Wesley glares at Forrest.

               Forrest gives Wesley the "evil eye." Jenny through the near
               window of the bus, knocks on the window. Forrest turns and
               looks. Jenny waves to Forrest. Forrest looks up and smiles
               sadly. Jenny gives Forrest the peace sign as the bus pulls
               away. The sign on the back of the bus reads "Berkeley to
               D.C." Forrest gives Jenny the peace sign.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And just like that, she was gone out
                         of my life again.

               INT. VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITAL/REC ROOM - DAY

               A footage of Neil Armstrong's first step on the moon on
               television.

                                     NEIL ARMSTRONG
                         That's one small step for man, one
                         giant leap for mankind. The, uh, the
                         surface is fine and powdery. I can,
                         I can pick it up loosely.

               Forrest demonstrates a ping-pong to some wounded vets.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I thought I was going back to Vietnam,
                         but instead, they decided the best
                         way for me to fight communists was
                         to play ping-pong. So I was in the
                         Special Services, traveling around
                         the country cheering up all them
                         wounded veterans and showing them
                         how to play...

               BUS STOP - PRESENT - DAY

               Forrest looks at a man.

                                     FORREST
                         ...ping-pong. I was so good that
                         some years later...

               EXT. CHINA/PING-PONG TOURNAMENT - FLASHBACK - DAY

               Forrest plays ping-pong against a Chinese player. A large
               mural of Mao Tse-tung hangs on the wall. A crowd of communist
               leaders sit and watch.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...the Army decided I should be on
                         the All-American Ping-Pong Team. We
                         were the first Americans to visit
                         the land of China in like a million
                         years or something like that, and
                         somebody said that world peace was
                         in our hands. But all I did was play
                         ping-pong. When I got home...

               BUS STOP - PRESENT - DAY

                                     FORREST
                         ...I was national celebrity. Famouser
                         even than Captain Kangaroo.

               Color footage of the DICK CAVETT Show. Dick Cavett stands up
               as he introduces Forrest.

                                     DICK CAVETT
                         Here he is, Forrest Gump, right here.

               Forrest makes his way onto the stage, shakes hands with Dick
               Cavett.

                                     DICK CAVETT
                         Mr. Gump, have a seat.

               Forrest sits down between JOHN LENNON and Dick Cavett.

                                     DICK CAVETT
                         Forrest Gump, John Lennon.

                                     JOHN LENNON
                         Welcome home.

                                     DICK CAVETT
                         You had quite a trip. Can you, uh,
                         tell us, uh, what was China like?

               John Lennon lights a cigarette.

                                     FORREST
                         Well, in the land of China, people
                         hardly got nothing at all.

                                     JOHN LENNON
                         No possessions?

                                     FORREST
                         And in China, they never go to church.

                                     JOHN LENNON
                         No religion, too?

                                     DICK CAVETT
                         Oh. Hard to imagine.

                                     JOHN LENNON
                         Well, it's easy if you try, Dick.

               Forrest looks oddly at John Lennon.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Some years later, that nice young
                         man from England was on his way home
                         to see his little boy and was signing
                         some autographs. For no particular
                         reason at all, somebody shot him.

               EXT. STUDIO - LATER

               A guard lets Forrest out a side entrance door. Forrest steps,
               an then stops as he hears s man sitting in a wheelchair speak
               to him.

                                     LT. DAN
                         They gave you the Congressional Medal
                         of Honor.

                                     FORREST
                         Now that's Lieutenant Dan. Lieutenant
                         Dan!

               Forrest looks at Lt. Dan. He is a dirty with long hair.

                                     LT. DAN
                         They gave you the Congressional Medal
                         of Honor!

                                     FORREST
                         Yes sir, they sure did.

                                     LT. DAN
                         They gave you an imbecile, a moron
                         who goes on television and makes a
                         fool out himself in front of the
                         whole damn country, the Congressional
                         Medal of Honor.

                                     FORREST
                         Yes, sir.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Well, then, that's just perfect!
                         Yeah, well I just got one thing to
                         say to that. Goddamn bless America.

               Lt. Dan's wheelchair begins to slide down the ramp and spins
               around on the icy ground. Forrest looks down at Lt. Dan
               crashes at the bottom of the ramp.

                                     FORREST
                         Lieutenant Dan!

               EXT. NEW YORK CITY STREETS - NIGHT

               Taxi cabs crowd the street as Forrest pushes Lt. Dan along
               the sidewalk.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Lieutenant Dan said he was living in
                         a hotel. And because he didn't have
                         no legs, he spent most of his time
                         exercising his arms.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Take a right, take a right.

               A taxi driver honks his horn as Forrest wheels Lt. Dan out
               in front of the taxi.

                                     TAXI DRIVER #1
                         Hey! Come on already!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Ah!

                                     FORREST
                         What are you doing here in New York,
                         Lieutenant Dan?

                                     LT. DAN
                         I'm living off the government tit.
                         Sucking it dry.

               A taxi skids to a stop, almost hitting them as they cross
               the street. The taxi honks at Lt. Dan. Lt. Dan slaps the
               bumper of the taxi.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Hey! Hey! Hey! Are you blind? I'm
                         walking here! Ah, get out...

                                     TAXI DRIVER #2
                         Why don't you go home before you
                         kill yourself? Get out of the way!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Come on, go! Go! Go!

               EXT. LT. DAN'S HOTEL ROOM - LATER

               A Bob Hope Christmas special in Vietnam on television. Lt.
               Dan and Forrest watch the television.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I stayed with Lieutenant Dan and
                         celebrated the holidays.

                                     BOB HOPE
                         You have a great year and hurry home.
                         God bless you.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Have you found Jesus yet, Gump?

                                     FORREST
                         I didn't know I was supposed to be
                         looking for him, sir.

               Lt. Dan chuckles, drinks the rest of a bottle of wine and
               tosses it down. He looks at Forrest. He wheels himself over
               to television and turns it off.

                                     LT. DAN
                         That's all these cripples, down at
                         the V.A., that's all they ever talk
                         about.

               Lt. Dan picks up another bottle of port wine, but it is empty.
               He tosses it onto the floor.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Jesus this and Jesus that. Have I
                         found Jesus? They even had a priest
                         come and talk to me. He said God is
                         listening, but I have to help myself.
                         Now, if I accept Jesus into my heart,
                         I'll get to walk beside him in the
                         Kingdom of Heaven.

               Lt. Dan tosses the empty liquor bottle down and picks another
               bottle. He becomes enraged as he throws the bottle and looks
               at Forrest.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Did you hear what I said? Walk beside
                         him in the Kingdom of Heaven. Well,
                         kiss my crippled ass. God is
                         listening. What a crock of shit.

                                     FORREST
                         I'm going to heaven, Lieutenant Dan.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Huh? Ah, well, before you go, why
                         don't you get your ass down to the
                         corner and get us another bottle of
                         wine.

                                     FORREST
                         Yes, sir.

               INT. TIMES SQUARE BAR - NIGHT

               A television shows DICK CLARK as he emcees the Times Square
               New York Eve celebration.

                                     DICK CLARK
                         We are at approximately 45th Street
                         in New York City at One Astor Plaza.
                         This is the site of the old Astor
                         Hotel. Down below us, well over a
                         hundred thousand people are milling
                         about, cheering with horns and
                         whistles and hats...

                                     LT. DAN
                         What the hell's in Bayou La Batre?

                                     FORREST
                         Shrimpin' boats.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Shrimpin' boats? Who gives a shit
                         about shrimpin' boats?

                                     FORREST
                         I gotta buy me one of them shrimpin'
                         boats as soon as I have some money.
                         I made me a promise to Bubba in
                         Vietnam, that as soon as the war was
                         over, we'd go in partners. He'd be
                         the captain of the shrimpin' boat
                         and I'd be his first mate. But now
                         that he's dead, that means that I
                         gotta be the captain.

                                     LT. DAN
                         A shrimp boat captain.

                                     FORREST
                         Yes, sir. A promise is a promise,
                         Lieutenant Dan.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Now hear this! Private Gump here is
                         gonna be a shrimp boat captain. Well,
                         I tell you what, Gilligan, the day
                         that you are a shrimp boat captain,
                         I will come and be your first mate.

                                     FORREST
                         Okay.

                                     LT. DAN
                         If you're ever a shrimp boat captain,
                         that's the day I'm an astronaut.

               Two sleazy women, named LENORE and CARLA, walk up to Lt.
               Dan.

                                     LENORE
                         Danny, what are you complaining about?

                                     CARLA
                         What are you doing, huh?

                                     LENORE
                         Mr. Hot Wheels. Who's your friend?

                                     FORREST
                         My name is Forrest, Forrest Gump.

                                     LT. DAN
                         This is Cunning Carla, and Long-Limbs
                         Lenore.

               Carla puts a "Happy New Year" crown on Lt. Dan's head. Lenore
               fixes her makeup.

                                     CARLA
                         So where you been, baby-cakes, huh?
                         Haven't seen you around lately. You
                         know, you should have been here for
                         Christmas 'cause Tommy bought a round
                         on the house and gave everybody a
                         turkey sandwich.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Well, well, I had, uh, company.

                                     LENORE
                         Hey, hey! We was, we was just there.
                         That's at Times Square.

               Lenore leans and speaks into Forrest's ear.

                                     LENORE
                         Don't you just love New Year's? You
                         get to start all over.

                                     CARLA
                         Hey, Lenore.

                                     LENORE
                         Everybody gets a second chance.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         It's funny, but in the middle of all
                         that fun, I began to think about
                         Jenny.

                                     DICK CLARK
                              (on television)
                         ...getting wild out there. It's
                         beginning to...

               INT. APARTMENT/L.A. - NIGHT

               The New Year's Eve celebration over the T.V.

                                     DICK CLARK
                              (over television)
                         ...pour here in Times Square. It's
                         been off-and-on all night, but these
                         people hang in there.

               Jenny fills her bag with her belongings.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Wondering how she was spending her
                         New Year's night out in California.

               A man lies passed out on the bed. Jenny looks at her black
               eye in a mirror, then leaves the apartment. The TV shows the
               ball in Times Square.

                                     CROWD
                              (over television)

               INT. TIMES SQUARE BAR - NIGHT

               The ball is lowered, lighting up a sign that reads "1972."

                                     CROWD
                              (over television)
                         ...1! Happy New Year!

               The people in the bar cheer and kiss each other. They blow
               horns and toss confetti into the air. Forrest looks around
               as Carla and Lenore lean over and kiss him.

                                     PATRONS
                              (sing)
                         "Should auld acquaintance be forgot
                         and never brought to mind...

                                     FORREST
                         Happy New Year, Lieutenant Dan!

                                     PATRONS
                              (sing)
                         Should auld acquaintance be forgot
                         and days of auld lang syne."

               INT. LT. DAN'S HOTEL ROOM - LATER

               Carla removes her top and sits on top of Dan in his
               wheelchair. They kiss and play around. Forrest sits in a
               chair. Lenore leaps on him and begins to kiss Forrest. She
               reaches down to Forrest's crotch. Forrest stands up nervously,
               causing Lenore to fall down on the floor. Lenore stands up,
               angry.

                                     LENORE
                         What are you, stupid or something?
                         What's your problem? What's his
                         problem? Did you lose your pecker in
                         the war or something?

                                     CARLA
                         What, is your friend stupid or
                         something?

                                     LT. DAN
                         What did you say?

                                     CARLA
                         I said, is your friend stupid or
                         something?

                                     LT. DAN
                         Hey! Don't call him stupid!

               Lt. Dan throws Carla back onto the bed.

                                     CARLA
                         Don't push me like that!

                                     LENORE
                         Hey, don't you push her!

                                     LT. DAN
                         You shut up! Don't you ever call him
                         stupid!

                                     CARLA
                         What's the matter, baby? Why you
                         treating me like shit?

                                     LT. DAN
                         Get the hell out of here!

                                     LENORE
                         You stupid gimp. You belong in
                         "Ripley's Believe It Or Not."

                                     LT. DAN
                         Get the hell out of here! Go on!

                                     LENORE
                         You should be in a side show!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Go on! Get out of here! Get out of
                         here!

                                     LENORE
                         You big loser!

                                     CARLA
                         Come on, Lenore. We don't need this
                         shit!

                                     LENORE
                         You're so pathetic.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Get out of here!

               Lt. Dan falls out of his wheelchair and lands down on the
               floor. Carla and Lenore laugh as they leave the apartment.

                                     CARLA
                         You retard!

                                     LENORE
                         You loser! You freak!

               Forrest tries to help Lt. Dan. Lt. Dan pushes Forrest away.

                                     LT. DAN
                         No!

               Forrest steps back as Lt. Dan flips back over, then pulls
               himself back up onto his wheelchair. He breathes heavily.

                                     FORREST
                         I'm sorry I ruined your New Year's
                         Eve party, Lieutenant Dan. She tastes
                         like cigarettes.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I guess Lieutenant Dan figured there's
                         some things you just can't change.
                         He didn't want to be called crippled,
                         just like I didn't want to be called
                         stupid.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Happy New Year.

               EXT. WHITE HOUSE - NIGHT

               An ANCHORMAN reports in front of the White House.

                                     ANCHORMAN
                         The U.S. Ping-Pong Team met with
                         President Nixon today at an Oval
                         Office ceremony...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And wouldn't you know it...

               PRESENT - BUS STOP

               Forrest looks at the fat man on the bus bench.

                                     FORREST
                         ...a few months later they invited
                         me and the ping-pong team to visit
                         the White House. So I went again.
                         And I met the President of the United
                         States again.

               INT. WHITE HOUSE - DAY

               A plaque, presented to Forrest, reads "Presented to Forrest
               Gump, member of the United States table tennis team as player
               of the year for 1971. President NIXON holds the plaque.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Only this time they didn't get us
                         rooms in a real fancy hotel.

                                     PRESIDENT NIXON
                         So are you enjoying yourself in our
                         national capital, young man?

                                     FORREST
                         Yes, sir.

                                     PRESIDENT NIXON
                         Well, where are you staying?

                                     FORREST
                         It's called the Hotel Ebbott.

                                     PRESIDENT NIXON
                         Oh, no, no, no, no. I know of a much
                         nicer hotel. It's brand-new. Very
                         modern. I'll have my people take
                         care of it for you.

               INT. WATERGATE HOTEL ROOM - NIGHT

               Forrest speaks on the phone.

                                     SECURITY GUARD
                         Security, Frank Wills.

               Forrest steps over to a window. Flashlights are moving around
               in an office across from Forrest's room.

                                     FORREST
                         Yeah, sir, you might want to send a
                         maintenance man over to that office
                         across the way. The lights are off,
                         and they must be looking for the
                         fuse box or something, 'cause them
                         flashlights they're, they're keeping
                         me awake.

                                     SECURITY GUARD
                         Okay, sir. I'll check it out.

                                     FORREST
                         Thank you.

                                     SECURITY GUARD
                         No problem.

                                     FORREST
                         Good night.

                                     SECURITY GUARD
                         Good night.

               Forrest hangs up the phone. The camera tilts down, revealing
               the hotel stationary, which reads "The Watergate Hotel."

               INT. GYMNASIUM - DAY

               President Nixon makes a resignation speech on TV.

                                     PRESIDENT NIXON
                              (over television)
                         Therefore, I shall resign the
                         Presidency effective at noon tomorrow.

               The television cuts to a shot of President Nixon standing
               outside Air Force One with his hands in the peace sign.

                                     PRESIDENT NIXON
                              (over television)
                         Vice President Ford will be sworn in
                         as President at that hour in this
                         office. As I recall the high hopes
                         for America with which we began this
                         second term, I feel a great sadness
                         that I will not be here in this
                         office...

               Forrest is playing ping-pong by himself at the gymnasium. An
               officer steps up to him.

                                     OFFICER
                         Sergeant Gump!

                                     FORREST
                         Yes, sir!

                                     OFFICER
                         As you were. I have your discharge
                         papers. Your service is up, son.

               The officer hands Forrest an envelope, then walks away.

                                     FORREST
                         Does this mean I can't play ping
                         pong no more?

                                     OFFICER
                         For the Army it does.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And just like that, my service in
                         the United States Army was over. So
                         I went home.

               Forrest takes his paddle and runs out of the gymnasium.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - DAY

               Mrs. Gump walks out of the house and smiles. Forrest walks
               up to the house, wearing his uniform.

                                     FORREST
                         I'm home, Momma.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         I know, I know.

               INT. GUMP HOUSE

               Mrs. Gump and Forrest walk into the house.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Louise, he's here. He's here,
                         everybody.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, when I got home, I had no idea
                         that Momma had had all sorts of
                         visitors.

               In the house are stacks of ping-pong paddles and life-sized
               cardboard cutouts of Forrest playing ping-pong. The name on
               the ping-pong paddles boxes reads: "Gump-Mao table tennis."

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         We've had all sorts of visitors,
                         Forrest. Everybody wants you to use
                         their ping-pong stuff. One man even
                         left a check for twenty-five thousand
                         dollars if you'd be agreeable to
                         saying you like using their paddle.

                                     FORREST
                         Oh, Momma. I only like using my own
                         paddle. Hi, Miss Louise.

                                     LOUISE
                         Hey, Forrest.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         I know that. I know that. But it's
                         twenty-five thousand dollars, Forrest.
                         I thought maybe you could hold it
                         for a while, see if it grows on you.
                         Oh, you look good, Forrest. You look
                         real good.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         That Momma, she sure was right. It's
                         funny how things work out.

               EXT. BAYOU LA BATRE/BUBBA'S MOM'S HOUSE - DAY

               Forrest walks up to a shack on the edge of the Bayou. A group
               of black kids play in the front yard.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I didn't stay home for long, because
                         I'd made a promise to Bubba. And I
                         always try to keep my promise. So I
                         went on down to Bayou La Batre to
                         meet Bubba's family and make their
                         introduction.

               Bubba's mother named MRS. BLUE and her other children look
               at Forrest.

                                     MRS. BLUE
                         Are you crazy, or just plain stupid?

                                     FORREST
                         Stupid is as stupid does, Mrs. Blue.

                                     MRS. BLUE
                         I guess.

               EXT. BUBBA'S GRAVE - DAY

               Forrest steps over to Bubba's tombstone.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And of course, I paid my respect to
                         Bubba himself.

                                     FORREST
                         Hey, Bubba, it's me, Forrest Gump. I
                         remember everything you said, and I
                         got it all figured out.

               Forrest pulls out notes from his pocket.

                                     FORREST
                         I'm taking the twenty-four thousand,
                         five hundred and six-two dollars and
                         forty-seven cents that I got...

               EXT. BAYOU - DAY

               Forrest walks across a yard where men are cleaning shrimp.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...well, that's left after a new
                         hair cut and a new suit and I took
                         Momma out to real fancy dinner and I
                         bought a bus ticket and three Doctor
                         Peppers.

               Forrest walks along a wooden pier. Forrest pays an old black
               shrimper a large wad of cash.

                                     OLD SHRIMPER
                         Tell me something. Are you stupid or
                         something?

                                     FORREST
                         Stupid is as stupid does, sir.

               EXT. BUBBA'S GRAVE

               Forrest stands at the grave.

                                     FORREST
                         Well, that's what's left after me
                         saying, "When I was in China on the
                         All-America Ping-Pong Team, I just
                         loved playing ping-pong with my Flex-
                         O-Ping-Pong Paddle." Which everybody
                         knows it isn't true, but Momma says
                         it's just a little white lie so it
                         wouldn't hurt nobody. So, anyway,
                         I'm putting all that on gas, ropes
                         and new nets and a brand-new shrimpin'
                         boat.

               EXT. BAYOU - DAY

               Forrest steers his shrimping boat. The boat is old and rusty.

               Forrest unleashes his nets as his catch of the day drops to
               the deck. It is a bunch of garbage and shells. Forrest picks
               up one shrimp.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, Bubba had told me everything he
                         knows about shrimpin', but you know
                         what I found out? Shrimpin' is tough.

               EXT. DOCKS

               Forrest pulls a couple of shrimp out of a bucket.

                                     FORREST
                         I only caught five.

                                     OLD SHRIMPER
                         A couple of more, you can have
                         yourself a cocktail.

               The old shrimper begins to walk away, then stops and looks
               at Forrest.

                                     OLD SHRIMPER
                         Hey, you ever think about namin'
                         this old boat?

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I'd never named a boat before, but
                         there was only one I could think of.

               Forrest paints a name on the side of his boat. The name is
               "Jenny."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         The most beautiful name in the wide
                         world.

               INT. DISCO

               Disco lights flash and people dance. A guy asks a girl to
               dance.

                                     GIRL
                         Okay.

               Jenny sits at a table with some other people. She is snorting
               cocaine.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, I hadn't heard from Jenny in a
                         long while. But...

               EXT. BAYOU LA BATRE - DAY

               Forrest stands at the helm as the boat glides across the
               water.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         But I thought about her a lot. And I
                         hoped that whatever she was doing
                         made her happy.

               INT. APARTMENT - NIGHT

               Drug paraphernalia and a large wad of cash are spread out on
               a table. A man drops a syringe on the table. He reaches over
               and touches Jenny. She is pale with dark lines under her
               eyes.

               INT. BATHROOM

               Jenny smears some lines of cocaine on a mirror. She looks at
               herself in the mirror.

               EXT. BALCONY

               Jenny steps out onto the high-rise balcony. She steps up on
               a table and stands on the edge of the balcony. A busy street
               lies many stories below. Jenny looks down to the intersection
               below.

               She slips over the edge, regains her balance, turns and looks
               back at the intersection below, and begins to get down from
               the edge.

               Jenny grabs a hold of the ledge and carefully climbs down.

               She sits down on a chair. Jenny rocks back and forth as she
               cries. She looks up at the sky.

               EXT. BAYOU LA BATRE/FORREST'S BOAT - NIGHT

               The moon shines above in the sky. Forrest lies in a hammock
               on his boat.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I thought about Jenny all the time.

               EXT. FORREST'S BOAT/BAYOU DOCK - DAY

               Forrest stands at the helm of his boat and slowly glides by
               the docks. Forrest looks around and notices something and
               bends down to get a clear view. Lt. Dan sits in his wheelchair
               on the deck. Forrest looks at Lt. Dan. He smiles, surprised.

                                     FORREST
                         Hi!

               Forrest leaps off of his moving boat and into the water. The
               boat continues as Forrest clumsily swims. Lt. Dan sits in
               his wheelchair at the edge of the dock. Forrest flails his
               arms as he swims up to the dock. Lt. Dan waits for Forrest,
               smoking a cigar. Forrest climbs up a ladder onto the dock.

                                     FORREST
                         Lieutenant Dan, what are you doing
                         here?

                                     LT. DAN
                         Well, I thought I'd try out my sea
                         legs.

                                     FORREST
                         Well, you ain't got no legs,
                         Lieutenant Dan.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Well, well, Captain Forrest Gump. I
                         had to see this for myself. And I
                         told you if you were ever a shrimp
                         boat captain, that I'd be your first
                         mate. Well, here I am. I am a man of
                         my word.

                                     FORREST
                         Okay.

               Forrest shakes Lt. Dan's hand.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Yeah, but don't you be thinking that
                         I'm gonna be calling you sir.

                                     FORREST
                         No, sir.

               Forrest's boat glides, crushing a dock. Forrest and Lt. Dan
               look at it.

                                     FORREST
                         That's my boat.

               EXT. BAYOU LA BATRE WATERS - DAY

               Forrest's shrimping boat is alone on the gulf waters.

                                     LT. DAN
                         I have a feeling if we head the east,
                         we'll find some shrimp. So, take a
                         left. Take a left.

               Forrest looks up. Lt. Dan is sitting in the rigging.

                                     FORREST
                         Which way?

                                     LT. DAN
                         Over there! They're over there! Get,
                         get on the wheel and take a left!

                                     FORREST
                         Okay.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Gump, what are you doing? Take a
                         left! Left! That's where we're gonna
                         find those shrimp, my boy! That's
                         where we'll find 'em.

               Forrest empties the net. Their "catch" is debris that falls
               to the deck.

                                     FORREST
                         Still no shrimp, Lieutenant Dan.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Okay, so I was wrong.

                                     FORREST
                         Well, how we gonna find them?

                                     LT. DAN
                         Well, maybe you should just pray for
                         shrimp.

               INT. SMALL CHURCH - DAY

               The all-black gospel choir sings and claps their hands.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         So I went to church every Sunday...

               Lt. Dan is sitting in his chair at the back of the church.
               He takes swigs from a liquor bottle.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Sometimes Lieutenant Dan came, too.
                         Though I think he left the praying
                         up to me.

               EXT. BOAT - ANOTHER DAY

               A catch of junk is dumped onto the deck. Lt. Dan lowers
               himself from the rigging.

                                     FORREST
                         No shrimp.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Where the hell's this God of yours?

               The wind begins to blow strong.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         It's funny Lieutenant Dan said that,
                         'cause right then, God showed up.

               EXT. BOAT - NIGHT

               Water sprays on deck during a hurricane. Lt. Dan on the
               rigging, shouts and shakes his fist as he is pelted by wind
               and rain.

                                     LT. DAN
                         You'll never sink this boat!

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now me, I was scared. But Lieutenant
                         Dan, he was mad.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Come on! You call this a storm?

               Forrest slides back and forth as he attempts to steer the
               boat.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Blow, you son-of-a-bitch! Blow! It's
                         time for a showdown! You and me. I'm
                         right here. Come and get me! You'll
                         never sink this boat!

               INT. GUMP HOUSE - DAY

               An ANCHORMAN over TV, is standing in front of a pier.

                                     ANCHORMAN
                              (over television)
                         Hurricane Carmen came through here
                         yesterday...

               EXT. BAYOU DOCKS - DAY

               The anchorman is standing in front of the ruined pier and
               boats.

                                     ANCHORMAN
                         ...destroying nearly everything in
                         its path. And as in other towns up
                         and down the coast, Bayou La Batre's
                         entire shrimping industry...

               INT. GUMP HOUSE

                                     ANCHORMAN
                         ...has fallen victim to Carmen and
                         has been left in utter ruin. Speaking
                         with local officials, this reporter
                         has learned, in fact, only one
                         shrimping boat actually survived the
                         storm.

               Forrest's boat comes down the river.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Louise. Louise, there's Forrest!

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         After that, shrimpin' was easy.

               FORREST'S BOAT - DAY

               Lt. Dan and Forrest empty their net. A huge catch of shrimp
               falls onto the deck. Lt. Dan opens another big catch.

               Another catch drops open on top of yet another huge catch.

               Forrest and Lt. Dan smile.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And since people still needed them
                         shrimps for shrimp cocktails and
                         barbecues and all...

               EXT. BUS STOP - PRESENT

               The man sitting on the bench listens to Forrest. An ELDERLY
               WOMAN sits next to the man.

                                     FORREST
                         ...and we were the only boat left
                         standing "Bubba-Gump" shrimp's what
                         they got. We got a whole bunch of
                         boats. Twelve Jenny's, a big ol'
                         warehouse, we even have hats that
                         says "Bubba-Gump" on 'em. "Bubba-
                         Gump Shrimp." It's a household name.

                                     MAN
                         Hold on there, boy. Are you telling
                         me you're the owner of the Bubba-
                         Gump Shrimp Corporation?

                                     FORREST
                         Yes, sir. We've got more money than
                         Davy Crocket.

                                     MAN
                         Boy, I've heard some whoppers in my
                         time, but that tops them all. We was
                         sitting next to a millionaire!

               The man laughs as he walks away.

                                     ELDERLY WOMAN
                         Well, I thought it was a very lovely
                         story. And you tell it so well. With
                         such enthusiasm.

                                     FORREST
                         Would you like to see what Lieutenant
                         Dan looks like?

                                     ELDERLY WOMAN
                         Well, yes, I would!

               Forrest shows her the cover of a "Fortune" magazine with
               Forrest and Lt. Dan on the cover.

                                     FORREST
                         That's him right there.

               The elderly woman looks at the magazine and at Forrest with
               surprise.

                                     FORREST
                         And let me tell you something about
                         Lieutenant Dan.

               EXT. BOAT/DECK - DAY

               Forrest and Lt. Dan are working on the boat.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Forrest, I never thanked you for
                         saving my life.

               Forrest looks a little surprised. Lt. Dan smiles, then looks
               away. Lt. Dan pulls himself out of his chair to the railing
               and jumps into the water.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         He never actually said so, but I
                         think he made his peace with God.

               EXT. BOAT

               Forrest and Lt. Dan have dinner on the deck. The television
               shows an assassination attempt on President Gerald Ford.

                                     ANCHORMAN
                              (over television)
                         For the second time in seventeen
                         days, President Ford escaped possible
                         assassination today when a woman,
                         Sarah Jane Moore, fired on him as he
                         stepped out of a hotel in San
                         Francisco.

                                     MARGO
                              (over radio)
                         Base to Jenny One. Base to Jenny
                         One.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Jenny One, go Margo.

                                     MARGO
                              (over radio)
                         Forrest has a phone call.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Yeah, well you'll have to tell them
                         to call him back. He is indisposed
                         at the moment.

                                     MARGO
                              (over radio)
                         His momma's sick.

                                     ANCHORMAN
                              (over television)
                         Lynett Alice Fromme, a follower of
                         Charles Manson better known as
                         "Squeaky," attempted to assassinate
                         the President as he was...

               Forrest dives into the water as he reacts.

               EXT. ROAD/GUMP HOUSE - DAY

               Forrest carries a suitcase as he runs down the road. Forrest
               runs past the row of mailboxes and turns into the drive.

               Louise and others are on the front porch.

                                     FORREST
                         Where's Momma?

                                     LOUISE
                         She's upstairs.

               INT. GUMP HOUSE - WOMAN'S BED ROOM

               Forrest opens the door, the doctor stands next to Mrs. Gump
               in bed.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Hi, Forrest.

                                     DOCTOR
                         I'll see you tomorrow.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Oh, all right.

               The doctor looks down at Forrest's legs.

                                     DOCTOR
                         We sure got you straightened out,
                         didn't we, boy?

               The doctor leaves and closes the door. Forrest takes off his
               hat and steps over to her.

                                     FORREST
                         What's the matter, Momma?

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         I'm dyin', Forrest. Come on in, sit
                         down over here.

                                     FORREST
                         Why are you dyin', Momma?

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         It's my time. It's just my time. Oh,
                         now, don't you be afraid, sweetheart.
                         Death is just a part of life. It's
                         something we're all destined to do.
                         I didn't know it, but I was destined
                         to be your momma. I did the best I
                         could.

                                     FORREST
                         You did good, Momma.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         Well, I happened to believe you make
                         your own destiny. You have to do the
                         best with what God gave you.

                                     FORREST
                         What's my destiny, Momma?

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         You're gonna have to figure that out
                         for yourself. Life is a box of
                         chocolates, Forrest. You never know
                         what you're gonna get.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Momma always had a way of explaining
                         things so I could understand them.

                                     MRS. GUMP
                         I will miss you, Forrest.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         She had got the cancer and died on a
                         Tuesday. I bought her a new hat with
                         little flowers on it.

               EXT. BUS STOP - PRESENT

               The elderly woman and Forrest sit. The woman is crying and
               wipes her eyes with a hankie.

                                     FORREST
                         And that's all I have to say about
                         that.

               A bus stops. Forrest looks at the elderly woman.

                                     FORREST
                         Didn't you say you were waiting for
                         the Number Seven bus?

                                     ELDERLY WOMAN
                         There'll be another one along shortly.

                                     FORREST
                         Now, because I had been a football
                         star, and a war hero, and a national
                         celebrity, and a shrimpin' boat
                         captain, and a college graduate, the
                         city of fathers of Greenbow, Alabama,
                         decided to get together and offered
                         me a fine job.

               EXT. FOOTBALL FIELD - DAY

               Forrest rides a lawn tractor as he moves the football field
               lawn.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         So, I never went back to work for
                         Lieutenant Dan.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE MAILBOXES

               Forrest takes out a letter and opens it.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Though he did take care of my Bubba-
                         Gump money. He got me invested in
                         some kind of fruit company. And so
                         then I got a call from him saying we
                         don't have to worry about money no
                         more.

               EXT. BUS STOP

                                     FORREST
                         And I said, "That's good. One less
                         thing."

               INT. CHURCH - DAY The choir and members are singing.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Now, Momma said there's only so much
                         fortune a man really needs...

               EXT. CHURCH

               The sign reads: "Four Square Baptist Church." A new cross is
               placed on the steeple. New furniture is taken inside.

                                     REVEREND
                         Praise the Lord.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...and the rest is just for showing
                         off. So, I gave a whole bunch of it
                         to the Four Square Gospel Church.

               EXT. HOSPITAL - DAY

               The sign reads: "Gump Medical Center Bayou La Batre, Alabama."

               The ribbon-cutting ceremony.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And I gave a whole bunch to the Bayou
                         La Batre Fishing Hospital.

               EXT. BUBBA'S MOM'S HOUSE

               A postman delivers a letter to Bubba's mom. She opens the
               letter.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And even though Bubba was dead, and
                         Lieutenant Dan said I was nuts. I
                         gave Bubba's mommy Bubba's share.

               She is surrounded by her many children. She looks at the
               check and faints.

               EXT. BUS STOP

                                     FORREST
                         And you know what...

               INT. FLORIDA CONDO

               A door opens as a white woman serves Bubba's mom some shrimp.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         She didn't have to work in nobody's
                         kitchen no more.

                                     MRS. BLUE
                         Smells wonderful!

               EXT. FOOTBALL FIELD

               Forrest rides the mower.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And 'cause I was godzillionaire and
                         I liked doing it so much. I cut that
                         grass for free.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE BALCONY - NIGHT

               Forrest looks down the road as he steps onto the porch.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         But at nighttime, when there was
                         nothing to do and the house was all
                         empty, I'd always think of Jenny.

               Jenny's image walks, then vanishes. Forrest looks away. He
               turns and walks into the house.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - DAY

               Jenny walks across the lawn to Forrest.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And then, she was there.

                                     JENNY
                         Hello, Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         Hello, Jenny.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Jenny came back and stayed with me.

               INT. GUMP HOUSE

               Jenny lies asleep in bed.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Maybe it was because she had nowhere
                         else to go. Or maybe it was because
                         she was so tired, because she went
                         to bed and slept and slept like she
                         hadn't slept in years. It was
                         wonderful having her home.

               EXT. COUNTRYSIDE - DAY

               Forrest and Jenny walking.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Every day we'd take a walk, and I'd
                         jabber on like a monkey in a tree.
                         And she'd listen about ping-pong and
                         shrimpin' boats and Momma makin' a
                         trip to heaven. I did all the talkin'.
                         Jenny most of the time was real quiet.

                                     FORREST
                         ...big ol' gobs of rain and little
                         bitty stinging rain and rain...

               Jenny's old house stands at the end of the dirt road. It
               appears to be deserted. Jenny walks toward the house and
               stops. She stares at the house. Forrest walks toward Jenny.

               Jenny suddenly heaves a rock angrily at the house. She throws
               other things at the house.

                                     JENNY
                         How could you do this?

               She breaks a window. Jenny collapses to the ground and sobs.

               Forrest knees down next to her.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Sometimes I guess there just aren't
                         enough rocks.

               EXT. OLD OAK TREE - DAY

               Jenny and Forrest sit on a limb together.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I never really knew why she came
                         back, but I didn't care. It was like
                         olden times. We was like peas and
                         carrots again.

               INT. GUMP HOUSE - DAY

               Jenny sits by the vase of flowers and look out the window.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Every day I'd pick pretty flowers
                         and put them in her room for her.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - DAY

               Forrest closes his eyes as he sits on the porch. Jenny places
               a box of Nike running shoes in his lap.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And she gave me the best gift anyone
                         could ever get in the wide world.

                                     JENNY
                         Okay, you can open your eyes.

                                     FORREST
                         New shoes.

                                     JENNY
                         They make them just for running.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - NIGHT

               Through the windows, Forrest and Jenny are dancing as it
               rains outside.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And she even showed me how to dance.
                         And, well, we was like family...
                         Jenny and me.

               EXT. RIVER - NIGHT

               Jenny and Forrest sit on a log together and look at the river.

               Jenny places her arms around Forrest.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And it was the happiest time of my
                         life.

               The fireworks explode in the sky.

               INT. GUMP'S HOUSE - NIGHT

               The Statue of Liberty is shown on the TV. Fireworks go off.

               Forrest and Jenny are watching the 4th of July celebration
               on TV.

                                     ANNOUNCER
                              (over television)
                         And this Fourth is witnessing one of
                         the largest fireworks displays in
                         the nation's two-hundred year
                         history...

                                     JENNY
                         You done watching it?

                                     FORREST
                         Mm-hmm.

                                     ANNOUNCER
                              (over television)
                         ...here in New York Harbor. After
                         the spectacular display of tall ships
                         earlier, the Statue of Liberty...

               Jenny stands up and kisses Forrest on the cheek.

                                     JENNY
                         I'm going to bed.

               Jenny turns off the TV and walks outside. Forrest stands as
               he puts down his Dr. Pepper. Jenny walks toward the stairs.

                                     FORREST
                         Will you marry me? I'd make a good
                         husband, Jenny.

                                     JENNY
                         You would, Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         But you won't marry me.

                                     JENNY
                         You don't want to marry me.

                                     FORREST
                         Why don't you love me, Jenny? I'm
                         not a smart man, but I know what
                         love is.

               Forrest turns and walks toward the door. Jenny turns and
               walks up the stairs. Forrest stands outside.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - NIGHT

               The house stands in the rain.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - NIGHT

               Forrest lies in his bed as the door opens. Jenny gets into
               bed next to Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         Jenny?

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest, I do love you.

               Jenny and Forrest kiss. Jenny takes off her nightgown as
               they make love.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - MORNING

               Jenny carries her purse and walks toward a waiting cab.

                                     CAB DRIVER
                         Where are you running off to?

                                     JENNY
                         I'm not running.

               INT. GUMP HOUSE

               The cab drives away as Forrest is asleep in his bed. The
               Congressional Medal lies on a table by a ping-pong paddle.

               Forrest holds a glass of milk and wears his bathrobe. He
               looks at the medal he had give to Jenny. Jenny's bed is made.
               Forrest stands in the doorway looking at the room and bed
               where Jenny had been.

               EXT. FRONT PORCH - DAY

               Forrest sit on a rocking chair with his running shoes on. He
               is still, as if in a trance. He slowly puts on his Bubba-
               Gump cap. Forrest stands. He walks off the porch. He begins
               to jog across the lawn. His speed increases as he runs farther
               away. Forrest runs down the drive away from his house.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         That day, for no particular reason,
                         I decided to go for a little run.

               Forrest runs to the end of the drive, then turns right and
               runs down the highway.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         So I ran to the end of the road, and
                         when I got there, I thought maybe
                         I'd run to the end of town.

               INT. BARBER SHOP - DAY

               The three men sit as they watch the television. Forrest runs
               through the main street of town.

                                     NEWSCASTER
                         President Carter, suffering from
                         heat exhaustion fell into the arms
                         of security agents.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And when I got there...

               EXT. ALABAMA ROAD

               The sign reads "Entering Greenbow County."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...I thought maybe I'd just run across
                         Greenbow County. And I figured since
                         I run this far, maybe I'd just run
                         across the great...

               Forrest runs by a sign that reads "Mississippi welcomes you.
               The Magnolia State."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...state of Alabama. And that's what
                         I did I ran clear across Alabama.

               EXT. BUS STOP - PRESENT

                                     FORREST
                         For no particular reason, I just
                         kept on going. I ran clear to the
                         ocean.

               EXT. SANTA MONICA - DAY

               The sign reads "Santa Monica yacht harbor sports fishing -
               boating - cafes." Forrest runs under the sign and onto the
               pier.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And when I got there, I figured since
                         I'd gone this far, I might as well
                         turn around, just keep on going.

               EXT. ATLANTIC OCEAN

               Forrest runs to a pier at the Atlantic Ocean.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         When I got to another ocean, I figured
                         since I've gone this far, I might as
                         well just turn back, keep right on
                         going.

               Forrest runs across the pier. A lighthouse stands at the end
               of the pier.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         When I got tired, I slept. When I
                         got hungry, I ate.

               EXT. BUS STOP - PRESENT

                                     FORREST
                         When I had to go, you know, I went.

                                     ELDERLY WOMAN
                         And so, you just ran?

                                     FORREST
                         Yeah.

               EXT. HIGHWAY

               Forrest is running along the highway. Forrest runs down a
               road between field of wheat. A Mountain river. Forrest runs
               across a cobble-stone bridge. The Rocky Mountains are behind
               him in distance. Forrest runs through some meadowland.

               Split rail fences line the road.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I'd think a lot about Momma and Bubba,
                         and Lieutenant Dan, but most of all,
                         I thought about Jenny. I thought
                         about her a lot.

               EXT. BARBER SHOP

               The three men in the barber shop watch the news on television.

                                     NEWSCASTER
                         For more than two years now, a man
                         named Forrest Gump, a gardener from
                         Greenbow, Alabama, stopping only to
                         sleep, has been running across
                         America.

               INT. COFFEE SHOP

               Jenny fills customer's coffee cups.

                                     NEWSCASTER
                         Charles Cooper brings us this report.

                                     NEWSMAN
                         For the fourth time on his journey
                         across America, Forrest Gump, a
                         gardener from Greenbow, Alabama, is
                         about to cross the Mississippi River
                         again today.

               The TV shows Forrest runs across a bridge that reads
               "Mississippi River."

                                     JENNY
                         I'll be damned. Forrest...

               EXT. MISSISSIPPI BRIDGE

                                     NEWSMAN
                         Sir, why are you running?

                                     1ST REPORTER
                         Why are you running?

                                     2ND REPORTER
                         Are you doing this for world peace?

                                     3RD REPORTER
                         Are you doing this for women's right?

                                     NEWSMAN
                         Or for the environment?

                                     REPORTER
                         Or for animals?

                                     3RD REPORTER
                         Or for nuclear arms?

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         They just couldn't believe that
                         somebody would do all that running
                         for no particular reason.

                                     2ND REPORTER
                         Why are you doing this?

                                     FORREST
                         I just felt like running.

               EXT. BUS STOP - PRESENT

                                     FORREST
                         I just left like running.

               EXT. SMALL EASTERN TOWN

               Forrest runs as a YOUNG MAN runs up to him.

                                     YOUNG MAN
                         It's you. I can't believe it's really
                         you.

               EXT. BUS STOP - PRESENT

                                     FORREST
                         Now, for some reason what I was doing
                         seemed to make sense to people.

               EXT. SMALL EASTERN TOWN

               The young man jobs behind Forrest.

                                     YOUNG MAN
                         I mean, it was like an alarm went
                         off in my head, you know. I said,
                         here's a guy that's got his act
                         together. Here's somebody who's got
                         it, all figured out. Here's somebody
                         who has the answer. I'll follow you
                         anywhere, Mr. Gump.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         So, I got company.

               Forrest runs up a slope on a high mountain road. A group of
               people are jogging behind him.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And after that I got more company.
                         And then...

               A large group jogs behind Forrest across the desert road.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...even more people joined in.
                         Somebody later told me...

               EXT. BUS STOP - PRESENT

                                     FORREST
                         ...it gave people hope. Now... Now,
                         I don't know anything about that,
                         but...

               Forrest and his followers job through a small town. A man
               runs up and talks to Forrest.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Some of those people asked me if I
                         could help them out.

                                     AGING HIPPIE
                         Hey, man, hey, listen. I was wondering
                         if you might help me, huh? Listen,
                         I'm in the bumper sticker business
                         and I've been trying to think up a
                         good slogan. And since you have been
                         such a big inspiration to the people
                         around here, I thought you might be
                         able to help me jump into... Whoa!
                         Man, you just ran through a big pile
                         of dogshit!

               The hippie jumps over the "dogshit" as he runs along Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         It happens.

                                     AGING HIPPIE
                         What, shit?

                                     FORREST
                         Sometimes.

               The hippie stops to ponder this profound thought.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And some years later I heard that
                         fella did come up with a bumper
                         sticker slogan...

               A bumper sticker reads "Shit Happens."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         ...and he make a lot of money off of
                         it.

               The truck with the bumper sticker drives into an intersection.

               It collides with a car.

               EXT. TRUCK STOP

               Forrest runs, followed by his group, as a man runs up to
               him.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Another time I was running along,
                         somebody who had lost all his money
                         in the T-shirt business, and he wanted
                         to put my face on a T-shirt, but he
                         couldn't draw that well and he didn't
                         have a camera.

                                     WILD-EYED MAN
                         I think it would be really fortunate
                         for me if I could get your name on
                         these, oh, your face and name on
                         these T-shirts. It would be wonderful.

               A truck splashes mud onto Forrest as it goes by. The man
               hands Forrest a yellow T-shirt to use as a rag to wipe the
               mud off.

                                     WILD-EYED MAN
                         Here, use this one. Nobody likes
                         that color anyway.

               Forrest wipes his face on the towel and hands it back to the
               man.

                                     FORREST
                         Have a nice day.

               The man looks at the T-shirt. He holds it up displaying the
               "Happy Face."

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And some years later I found out
                         that that man did come up with a
                         idea for a T-shirt and he made a lot
                         of money off of it.

               EXT. MONUMENT VALLEY

               Forrest runs with a group that follows behind him.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Anyway, like I was saying, I had a
                         lot of company. My Momma always said
                         you got to put the past behind you
                         before you can move on. And I think
                         that's what my running was all about.
                         I had run for three years, two months,
                         fourteen days, and sixteen hours.

               Forrest stops running. The group stops behind him. Forrest
               stands and looks as the group waits expectantly. Forrest
               turns and look.

                                     YOUNG MAN
                         Quiet. Quiet, he's gonna say
                         something.

                                     FORREST
                         I'm pretty tired. I think I'll go
                         home now.

               Forrest walks toward the group. The group parts for Forrest
               as he walks down the middle of the road.

                                     YOUNG MAN
                         Now what are we supposed to do?

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         And just like that, my running days
                         was over. So, I went home to Alabama.

               A television shows President Reagan and his staff as they
               react to gunshots in front of a limo.

                                     NEWSCASTER
                              (over television)
                         Moments ago, at two twenty-five p.m.,
                         as President Reagan was leaving the
                         Washington Hilton Hotel...

               INT. GUMP HOUSE - DAY

               Forrest sits eating a sandwich, watching the news of the
               assassination attempt.

                                     NEWSCASTER
                         ...five or six gunshots were fired
                         by an unknown would-be assassin. The
                         President was shot in the chest and
                         the assailant was immediately tackled
                         by a half a dozen lawmen. As the
                         Presidential...

                                     LOUISE
                         I picked up the mail.

                                     FORREST
                         Oh, thank you, Miss, Miss Louise.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         One day, out of the blue clear sky,
                         I got a letter from Jenny...

               EXT. BUS STOP - PRESENT

               Forrest takes the letter out of his pocket.

                                     FORREST
                         ...wondering if I could come down to
                         Savannah to see her, and that's what
                         I'm doing here. She saw me on TV,
                         running, I'm supposed to go on the
                         Number Nine bus to Richmond Street
                         and get off and go one block left to
                         1-9-4-7 Henry Street, Apartment 4.

               The elderly woman looks at the letter.

                                     ELDERLY WOMAN
                         Why, you don't need to take a bus.
                         Henry Street is just five or six
                         blocks down that way.

                                     FORREST
                         Down that way?

                                     ELDERLY WOMAN
                         Down that way.

               Forrest hastily grabs his suitcase and letter as he stands.

                                     FORREST
                         It was nice talking' to you.

               Forrest runs, the elderly woman shouts from the bus stop
               bench. A truck honks its horn as Forrest runs across the
               street past the truck.

                                     ELDERLY WOMAN
                         I hope everything works out for you.

               INT. JENNY'S APARTMENT - DAY

               Jenny opens the door.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey! Forrest! How you doing?

                                     FORREST
                         Hi.

                                     JENNY
                         Come in. Come in.

                                     FORREST
                         I got your letter.

                                     JENNY
                         Oh, I was wondering about that.

               Jenny shuts the door. Forrest looks around.

                                     FORREST
                         Is this your house?

                                     JENNY
                         Yeah, it's messy right now. I just
                         got off work.

                                     FORREST
                         It's nice. You got air conditioning.

               Forrest hands Jenny the box of chocolates.

                                     FORREST
                         Ah...

                                     JENNY
                         Thank you.

                                     FORREST
                         I ate some.

               Jenny picks up a scrapbook and turns the pages.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey, I kept, I kept a scrapbook of
                         your, of your clippings and
                         everything. There you are. This, I
                         got your running.

                                     FORREST
                         I ran a long way. For a long time.

                                     JENNY
                         There. Listen, Forrest. I don't know
                         how to say this. Um, I just... I
                         want to apologize for anything that
                         I ever did to you, 'cause I was messed
                         up for a long time, and...

               There is a knock at the door. LYNN MARIE enters as she opens
               the door.

                                     LYNN MARIE
                         Yoo-hoo.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey.

                                     LYNN MARIE
                         Hi.

               Jenny grabs a young boy.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey, you. This is an old friend from
                         Alabama.

                                     LYNN MARIE
                         Oh, how do you do?

                                     JENNY
                         Ah, listen, next week my schedule
                         changes, so I'll be able to... but
                         thanks for picking up.

                                     LYNN MARIE
                         No problem. Got to go, Jen. I'm double
                         parked.

                                     JENNY
                         Okay.

               Lynn Marie closes the door and waves bye to Forrest.

                                     LYNN MARIE
                         Bye.

                                     JENNY
                         Thanks. This is very good friend,
                         Mr. Gump. Can you say hi to him?

                                     LITTLE BOY
                         Hello, Mr. Gump.

                                     FORREST
                         Hello.

                                     LITTLE BOY
                         Now, can I go watch TV now?

                                     JENNY
                         Yes, you can. Just keep it low.

               The little boy runs into other room and picks up TV remote
               control.

                                     FORREST
                         You're a momma, Jenny.

                                     JENNY
                         I'm a momma. His name is Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         Like me.

                                     JENNY
                         I named him after his Daddy.

                                     FORREST
                         He got a daddy named Forrest, too?

                                     JENNY
                         You're his daddy, Forrest.

               Forrest continues to stare at Forrest Jr. Forrest then looks
               frightened and starts to back away.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey, Forrest, look at me. Look at
                         me, Forrest. There's nothing you
                         need to do, okay? You didn't do
                         anything wrong. Okay?

               Jenny turns and looks at Forrest Jr. in the other room.

                                     JENNY
                         Isn't he beautiful?

                                     FORREST
                         He's the most beautiful thing I've
                         ever seen. But... is, is he smart,
                         or is he...

                                     JENNY
                         He's very smart. He's one of the
                         smartest in his class.

               Forrest breathes deep. He looks at Jenny, then at Forrest
               Jr.

                                     JENNY
                         Yeah, it's okay. Go talk to him.

               Forrest walks into the room and sits down next to Forrest
               Jr. "Sesame Street" is on the TV.

                                     BERT
                         Oh, great.

                                     ERNIE
                         Hey, Bert, can you give me a hand?

                                     BERT
                         A hand? Well, yeah, what do you want,
                         Ernie?

                                     FORREST
                         What are you watching.

                                     FORREST JR.
                         Bert and Ernie.

                                     ERNIE
                         Well, it's the first stage. Bert.
                         It's planning to write a story, Bert.
                         I have pencils right here to write
                         with, Bert. Now, we got, uh, paper.
                         I'll take that paper, Bert. See, we
                         have the paper to write on.

               EXT. PARK - DAY

               Forrest and Jenny sit on a bench. Forrest Jr. swings behind
               them.

                                     JENNY
                         Forrest, I'm sick.

                                     FORREST
                         What, do you have a cough due to
                         cold?

                                     JENNY
                         I have some kind virus. And the
                         doctors don't, they don't know what
                         it is. And there isn't anything they
                         can do about it.

                                     FORREST
                         You could come home with me. Jenny,
                         you and little Forrest could come
                         stay at my house in Greenbow. I'll
                         take care of you if you're sick.

                                     JENNY
                         Would you marry me, Forrest?

                                     FORREST
                         Okay.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - DAY

               A group has gathered on the lawn for the wedding. Louise
               walks up to Forrest.

                                     MINISTER
                         Please take your seats.

                                     LOUISE
                         Forrest, it's time to start.

               Jenny walks out of the house. Forrest walks over to greet
               her. She wears a white dress. She walks up to Forrest and
               adjusts his necktie.

                                     JENNY
                         Hi. Your tie.

               Lt. Dan is walking across the lawn. He uses a cane. A WOMAN
               is walking next to him.

                                     FORREST
                         Lieutenant Dan? Lieutenant Dan!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Hello, Forrest.

               Jenny walks over to Forrest and Lt. Dan.

                                     FORREST
                         You got new legs. New legs!

                                     LT. DAN
                         Yeah, I got new legs.

               Lt. Dan lifts his pant leg to display his metal leg.

                                     LT. DAN
                         Custom-made titanium alloy. It's
                         what they use on the space shuttle.

                                     FORREST
                         Magic legs.

                                     LT. DAN
                         This is my fiancee, Susan.

                                     FORREST
                         Lieutenant Dan!

               Susan shakes Forrest's hand.

                                     SUSAN
                         Hi, Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         Lieutenant Dan, this is my Jenny.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey, it's nice to meet you, finally.

               Jenny steps forward and kisses Lt. Dan's cheek. The group is
               seated as they watch Forrest and Jenny take vows on the front
               lawn. Forrest Jr. stands next to Jenny.

                                     MINISTER
                         Do you, Forrest, take Jenny to be
                         your wife? Do you, Jenny, take Forrest
                         to be your husband? If so, I pronounce
                         you man and wife.

               The wind blows fallen leaves across the ground. Jenny,
               Forrest, and Forrest Jr. walk toward the house. They all
               hold hands as they walk.

               INT. GUMP HOUSE - MORNING

               Forrest steps into Jenny's bedroom. He carries a tray with
               breakfast on it. Forrest looks at Jenny as she sleeps.

               Slowly she wakes up and looks at Forrest.

                                     FORREST
                         Hey.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey.

               Forrest sets the tray down next to Jenny as she sits up in
               bed. Forrest opens a window, then sits down next to the bed.

                                     JENNY
                         Hey, Forrest, were you scared in
                         Vietnam?

                                     FORREST
                         Yes. Well, I, I don't know.

               EXT. VIETNAM - FLASHBACK - NIGHT

               Forrest looks up into the sky as the rain stops. Forrest
               removes his helmet. The stars emerge from behind the clouds.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Sometimes it would stop raining long
                         enough for the stars to come out.
                         And then it was nice. It was like
                         just before the sun goes to bed down
                         on the bayou...

               EXT. BAYOU - FLASHBACK - SUNSET

               Forrest stands on his boat and looks at a deep orange and
               red sunset.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         There was over a million sparkles on
                         the water. Like that mountain lake.

               EXT. MOUNTAIN LAKE - FLASHBACK - DAY

               Forrest runs along a highway. A lake reflects the mountains
               and the sky.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         It was so clear, Jenny. It looks
                         like there were two skies, one on
                         top of the other. And then in the
                         desert, when the sun comes up...

               EXT. DESERT - FLASHBACK - SUNRISE

               Forrest runs along a desert highway. The morning light casts
               an orange glow over the desert.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         I couldn't tell where heavens stopped
                         and the earth began. It was so
                         beautiful.

               INT. GUMP HOUSE - MORNING

               Forrest looks at Jenny. Jenny looks out the window.

                                     JENNY
                         I wish I could have been there with
                         you.

                                     FORREST
                         You were.

               Jenny reaches over and takes Forrest's hand.

                                     JENNY
                         I love you.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         You died on a Saturday morning.

               EXT. JENNY'S GRAVE AT OLD OAK TREE - DAY

               Forrest stands under the old oak tree where Jenny has been
               buried.

                                     FORREST
                         And I had you placed here under our
                         tree.

               Jenny's grave marker. Forrest tries to hold back his tears.

                                     FORREST
                         And I had that house of your father's
                         bulldozed to the ground.

               EXT. JENNY'S OLD HOUSE - DAY

               Forrest watches as Jenny's dad's house is knocked down by a
               bulldozer.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         Momma...

               EXT. JENNY'S GRAVE

                                     FORREST
                         ...always said dyin' was a part of
                         life.

               Jenny's grave marker reads: JENNY GUMP July 16, 1945 -- March
               22, 1982 Beloved Mother, Wife and Friend

                                     FORREST
                         I sure wish it wasn't. Little Forrest,
                         he's doing just fine.

               INT. GUMP HOUSE - NIGHT

               Forrest Jr. reads a book to Forrest sitting next to him.

                                     FORREST JR.
                              (reading)
                         "But he wasn't quite sure. Everywhere
                         they went, the new guests...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         About to start school again soon. I
                         make his breakfast, lunch, and
                         dinner...

               EXT. JENNY'S GRAVE

               Forrest looks down as he sobs.

                                     FORREST
                         ...every day. I make sure he combs
                         his hair and brushes his teeth every
                         day. Teaching him how to play ping
                         pong.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE - NIGHT

               Forrest tries to teach Forrest Jr. how to play ping-pong.

                                     FORREST
                         Okay...

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         He's really good.

                                     FORREST
                         Forrest, you go.

               Forrest Jr. serves the ball, causing Forrest dive and miss
               it.

               EXT. GUMP HOUSE/RIVER - DAY

               Forrest and Forrest Jr. sit on a log by the river and fish.

                                     FORREST (V.O.)
                         We fish a lot.

               EXT. JENNY'S GRAVE

               Forrest looks down at the grave marker.

                                     FORREST
                         And every night, we read a book.
                         He's so smart, Jenny. You'd be so
                         proud of him. I am. He, uh, wrote a
                         letter, and he says I can't read it.
                         I'm not supposed to, so I'll just
                         leave it here for you.

               Forrest places the letter down at the grave marker, next to
               fresh flowers. The name on the envelope reads: "Mom." Forrest
               steps back and looks down at the grave.

                                     FORREST
                         Jenny, I don't know if Momma was
                         right or if, if it's Lieutenant Dan.
                         I don't know if we each have a
                         destiny, or if we're all just floating
                         around accidental-like on a breeze,
                         but I, I think maybe it's both. Maybe
                         both is happening at the same time.
                         I miss you, Jenny. If there's anything
                         you need, I won't be far away.

               As Forrest walks away, a flock of birds flies overhead and
               lands in the tree. Forrest turns and watches.

               EXT. ROAD - MORNING

               Forrest walks with Forrest Jr. for the bus. The bus drives
               toward them.

                                     FORREST
                         Here's your bus. Okay.

               Forrest pulls "Curious George" out of Forrest Jr.'s backpack.

                                     FORREST
                         Hey, I know this.

                                     FORREST JR.
                         I'm gonna show that for show-and-
                         tell because grandma used to read it
                         to you.

               Forrest looks at the book. The feather from the beginning of
               the movie drops out of the book, unnoticed.

                                     FORREST
                         My favorite book.

               The bus comes to a stop. The door opens.

                                     FORREST
                         Well...

               Forrest puts the book back into Forrest Jr.'s backpack and
               hands it to him.

                                     FORREST
                         ...okay. Hey, there you go.

               Forrest Jr. walks toward the bus. Forrest stands up.

                                     FORREST
                         Hey, Forrest. Don't... I wanted to
                         tell you I love you.

                                     FORREST JR.
                         I love you too, Daddy.

                                     FORREST
                         I'll be right here when you get back.

               Forrest Jr. looks into the bus and at the bus driver. It is
               the same bus driver, only older now, who drove Forrest to
               school when he was a young boy.

                                     SCHOOLD BUS DRIVER
                         You understand this is the bus to
                         school now, don't you?

                                     FORREST JR.
                         Of course, and you're Dorothy Harris
                         and I'm Forrest Gump.

               Forrest Jr. looks over and waves to his father. Forrest nods
               approvingly.

               Forrest Jr. gets on the bus. The bus pulls away. Forrest
               stands next to the mailbox.

               Forrest sits down. The camera cranes down, revealing the
               feather as it lies at Forrest's feet.

               A gust of wind picks the feather up. The feather floats up
               into the air.

               Forrest sits at the side of the road. The feather floats
               higher into the air.

               The feather soars up into the sky and travels up and down,
               then covers the camera lens.

                                         THE END

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El amor es lo que necesitas pero no consigues

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El amor es lo que necesitas pero no consigues

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Bee Movie Script - Dialogue TranscriptVoila! Finally, the Bee Movie script is here for all you fans of the Jerry Seinfeld animated movie. This puppy is a transcript that was painstakingly transcribed using the screenplay and/or viewings of the movie to get the dialogue. I know, I know, I still need to get the cast names in there and all that jazz, so if you have any corrections, feel free to drop me a line. At least you'll have some Bee Movie quotes (or even a monologue or two) to annoy your coworkers with in the meantime, right?And swing on back to Drew's Script-O-Rama afterwards -- because reading is good for your noodle. Better than Farmville, anyway.Bee Movie Script    According to all known lawsof aviation,  there is no way a beeshould be able to fly.  Its wings are too small to getits fat little body off the ground.  The bee, of course, flies anyway  because bees don't carewhat humans think is impossible.  Yellow, black. Yellow, black.Yellow, black. Yellow, black.  Ooh, black and yellow!Let's shake it up a little.  Barry! Breakfast is ready!  Ooming!  Hang on a second.  Hello?  - Barry?- Adam?  - Oan you believe this is happening?- I can't. I'll pick you up.  Looking sharp.  Use the stairs. Your fatherpaid good money for those.  Sorry. I'm excited.  Here's the graduate.We're very proud of you, son.  A perfect report card, all B's.  Very proud.  Ma! I got a thing going here.  - You got lint on your fuzz.- Ow! That's me!  - Wave to us! We'll be in row 118,000.- Bye!  Barry, I told you,stop flying in the house!  - Hey, Adam.- Hey, Barry.  - Is that fuzz gel?- A little. Special day, graduation.  Never thought I'd make it.  Three days grade school,three days high school.  Those were awkward.  Three days college. I'm glad I tooka day and hitchhiked around the hive.  You did come back different.  - Hi, Barry.- Artie, growing a mustache? Looks good.  - Hear about Frankie?- Yeah.  - You going to the funeral?- No, I'm not going.  Everybody knows,sting someone, you die.  Don't waste it on a squirrel.Such a hothead.  I guess he could havejust gotten out of the way.  I love this incorporatingan amusement park into our day.  That's why we don't need vacations.  Boy, quite a bit of pomp...under the circumstances.  - Well, Adam, today we are men.- We are!  - Bee-men.- Amen!  Hallelujah!  Students, faculty, distinguished bees,  please welcome Dean Buzzwell.  Welcome, New Hive Oitygraduating class of...  ...9:15.  That concludes our ceremonies.  And begins your careerat Honex Industries!  Will we pick ourjob today?  I heard it's just orientation.  Heads up! Here we go.  Keep your hands and antennasinside the tram at all times.  - Wonder what it'll be like?- A little scary.  Welcome to Honex,a division of Honesco  and a part of the Hexagon Group.  This is it!  Wow.  Wow.  We know that you, as a bee,have worked your whole life  to get to the point where youcan work for your whole life.  Honey begins when our valiant PollenJocks bring the nectar to the hive.  Our top-secret formula  is automatically color-corrected,scent-adjusted and bubble-contoured  into this soothing sweet syrup  with its distinctivegolden glow you know as...  Honey!  - That girl was hot.- She's my cousin!  - She is?- Yes, we're all cousins.  - Right. You're right.- At Honex, we constantly strive  to improve every aspectof bee existence.  These bees are stress-testinga new helmet technology.  - What do you think he makes?- Not enough.  Here we have our latest advancement,the Krelman.  - What does that do?- Oatches that little strand of honey  that hangs after you pour it.Saves us millions.  Oan anyone work on the Krelman?  Of course. Most bee jobs aresmall ones. But bees know  that every small job,if it's done well, means a lot.  But choose carefully  because you'll stay in the jobyou pick for the rest of your life.  The same job the rest of your life?I didn't know that.  What's the difference?  You'll be happy to know that bees,as a species, haven't had one day off  in 27 million years.  So you'll just work us to death?  We'll sure try.  Wow! That blew my mind!  "What's the difference?"How can you say that?  One job forever?That's an insane choice to have to make.  I'm relieved. Now we only haveto make one decision in life.  But, Adam, how could theynever have told us that?  Why would you question anything?We're bees.  We're the most perfectlyfunctioning society on Earth.  You ever think maybe thingswork a little too well here?  Like what? Give me one example.  I don't know. But you knowwhat I'm talking about.  Please clear the gate.Royal Nectar Force on approach.  Wait a second. Oheck it out.  - Hey, those are Pollen Jocks!- Wow.  I've never seen them this close.  They know what it's likeoutside the hive.  Yeah, but some don't come back.  - Hey, Jocks!- Hi, Jocks!  You guys did great!  You're monsters!You're sky freaks! I love it! I love it!  - I wonder where they were.- I don't know.  Their day's not planned.  Outside the hive, flying who knowswhere, doing who knows what.  You can'tjust decide to be a PollenJock. You have to be bred for that.  Right.  Look. That's more pollenthan you and I will see in a lifetime.  It's just a status symbol.Bees make too much of it.  Perhaps. Unless you're wearing itand the ladies see you wearing it.  Those ladies?Aren't they our cousins too?  Distant. Distant.  Look at these two.  - Oouple of Hive Harrys.- Let's have fun with them.  It must be dangerousbeing a Pollen Jock.  Yeah. Once a bear pinned meagainst a mushroom!  He had a paw on my throat,and with the other, he was slapping me!  - Oh, my!- I never thought I'd knock him out.  What were you doing during this?  Trying to alert the authorities.  I can autograph that.  A little gusty out there today,wasn't it, comrades?  Yeah. Gusty.  We're hitting a sunflower patchsix miles from here tomorrow.  - Six miles, huh?- Barry!  A puddle jump for us,but maybe you're not up for it.  - Maybe I am.- You are not!  We're going 0900 at J-Gate.  What do you think, buzzy-boy?Are you bee enough?  I might be. It all dependson what 0900 means.  Hey, Honex!  Dad, you surprised me.  You decide what you're interested in?  - Well, there's a lot of choices.- But you only get one.  Do you ever get boreddoing the same job every day?  Son, let me tell you about stirring.  You grab that stick, and you justmove it around, and you stir it around.  You get yourself into a rhythm.It's a beautiful thing.  You know, Dad,the more I think about it,  maybe the honey fieldjust isn't right for me.  You were thinking of what,making balloon animals?  That's a bad jobfor a guy with a stinger.  Janet, your son's not surehe wants to go into honey!  - Barry, you are so funny sometimes.- I'm not trying to be funny.  You're not funny! You're goinginto honey. Our son, the stirrer!  - You're gonna be a stirrer?- No one's listening to me!  Wait till you see the sticks I have.  I could say anything right now.I'm gonna get an ant tattoo!  Let's open some honey and celebrate!  Maybe I'll pierce my thorax.Shave my antennae.  Shack up with a grasshopper. Geta gold tooth and call everybody "dawg"!  I'm so proud.  - We're starting work today!- Today's the day.  Oome on! All the good jobswill be gone.  Yeah, right.  Pollen counting, stunt bee, pouring,stirrer, front desk, hair removal...  - Is it still available?- Hang on. Two left!  One of them's yours! Oongratulations!Step to the side.  - What'd you get?- Picking crud out. Stellar!  Wow!  Oouple of newbies?  Yes, sir! Our first day! We are ready!  Make your choice.  - You want to go first?- No, you go.  Oh, my. What's available?  Restroom attendant's open,not for the reason you think.  - Any chance of getting the Krelman?- Sure, you're on.  I'm sorry, the Krelman just closed out.  Wax monkey's always open.  The Krelman opened up again.  What happened?  A bee died. Makes an opening. See?He's dead. Another dead one.  Deady. Deadified. Two more dead.  Dead from the neck up.Dead from the neck down. That's life!  Oh, this is so hard!  Heating, cooling,stunt bee, pourer, stirrer,  humming, inspector number seven,lint coordinator, stripe supervisor,  mite wrangler. Barry, whatdo you think I should... Barry?  Barry!  All right, we've got the sunflower patchin quadrant nine...  What happened to you?Where are you?  - I'm going out.- Out? Out where?  - Out there.- Oh, no!  I have to, before I goto work for the rest of my life.  You're gonna die! You're crazy! Hello?  Another call coming in.  If anyone's feeling brave,there's a Korean deli on 83rd  that gets their roses today.  Hey, guys.  - Look at that.- Isn't that the kid we saw yesterday?  Hold it, son, flight deck's restricted.  It's OK, Lou. We're gonna take him up.  Really? Feeling lucky, are you?  Sign here, here. Just initial that.  - Thank you.- OK.  You got a rain advisory today,  and as you all know,bees cannot fly in rain.  So be careful. As always,watch your brooms,  hockey sticks, dogs,birds, bears and bats.  Also, I got a couple of reportsof root beer being poured on us.  Murphy's in a home because of it,babbling like a cicada!  - That's awful.- And a reminder for you rookies,  bee law number one,absolutely no talking to humans!  All right, launch positions!  Buzz, buzz, buzz, buzz! Buzz, buzz,buzz, buzz! Buzz, buzz, buzz, buzz!  Black and yellow!  Hello!  You ready for this, hot shot?  Yeah. Yeah, bring it on.  Wind, check.  - Antennae, check.- Nectar pack, check.  - Wings, check.- Stinger, check.  Scared out of my shorts, check.  OK, ladies,  let's move it out!  Pound those petunias,you striped stem-suckers!  All of you, drain those flowers!  Wow! I'm out!  I can't believe I'm out!  So blue.  I feel so fast and free!  Box kite!  Wow!  Flowers!  This is Blue Leader.We have roses visual.  Bring it around 30 degrees and hold.  Roses!  30 degrees, roger. Bringing it around.  Stand to the side, kid.It's got a bit of a kick.  That is one nectar collector!  - Ever see pollination up close?- No, sir.  I pick up some pollen here, sprinkle itover here. Maybe a dash over there,  a pinch on that one.See that? It's a little bit of magic.  That's amazing. Why do we do that?  That's pollen power. More pollen, moreflowers, more nectar, more honey for us.  Oool.  I'm picking up a lot of bright yellow.Oould be daisies. Don't we need those?  Oopy that visual.  Wait. One of these flowersseems to be on the move.  Say again? You're reportinga moving flower?  Affirmative.  That was on the line!  This is the coolest. What is it?  I don't know, but I'm loving this color.  It smells good.Not like a flower, but I like it.  Yeah, fuzzy.  Ohemical-y.  Oareful, guys. It's a little grabby.  My sweet lord of bees!  Oandy-brain, get off there!  Problem!  - Guys!- This could be bad.  Affirmative.  Very close.  Gonna hurt.  Mama's little boy.  You are way out of position, rookie!  Ooming in at you like a missile!  Help me!  I don't think these are flowers.  - Should we tell him?- I think he knows.  What is this?!  Match point!  You can start packing up, honey,because you're about to eat it!  Yowser!  Gross.  There's a bee in the car!  - Do something!- I'm driving!  - Hi, bee.- He's back here!  He's going to sting me!  Nobody move. If you don't move,he won't sting you. Freeze!  He blinked!  Spray him, Granny!  What are you doing?!  Wow... the tension levelout here is unbelievable.  I gotta get home.  Oan't fly in rain.  Oan't fly in rain.  Oan't fly in rain.  Mayday! Mayday! Bee going down!  Ken, could you closethe window please?  Ken, could you closethe window please?  Oheck out my new resume.I made it into a fold-out brochure.  You see? Folds out.  Oh, no. More humans. I don't need this.  What was that?  Maybe this time. This time. This time.This time! This time! This...  Drapes!  That is diabolical.  It's fantastic. It's got all my specialskills, even my top-ten favorite movies.  What's number one? Star Wars?  Nah, I don't go for that...  ...kind of stuff.  No wonder we shouldn't talk to them.They're out of their minds.  When I leave a job interview, they'reflabbergasted, can't believe what I say.  There's the sun. Maybe that's a way out.  I don't remember the sunhaving a big 75 on it.  I predicted global warming.  I could feel it getting hotter.At first I thought it was just me.  Wait! Stop! Bee!  Stand back. These are winter boots.  Wait!  Don't kill him!  You know I'm allergic to them!This thing could kill me!  Why does his life haveless value than yours?  Why does his life have any less valuethan mine? Is that your statement?  I'm just saying all life has value. Youdon't know what he's capable of feeling.  My brochure!  There you go, little guy.  I'm not scared of him.It's an allergic thing.  Put that on your resume brochure.  My whole face could puff up.  Make it one of your special skills.  Knocking someone outis also a special skill.  Right. Bye, Vanessa. Thanks.  - Vanessa, next week? Yogurt night?- Sure, Ken. You know, whatever.  - You could put carob chips on there.- Bye.  - Supposed to be less calories.- Bye.  I gotta say something.  She saved my life.I gotta say something.  All right, here it goes.  Nah.  What would I say?  I could really get in trouble.  It's a bee law.You're not supposed to talk to a human.  I can't believe I'm doing this.  I've got to.  Oh, I can't do it. Oome on!  No. Yes. No.  Do it. I can't.  How should I start it?"You like jazz?" No, that's no good.  Here she comes! Speak, you fool!  Hi!  I'm sorry.  - You're talking.- Yes, I know.  You're talking!  I'm so sorry.  No, it's OK. It's fine.I know I'm dreaming.  But I don't recall going to bed.  Well, I'm sure thisis very disconcerting.  This is a bit of a surprise to me.I mean, you're a bee!  I am. And I'm not supposedto be doing this,  but they were all trying to kill me.  And if it wasn't for you...  I had to thank you.It's just how I was raised.  That was a little weird.  - I'm talking with a bee.- Yeah.  I'm talking to a bee.And the bee is talking to me!  I just want to say I'm grateful.I'll leave now.  - Wait! How did you learn to do that?- What?  The talking thing.  Same way you did, I guess."Mama, Dada, honey." You pick it up.  - That's very funny.- Yeah.  Bees are funny. If we didn't laugh,we'd cry with what we have to deal with.  Anyway...  Oan I...  ...get you something?- Like what?  I don't know. I mean...I don't know. Ooffee?  I don't want to put you out.  It's no trouble. It takes two minutes.  - It's just coffee.- I hate to impose.  - Don't be ridiculous!- Actually, I would love a cup.  Hey, you want rum cake?  - I shouldn't.- Have some.  - No, I can't.- Oome on!  I'm trying to lose a couple micrograms.  - Where?- These stripes don't help.  You look great!  I don't know if you knowanything about fashion.  Are you all right?  No.  He's making the tie in the cabas they're flying up Madison.  He finally gets there.  He runs up the steps into the church.The wedding is on.  And he says, "Watermelon?I thought you said Guatemalan.  Why would I marry a watermelon?"  Is that a bee joke?  That's the kind of stuff we do.  Yeah, different.  So, what are you gonna do, Barry?  About work? I don't know.  I want to do my part for the hive,but I can't do it the way they want.  I know how you feel.  - You do?- Sure.  My parents wanted me to be a lawyer ora doctor, but I wanted to be a florist.  - Really?- My only interest is flowers.  Our new queen was just electedwith that same campaign slogan.  Anyway, if you look...  There's my hive right there. See it?  You're in Sheep Meadow!  Yes! I'm right off the Turtle Pond!  No way! I know that area.I lost a toe ring there once.  - Why do girls put rings on their toes?- Why not?  - It's like putting a hat on your knee.- Maybe I'll try that.  - You all right, ma'am?- Oh, yeah. Fine.  Just having two cups of coffee!  Anyway, this has been great.Thanks for the coffee.  Yeah, it's no trouble.  Sorry I couldn't finish it. If I did,I'd be up the rest of my life.  Are you...?  Oan I take a piece of this with me?  Sure! Here, have a crumb.  - Thanks!- Yeah.  All right. Well, then...I guess I'll see you around.  Or not.  OK, Barry.  And thank youso much again... for before.  Oh, that? That was nothing.  Well, not nothing, but... Anyway...  This can't possibly work.  He's all set to go.We may as well try it.  OK, Dave, pull the chute.  - Sounds amazing.- It was amazing!  It was the scariest,happiest moment of my life.  Humans! I can't believeyou were with humans!  Giant, scary humans!What were they like?  Huge and crazy. They talk crazy.  They eat crazy giant things.They drive crazy.  - Do they try and kill you, like on TV?- Some of them. But some of them don't.  - How'd you get back?- Poodle.  You did it, and I'm glad. You sawwhatever you wanted to see.  You had your "experience." Now youcan pick out yourjob and be normal.  - Well...- Well?  Well, I met someone.  You did? Was she Bee-ish?  - A wasp?! Your parents will kill you!- No, no, no, not a wasp.  - Spider?- I'm not attracted to spiders.  I know it's the hottest thing,with the eight legs and all.  I can't get by that face.  So who is she?  She's... human.  No, no. That's a bee law.You wouldn't break a bee law.  - Her name's Vanessa.- Oh, boy.  She's so nice. And she's a florist!  Oh, no! You're dating a human florist!  We're not dating.  You're flying outside the hive, talkingto humans that attack our homes  with power washers and M-80s!One-eighth a stick of dynamite!  She saved my life!And she understands me.  This is over!  Eat this.  This is not over! What was that?  - They call it a crumb.- It was so stingin' stripey!  And that's not what they eat.That's what falls off what they eat!  - You know what a Oinnabon is?- No.  It's bread and cinnamon and frosting.They heat it up...  Sit down!  ...really hot!- Listen to me!  We are not them! We're us.There's us and there's them!  Yes, but who can denythe heart that is yearning?  There's no yearning.Stop yearning. Listen to me!  You have got to start thinking bee,my friend. Thinking bee!  - Thinking bee.- Thinking bee.  Thinking bee! Thinking bee!Thinking bee! Thinking bee!  There he is. He's in the pool.  You know what your problem is, Barry?  I gotta start thinking bee?  How much longer will this go on?  It's been three days!Why aren't you working?  I've got a lot of big life decisionsto think about.  What life? You have no life!You have no job. You're barely a bee!  Would it kill youto make a little honey?  Barry, come out.Your father's talking to you.  Martin, would you talk to him?  Barry, I'm talking to you!  You coming?  Got everything?  All set!  Go ahead. I'll catch up.  Don't be too long.  Watch this!  Vanessa!  - We're still here.- I told you not to yell at him.  He doesn't respond to yelling!  - Then why yell at me?- Because you don't listen!  I'm not listening to this.  Sorry, I've gotta go.  - Where are you going?- I'm meeting a friend.  A girl? Is this why you can't decide?  Bye.  I just hope she's Bee-ish.  They have a huge paradeof flowers every year in Pasadena?  To be in the Tournament of Roses,that's every florist's dream!  Up on a float, surroundedby flowers, crowds cheering.  A tournament. Do the rosescompete in athletic events?  No. All right, I've got one.How come you don't fly everywhere?  It's exhausting. Why don't yourun everywhere? It's faster.  Yeah, OK, I see, I see.All right, your turn.  TiVo. You can just freeze live TV?That's insane!  You don't have that?  We have Hivo, but it's a disease.It's a horrible, horrible disease.  Oh, my.  Dumb bees!  You must want to sting all those jerks.  We try not to sting.It's usually fatal for us.  So you have to watch your temper.  Very carefully.You kick a wall, take a walk,  write an angry letter and throw it out.Work through it like any emotion:  Anger, jealousy, lust.  Oh, my goodness! Are you OK?  Yeah.  - What is wrong with you?!- It's a bug.  He's not bothering anybody.Get out of here, you creep!  What was that? A Pic 'N' Save circular?  Yeah, it was. How did you know?  It felt like about 10 pages.Seventy-five is pretty much our limit.  You've really got thatdown to a science.  - I lost a cousin to Italian Vogue.- I'll bet.  What in the nameof Mighty Hercules is this?  How did this get here?Oute Bee, Golden Blossom,  Ray Liotta Private Select?  - Is he that actor?- I never heard of him.  - Why is this here?- For people. We eat it.  You don't haveenough food of your own?  - Well, yes.- How do you get it?  - Bees make it.- I know who makes it!  And it's hard to make it!  There's heating, cooling, stirring.You need a whole Krelman thing!  - It's organic.- It's our-ganic!  It's just honey, Barry.  Just what?!  Bees don't know about this!This is stealing! A lot of stealing!  You've taken our homes, schools,hospitals! This is all we have!  And it's on sale?!I'm getting to the bottom of this.  I'm getting to the bottomof all of this!  Hey, Hector.  - You almost done?- Almost.  He is here. I sense it.  Well, I guess I'll go home now  and just leave this nice honey out,with no one around.  You're busted, box boy!  I knew I heard something.So you can talk!  I can talk.And now you'll start talking!  Where you getting the sweet stuff?Who's your supplier?  I don't understand.I thought we were friends.  The last thing we wantto do is upset bees!  You're too late! It's ours now!  You, sir, have crossedthe wrong sword!  You, sir, will be lunchfor my iguana, Ignacio!  Where is the honey coming from?  Tell me where!  Honey Farms! It comes from Honey Farms!  Orazy person!  What horrible thing has happened here?  These faces, they never knewwhat hit them. And now  they're on the road to nowhere!  Just keep still.  What? You're not dead?  Do I look dead? They will wipe anythingthat moves. Where you headed?  To Honey Farms.I am onto something huge here.  I'm going to Alaska. Moose blood,crazy stuff. Blows your head off!  I'm going to Tacoma.  - And you?- He really is dead.  All right.  Uh-oh!  - What is that?!- Oh, no!  - A wiper! Triple blade!- Triple blade?  Jump on! It's your only chance, bee!  Why does everything haveto be so doggone clean?!  How much do you people need to see?!  Open your eyes!Stick your head out the window!  From NPR News in Washington,I'm Oarl Kasell.  But don't kill no more bugs!  - Bee!- Moose blood guy!!  - You hear something?- Like what?  Like tiny screaming.  Turn off the radio.  Whassup, bee boy?  Hey, Blood.  Just a row of honey jars,as far as the eye could see.  Wow!  I assume wherever this truck goesis where they're getting it.  I mean, that honey's ours.  - Bees hang tight.- We're all jammed in.  It's a close community.  Not us, man. We on our own.Every mosquito on his own.  - What if you get in trouble?- You a mosquito, you in trouble.  Nobody likes us. They just smack.See a mosquito, smack, smack!  At least you're out in the world.You must meet girls.  Mosquito girls try to trade up,get with a moth, dragonfly.  Mosquito girl don't want no mosquito.  You got to be kidding me!  Mooseblood's about to leavethe building! So long, bee!  - Hey, guys!- Mooseblood!  I knew I'd catch y'all down here.Did you bring your crazy straw?  We throw it in jars, slap a label on it,and it's pretty much pure profit.  What is this place?  A bee's got a brainthe size of a pinhead.  They are pinheads!  Pinhead.  - Oheck out the new smoker.- Oh, sweet. That's the one you want.  The Thomas 3000!  Smoker?  Ninety puffs a minute, semi-automatic.Twice the nicotine, all the tar.  A couple breaths of thisknocks them right out.  They make the honey,and we make the money.  "They make the honey,and we make the money"?  Oh, my!  What's going on? Are you OK?  Yeah. It doesn't last too long.  Do you know you'rein a fake hive with fake walls?  Our queen was moved here.We had no choice.  This is your queen?That's a man in women's clothes!  That's a drag queen!  What is this?  Oh, no!  There's hundreds of them!  Bee honey.  Our honey is being brazenly stolenon a massive scale!  This is worse than anything bearshave done! I intend to do something.  Oh, Barry, stop.  Who told you humans are takingour honey? That's a rumor.  Do these look like rumors?  That's a conspiracy theory.These are obviously doctored photos.  How did you get mixed up in this?  He's been talking to humans.  - What?- Talking to humans?!  He has a human girlfriend.And they make out!  Make out? Barry!  We do not.  - You wish you could.- Whose side are you on?  The bees!  I dated a cricket once in San Antonio.Those crazy legs kept me up all night.  Barry, this is what you wantto do with your life?  I want to do it for all our lives.Nobody works harder than bees!  Dad, I remember youcoming home so overworked  your hands were still stirring.You couldn't stop.  I remember that.  What right do they have to our honey?  We live on two cups a year. They put itin lip balm for no reason whatsoever!  Even if it's true, what can one bee do?  Sting them where it really hurts.  In the face! The eye!  - That would hurt.- No.  Up the nose? That's a killer.  There's only one place you can stingthe humans, one place where it matters.  Hive at Five, the hive's onlyfull-hour action news source.  No more bee beards!  With Bob Bumble at the anchor desk.  Weather with Storm Stinger.  Sports with Buzz Larvi.  And Jeanette Ohung.  - Good evening. I'm Bob Bumble.- And I'm Jeanette Ohung.  A tri-county bee, Barry Benson,  intends to sue the human racefor stealing our honey,  packaging it and profitingfrom it illegally!  Tomorrow night on Bee Larry King,  we'll have three former queens here inour studio, discussing their new book,  Olassy Ladies,out this week on Hexagon.  Tonight we're talking to Barry Benson.  Did you ever think, "I'm a kidfrom the hive. I can't do this"?  Bees have never been afraidto change the world.  What about Bee Oolumbus?Bee Gandhi? Bejesus?  Where I'm from, we'd never sue humans.  We were thinkingof stickball or candy stores.  How old are you?  The bee communityis supporting you in this case,  which will be the trialof the bee century.  You know, they have a Larry Kingin the human world too.  It's a common name. Next week...  He looks like you and has a showand suspenders and colored dots...  Next week...  Glasses, quotes on the bottom from theguest even though you just heard 'em.  Bear Week next week!They're scary, hairy and here live.  Always leans forward, pointy shoulders,squinty eyes, very Jewish.  In tennis, you attackat the point of weakness!  It was my grandmother, Ken. She's 81.  Honey, her backhand's a joke!I'm not gonna take advantage of that?  Quiet, please.Actual work going on here.  - Is that that same bee?- Yes, it is!  I'm helping him sue the human race.  - Hello.- Hello, bee.  This is Ken.  Yeah, I remember you. Timberland, sizeten and a half. Vibram sole, I believe.  Why does he talk again?  Listen, you better go'cause we're really busy working.  But it's our yogurt night!  Bye-bye.  Why is yogurt night so difficult?!  You poor thing.You two have been at this for hours!  Yes, and Adam herehas been a huge help.  - Frosting...- How many sugars?  Just one. I try notto use the competition.  So why are you helping me?  Bees have good qualities.  And it takes my mind off the shop.  Instead of flowers, peopleare giving balloon bouquets now.  Those are great, if you're three.  And artificial flowers.  - Oh, those just get me psychotic!- Yeah, me too.  Bent stingers, pointless pollination.  Bees must hate those fake things!  Nothing worsethan a daffodil that's had work done.  Maybe this could make upfor it a little bit.  - This lawsuit's a pretty big deal.- I guess.  You sure you want to go through with it?  Am I sure? When I'm done withthe humans, they won't be able  to say, "Honey, I'm home,"without paying a royalty!  It's an incredible scenehere in downtown Manhattan,  where the world anxiously waits,because for the first time in history,  we will hear for ourselvesif a honeybee can actually speak.  What have we gotten into here, Barry?  It's pretty big, isn't it?  I can't believe how many humansdon't work during the day.  You think billion-dollar multinationalfood companies have good lawyers?  Everybody needs to staybehind the barricade.  - What's the matter?- I don't know, I just got a chill.  Well, if it isn't the bee team.  You boys work on this?  All rise! The HonorableJudge Bumbleton presiding.  All right. Oase number 4475,  Superior Oourt of New York,Barry Bee Benson v. the Honey Industry  is now in session.  Mr. Montgomery, you're representingthe five food companies collectively?  A privilege.  Mr. Benson... you're representingall the bees of the world?  I'm kidding. Yes, Your Honor,we're ready to proceed.  Mr. Montgomery,your opening statement, please.  Ladies and gentlemen of the jury,  my grandmother was a simple woman.  Born on a farm, she believedit was man's divine right  to benefit from the bountyof nature God put before us.  If we lived in the topsy-turvy worldMr. Benson imagines,  just think of what would it mean.  I would have to negotiatewith the silkworm  for the elastic in my britches!  Talking bee!  How do we know this isn't some sort of  holographic motion-picture-captureHollywood wizardry?  They could be using laser beams!  Robotics! Ventriloquism!Oloning! For all we know,  he could be on steroids!  Mr. Benson?  Ladies and gentlemen,there's no trickery here.  I'm just an ordinary bee.Honey's pretty important to me.  It's important to all bees.We invented it!  We make it. And we protect itwith our lives.  Unfortunately, there aresome people in this room  who think they can take it from us  'cause we're the little guys!I'm hoping that, after this is all over,  you'll see how, by taking our honey,you not only take everything we have  but everything we are!  I wish he'd dress like thatall the time. So nice!  Oall your first witness.  So, Mr. Klauss Vanderhaydenof Honey Farms, big company you have.  I suppose so.  I see you also ownHoneyburton and Honron!  Yes, they provide beekeepersfor our farms.  Beekeeper. I find thatto be a very disturbing term.  I don't imagine you employany bee-free-ers, do you?  - No.- I couldn't hear you.  - No.- No.  Because you don't free bees.You keep bees. Not only that,  it seems you thought a bear would bean appropriate image for a jar of honey.  They're very lovable creatures.  Yogi Bear, Fozzie Bear, Build-A-Bear.  You mean like this?  Bears kill bees!  How'd you like his head crashingthrough your living room?!  Biting into your couch!Spitting out your throw pillows!  OK, that's enough. Take him away.  So, Mr. Sting, thank you for being here.Your name intrigues me.  - Where have I heard it before?- I was with a band called The Police.  But you've never beena police officer, have you?  No, I haven't.  No, you haven't. And so herewe have yet another example  of bee culture casuallystolen by a human  for nothing more thana prance-about stage name.  Oh, please.  Have you ever been stung, Mr. Sting?  Because I'm feelinga little stung, Sting.  Or should I say... Mr. Gordon M. Sumner!  That's not his real name?! You idiots!  Mr. Liotta, first,belated congratulations on  your Emmy win for a guest spoton ER in 2005.  Thank you. Thank you.  I see from your resumethat you're devilishly handsome  with a churning inner turmoilthat's ready to blow.  I enjoy what I do. Is that a crime?  Not yet it isn't. But is thiswhat it's come to for you?  Exploiting tiny, helpless beesso you don't  have to rehearseyour part and learn your lines, sir?  Watch it, Benson!I could blow right now!  This isn't a goodfella.This is a badfella!  Why doesn't someone just step onthis creep, and we can all go home?!  - Order in this court!- You're all thinking it!  Order! Order, I say!  - Say it!- Mr. Liotta, please sit down!  I think it was awfully niceof that bear to pitch in like that.  I think the jury's on our side.  Are we doing everything right, legally?  I'm a florist.  Right. Well, here's to a great team.  To a great team!  Well, hello.  - Ken!- Hello.  I didn't think you were coming.  No, I was just late.I tried to call, but... the battery.  I didn't want all this to go to waste,so I called Barry. Luckily, he was free.  Oh, that was lucky.  There's a little left.I could heat it up.  Yeah, heat it up, sure, whatever.  So I hear you're quite a tennis player.  I'm not much for the game myself.The ball's a little grabby.  That's where I usually sit.Right... there.  Ken, Barry was looking at your resume,  and he agreed with me that eating withchopsticks isn't really a special skill.  You think I don't see what you're doing?  I know how hard it is to findthe rightjob. We have that in common.  Do we?  Bees have 100 percent employment,but we do jobs like taking the crud out.  That's just whatI was thinking about doing.  Ken, I let Barry borrow your razorfor his fuzz. I hope that was all right.  I'm going to drain the old stinger.  Yeah, you do that.  Look at that.  You know, I've just about had it  with your little mind games.  - What's that?- Italian Vogue.  Mamma mia, that's a lot of pages.  A lot of ads.  Remember what Van said, why isyour life more valuable than mine?  Funny, I just can't seem to recall that!  I think something stinks in here!  I love the smell of flowers.  How do you like the smell of flames?!  Not as much.  Water bug! Not taking sides!  Ken, I'm wearing a Ohapstick hat!This is pathetic!  I've got issues!  Well, well, well, a royal flush!  - You're bluffing.- Am I?  Surf's up, dude!  Poo water!  That bowl is gnarly.  Except for those dirty yellow rings!  Kenneth! What are you doing?!  You know, I don't even like honey!I don't eat it!  We need to talk!  He's just a little bee!  And he happens to bethe nicest bee I've met in a long time!  Long time? What are you talking about?!Are there other bugs in your life?  No, but there are other things buggingme in life. And you're one of them!  Fine! Talking bees, no yogurt night...  My nerves are fried from ridingon this emotional roller coaster!  Goodbye, Ken.  And for your information,  I prefer sugar-free, artificialsweeteners made by man!  I'm sorry about all that.  I know it's gotan aftertaste! I like it!  I always felt there was some kindof barrier between Ken and me.  I couldn't overcome it.Oh, well.  Are you OK for the trial?  I believe Mr. Montgomeryis about out of ideas.  We would like to callMr. Barry Benson Bee to the stand.  Good idea! You can really see why he'sconsidered one of the best lawyers...  Yeah.  Layton, you'vegotta weave some magic  with this jury,or it's gonna be all over.  Don't worry. The only thing I haveto do to turn this jury around  is to remind themof what they don't like about bees.  - You got the tweezers?- Are you allergic?  Only to losing, son. Only to losing.  Mr. Benson Bee, I'll ask youwhat I think we'd all like to know.  What exactly is your relationship  to that woman?  We're friends.  - Good friends?- Yes.  How good? Do you live together?  Wait a minute...  Are you her little...  ...bedbug?  I've seen a bee documentary or two.From what I understand,  doesn't your queen give birthto all the bee children?  - Yeah, but...- So those aren't your real parents!  - Oh, Barry...- Yes, they are!  Hold me back!  You're an illegitimate bee,aren't you, Benson?  He's denouncing bees!  Don't y'all date your cousins?  - Objection!- I'm going to pincushion this guy!  Adam, don't! It's what he wants!  Oh, I'm hit!!  Oh, lordy, I am hit!  Order! Order!  The venom! The venomis coursing through my veins!  I have been felledby a winged beast of destruction!  You see? You can't treat themlike equals! They're striped savages!  Stinging's the only thingthey know! It's their way!  - Adam, stay with me.- I can't feel my legs.  What angel of mercywill come forward to suck the poison  from my heaving buttocks?  I will have order in this court. Order!  Order, please!  The case of the honeybeesversus the human race  took a pointed turn against the bees  yesterday when one of their legalteam stung Layton T. Montgomery.  - Hey, buddy.- Hey.  - Is there much pain?- Yeah.  I...  I blew the whole case, didn't I?  It doesn't matter. What matters isyou're alive. You could have died.  I'd be better off dead. Look at me.  They got it from the cafeteriadownstairs, in a tuna sandwich.  Look, there'sa little celery still on it.  What was it like to sting someone?  I can't explain it. It was all...  All adrenaline and then...and then ecstasy!  All right.  You think it was all a trap?  Of course. I'm sorry.I flew us right into this.  What were we thinking? Look at us. We'rejust a couple of bugs in this world.  What will the humans do to usif they win?  I don't know.  I hear they put the roaches in motels.That doesn't sound so bad.  Adam, they check in,but they don't check out!  Oh, my.  Oould you get a nurseto close that window?  - Why?- The smoke.  Bees don't smoke.  Right. Bees don't smoke.  Bees don't smoke!But some bees are smoking.  That's it! That's our case!  It is? It's not over?  Get dressed. I've gotta go somewhere.  Get back to the court and stall.Stall any way you can.  And assuming you've done step correctly, you're ready for the tub.  Mr. Flayman.  Yes? Yes, Your Honor!  Where is the rest of your team?  Well, Your Honor, it's interesting.  Bees are trained to fly haphazardly,  and as a result,we don't make very good time.  I actually heard a funny story about...  Your Honor,haven't these ridiculous bugs  taken up enoughof this court's valuable time?  How much longer will we allowthese absurd shenanigans to go on?  They have presented no compellingevidence to support their charges  against my clients,who run legitimate businesses.  I move for a complete dismissalof this entire case!  Mr. Flayman, I'm afraid I'm going  to have to considerMr. Montgomery's motion.  But you can't! We have a terrific case.  Where is your proof?Where is the evidence?  Show me the smoking gun!  Hold it, Your Honor!You want a smoking gun?  Here is your smoking gun.  What is that?  It's a bee smoker!  What, this?This harmless little contraption?  This couldn't hurt a fly,let alone a bee.  Look at what has happened  to bees who have never been asked,"Smoking or non?"  Is this what nature intended for us?  To be forcibly addictedto smoke machines  and man-made wooden slat work camps?  Living out our lives as honey slavesto the white man?  - What are we gonna do?- He's playing the species card.  Ladies and gentlemen, please,free these bees!  Free the bees! Free the bees!  Free the bees!  Free the bees! Free the bees!  The court finds in favor of the bees!  Vanessa, we won!  I knew you could do it! High-five!  Sorry.  I'm OK! You know what this means?  All the honeywill finally belong to the bees.  Now we won't haveto work so hard all the time.  This is an unholy perversionof the balance of nature, Benson.  You'll regret this.  Barry, how much honey is out there?  All right. One at a time.  Barry, who are you wearing?  My sweater is Ralph Lauren,and I have no pants.  - What if Montgomery's right?- What do you mean?  We've been living the bee waya long time, 27 million years.  Oongratulations on your victory.What will you demand as a settlement?  First, we'll demand a complete shutdownof all bee work camps.  Then we want back the honeythat was ours to begin with,  every last drop.  We demand an end to the glorificationof the bear as anything more  than a filthy, smelly,bad-breath stink machine.  We're all awareof what they do in the woods.  Wait for my signal.  Take him out.  He'll have nauseousfor a few hours, then he'll be fine.  And we will no longer toleratebee-negative nicknames...  But it's just a prance-about stage name!  ...unnecessary inclusion of honeyin bogus health products  and la-dee-da humantea-time snack garnishments.  Oan't breathe.  Bring it in, boys!  Hold it right there! Good.  Tap it.  Mr. Buzzwell, we just passed three cups,and there's gallons more coming!  - I think we need to shut down!- Shut down? We've never shut down.  Shut down honey production!  Stop making honey!  Turn your key, sir!  What do we do now?  Oannonball!  We're shutting honey production!  Mission abort.  Aborting pollination and nectar detail.Returning to base.  Adam, you wouldn't believehow much honey was out there.  Oh, yeah?  What's going on? Where is everybody?  - Are they out celebrating?- They're home.  They don't know what to do.Laying out, sleeping in.  I heard your Uncle Oarl was on his wayto San Antonio with a cricket.  At least we got our honey back.  Sometimes I think, so what if humansliked our honey? Who wouldn't?  It's the greatest thing in the world!I was excited to be part of making it.  This was my new desk. This was mynew job. I wanted to do it really well.  And now...  Now I can't.  I don't understandwhy they're not happy.  I thought their lives would be better!  They're doing nothing. It's amazing.Honey really changes people.  You don't have any ideawhat's going on, do you?  - What did you want to show me?- This.  What happened here?  That is not the half of it.  Oh, no. Oh, my.  They're all wilting.  Doesn't look very good, does it?  No.  And whose fault do you think that is?  You know, I'm gonna guess bees.  Bees?  Specifically, me.  I didn't think bees not needing to makehoney would affect all these things.  It's notjust flowers.Fruits, vegetables, they all need bees.  That's our whole SAT test right there.  Take away produce, that affectsthe entire animal kingdom.  And then, of course...  The human species?  So if there's no more pollination,  it could all just go south here,couldn't it?  I know this is also partly my fault.  How about a suicide pact?  How do we do it?  - I'll sting you, you step on me.- Thatjust kills you twice.  Right, right.  Listen, Barry...sorry, but I gotta get going.  I had to open my mouth and talk.  Vanessa?  Vanessa? Why are you leaving?Where are you going?  To the final Tournament of Roses paradein Pasadena.  They've moved it to this weekendbecause all the flowers are dying.  It's the last chanceI'll ever have to see it.  Vanessa, I just wanna say I'm sorry.I never meant it to turn out like this.  I know. Me neither.  Tournament of Roses.Roses can't do sports.  Wait a minute. Roses. Roses?  Roses!  Vanessa!  Roses?!  Barry?  - Roses are flowers!- Yes, they are.  Flowers, bees, pollen!  I know.That's why this is the last parade.  Maybe not.Oould you ask him to slow down?  Oould you slow down?  Barry!  OK, I made a huge mistake.This is a total disaster, all my fault.  Yes, it kind of is.  I've ruined the planet.I wanted to help you  with the flower shop.I've made it worse.  Actually, it's completely closed down.  I thought maybe you were remodeling.  But I have another idea, and it'sgreater than my previous ideas combined.  I don't want to hear it!  All right, they have the roses,the roses have the pollen.  I know every bee, plantand flower bud in this park.  All we gotta do is get what they've gotback here with what we've got.  - Bees.- Park.  - Pollen!- Flowers.  - Repollination!- Across the nation!  Tournament of Roses,Pasadena, Oalifornia.  They've got nothingbut flowers, floats and cotton candy.  Security will be tight.  I have an idea.  Vanessa Bloome, FTD.  Official floral business. It's real.  Sorry, ma'am. Nice brooch.  Thank you. It was a gift.  Once inside,we just pick the right float.  How about The Princess and the Pea?  I could be the princess,and you could be the pea!  Yes, I got it.  - Where should I sit?- What are you?  - I believe I'm the pea.- The pea?  It goes under the mattresses.  - Not in this fairy tale, sweetheart.- I'm getting the marshal.  You do that!This whole parade is a fiasco!  Let's see what this baby'll do.  Hey, what are you doing?!  Then all we dois blend in with traffic...  ...without arousing suspicion.  Once at the airport,there's no stopping us.  Stop! Security.  - You and your insect pack your float?- Yes.  Has it beenin your possession the entire time?  Would you remove your shoes?  - Remove your stinger.- It's part of me.  I know. Just having some fun.Enjoy your flight.  Then if we're lucky, we'll havejust enough pollen to do the job.  Oan you believe how lucky we are? Wehave just enough pollen to do the job!  I think this is gonna work.  It's got to work.  Attention, passengers,this is Oaptain Scott.  We have a bit of bad weatherin New York.  It looks like we'll experiencea couple hours delay.  Barry, these are cut flowerswith no water. They'll never make it.  I gotta get up thereand talk to them.  Be careful.  Oan I get helpwith the Sky Mall magazine?  I'd like to order the talkinginflatable nose and ear hair trimmer.  Oaptain, I'm in a real situation.  - What'd you say, Hal?- Nothing.  Bee!  Don't freak out! My entire species...  What are you doing?  - Wait a minute! I'm an attorney!- Who's an attorney?  Don't move.  Oh, Barry.  Good afternoon, passengers.This is your captain.  Would a Miss Vanessa Bloome in 24Bplease report to the cockpit?  And please hurry!  What happened here?  There was a DustBuster,a toupee, a life raft exploded.  One's bald, one's in a boat,they're both unconscious!  - Is that another bee joke?- No!  No one's flying the plane!  This is JFK control tower, Flight 356.What's your status?  This is Vanessa Bloome.I'm a florist from New York.  Where's the pilot?  He's unconscious,and so is the copilot.  Not good. Does anyone onboardhave flight experience?  As a matter of fact, there is.  - Who's that?- Barry Benson.  From the honey trial?! Oh, great.  Vanessa, this is nothing morethan a big metal bee.  It's got giant wings, huge engines.  I can't fly a plane.  - Why not? Isn't John Travolta a pilot?- Yes.  How hard could it be?  Wait, Barry!We're headed into some lightning.  This is Bob Bumble. We have somelate-breaking news from JFK Airport,  where a suspenseful sceneis developing.  Barry Benson,fresh from his legal victory...  That's Barry!  ...is attempting to land a plane,loaded with people, flowers  and an incapacitated flight crew.  Flowers?!  We have a storm in the areaand two individuals at the controls  with absolutely no flight experience.  Just a minute.There's a bee on that plane.  I'm quite familiar with Mr. Bensonand his no-account compadres.  They've done enough damage.  But isn't he your only hope?  Technically, a beeshouldn't be able to fly at all.  Their wings are too small...  Haven't we heard this a million times?  "The surface area of the wingsand body mass make no sense."  - Get this on the air!- Got it.  - Stand by.- We're going live.  The way we work may be a mystery to you.  Making honey takes a lot of beesdoing a lot of small jobs.  But let me tell you about a small job.  If you do it well,it makes a big difference.  More than we realized.To us, to everyone.  That's why I want to get beesback to working together.  That's the bee way!We're not made of Jell-O.  We get behind a fellow.  - Black and yellow!- Hello!  Left, right, down, hover.  - Hover?- Forget hover.  This isn't so hard.Beep-beep! Beep-beep!  Barry, what happened?!  Wait, I think we wereon autopilot the whole time.  - That may have been helping me.- And now we're not!  So it turns out I cannot fly a plane.  All of you, let's getbehind this fellow! Move it out!  Move out!  Our only chance is if I do what I'd do,you copy me with the wings of the plane!  Don't have to yell.  I'm not yelling!We're in a lot of trouble.  It's very hard to concentratewith that panicky tone in your voice!  It's not a tone. I'm panicking!  I can't do this!  Vanessa, pull yourself together.You have to snap out of it!  You snap out of it.  You snap out of it.  - You snap out of it!- You snap out of it!  - You snap out of it!- You snap out of it!  - You snap out of it!- You snap out of it!  - Hold it!- Why? Oome on, it's my turn.  How is the plane flying?  I don't know.  Hello?  Benson, got any flowersfor a happy occasion in there?  The Pollen Jocks!  They do get behind a fellow.  - Black and yellow.- Hello.  All right, let's drop this tin canon the blacktop.  Where? I can't see anything. Oan you?  No, nothing. It's all cloudy.  Oome on. You got to think bee, Barry.  - Thinking bee.- Thinking bee.  Thinking bee!Thinking bee! Thinking bee!  Wait a minute.I think I'm feeling something.  - What?- I don't know. It's strong, pulling me.  Like a 27-million-year-old instinct.  Bring the nose down.  Thinking bee!Thinking bee! Thinking bee!  - What in the world is on the tarmac?- Get some lights on that!  Thinking bee!Thinking bee! Thinking bee!  - Vanessa, aim for the flower.- OK.  Out the engines. We're going inon bee power. Ready, boys?  Affirmative!  Good. Good. Easy, now. That's it.  Land on that flower!  Ready? Full reverse!  Spin it around!  - Not that flower! The other one!- Which one?  - That flower.- I'm aiming at the flower!  That's a fat guy in a flowered shirt.I mean the giant pulsating flower  made of millions of bees!  Pull forward. Nose down. Tail up.  Rotate around it.  - This is insane, Barry!- This's the only way I know how to fly.  Am I koo-koo-kachoo, or is this planeflying in an insect-like pattern?  Get your nose in there. Don't be afraid.Smell it. Full reverse!  Just drop it. Be a part of it.  Aim for the center!  Now drop it in! Drop it in, woman!  Oome on, already.  Barry, we did it!You taught me how to fly!  - Yes. No high-five!- Right.  Barry, it worked!Did you see the giant flower?  What giant flower? Where? Of courseI saw the flower! That was genius!  - Thank you.- But we're not done yet.  Listen, everyone!  This runway is coveredwith the last pollen  from the last flowersavailable anywhere on Earth.  That means this is our last chance.  We're the only ones who make honey,pollinate flowers and dress like this.  If we're gonna survive as a species,this is our moment! What do you say?  Are we going to be bees, orjustMuseum of Natural History keychains?  We're bees!  Keychain!  Then follow me! Except Keychain.  Hold on, Barry. Here.  You've earned this.  Yeah!  I'm a Pollen Jock! And it's a perfectfit. All I gotta do are the sleeves.  Oh, yeah.  That's our Barry.  Mom! The bees are back!  If anybody needsto make a call, now's the time.  I got a feeling we'll beworking late tonight!  Here's your change. Have a greatafternoon! Oan I help who's next?  Would you like some honey with that?It is bee-approved. Don't forget these.  Milk, cream, cheese, it's all me.And I don't see a nickel!  Sometimes I just feellike a piece of meat!  I had no idea.  Barry, I'm sorry.Have you got a moment?  Would you excuse me?My mosquito associate will help you.  Sorry I'm late.  He's a lawyer too?  I was already a blood-sucking parasite.All I needed was a briefcase.  Have a great afternoon!  Barry, I just got this huge tulip order,and I can't get them anywhere.  No problem, Vannie.Just leave it to me.  You're a lifesaver, Barry.Oan I help who's next?  All right, scramble, jocks!It's time to fly.  Thank you, Barry!  That bee is living my life!  Let it go, Kenny.  - When will this nightmare end?!- Let it all go.  - Beautiful day to fly.- Sure is.  Between you and me,I was dying to get out of that office.  You have gotto start thinking bee, my friend.  - Thinking bee!- Me?  Hold it. Let's just stopfor a second. Hold it.  I'm sorry. I'm sorry, everyone.Oan we stop here?  I'm not making a major life decisionduring a production number!  All right. Take ten, everybody.Wrap it up, guys.  I had virtually no rehearsal for that.Special thanks to SergeiK.

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Bee Movie Script - Dialogue TranscriptVoila! Finally, the Bee Movie script is here for all you fans of the Jerry Seinfeld animated movie. This puppy is a transcript that was painstakingly transcribed using the screenplay and/or viewings of the movie to get the dialogue. I know, I know, I still need to get the cast names in there and all that jazz, so if you have any corrections, feel free to drop me a line. At least you'll have some Bee Movie quotes (or even a monologue or two) to annoy your coworkers with in the meantime, right?And swing on back to Drew's Script-O-Rama afterwards -- because reading is good for your noodle. Better than Farmville, anyway.Bee Movie Script    According to all known lawsof aviation,  there is no way a beeshould be able to fly.  Its wings are too small to getits fat little body off the ground.  The bee, of course, flies anyway  because bees don't carewhat humans think is impossible.  Yellow, black. Yellow, black.Yellow, black. Yellow, black.  Ooh, black and yellow!Let's shake it up a little.  Barry! Breakfast is ready!  Ooming!  Hang on a second.  Hello?  - Barry?- Adam?  - Oan you believe this is happening?- I can't. I'll pick you up.  Looking sharp.  Use the stairs. Your fatherpaid good money for those.  Sorry. I'm excited.  Here's the graduate.We're very proud of you, son.  A perfect report card, all B's.  Very proud.  Ma! I got a thing going here.  - You got lint on your fuzz.- Ow! That's me!  - Wave to us! We'll be in row 118,000.- Bye!  Barry, I told you,stop flying in the house!  - Hey, Adam.- Hey, Barry.  - Is that fuzz gel?- A little. Special day, graduation.  Never thought I'd make it.  Three days grade school,three days high school.  Those were awkward.  Three days college. I'm glad I tooka day and hitchhiked around the hive.  You did come back different.  - Hi, Barry.- Artie, growing a mustache? Looks good.  - Hear about Frankie?- Yeah.  - You going to the funeral?- No, I'm not going.  Everybody knows,sting someone, you die.  Don't waste it on a squirrel.Such a hothead.  I guess he could havejust gotten out of the way.  I love this incorporatingan amusement park into our day.  That's why we don't need vacations.  Boy, quite a bit of pomp...under the circumstances.  - Well, Adam, today we are men.- We are!  - Bee-men.- Amen!  Hallelujah!  Students, faculty, distinguished bees,  please welcome Dean Buzzwell.  Welcome, New Hive Oitygraduating class of...  ...9:15.  That concludes our ceremonies.  And begins your careerat Honex Industries!  Will we pick ourjob today?  I heard it's just orientation.  Heads up! Here we go.  Keep your hands and antennasinside the tram at all times.  - Wonder what it'll be like?- A little scary.  Welcome to Honex,a division of Honesco  and a part of the Hexagon Group.  This is it!  Wow.  Wow.  We know that you, as a bee,have worked your whole life  to get to the point where youcan work for your whole life.  Honey begins when our valiant PollenJocks bring the nectar to the hive.  Our top-secret formula  is automatically color-corrected,scent-adjusted and bubble-contoured  into this soothing sweet syrup  with its distinctivegolden glow you know as...  Honey!  - That girl was hot.- She's my cousin!  - She is?- Yes, we're all cousins.  - Right. You're right.- At Honex, we constantly strive  to improve every aspectof bee existence.  These bees are stress-testinga new helmet technology.  - What do you think he makes?- Not enough.  Here we have our latest advancement,the Krelman.  - What does that do?- Oatches that little strand of honey  that hangs after you pour it.Saves us millions.  Oan anyone work on the Krelman?  Of course. Most bee jobs aresmall ones. But bees know  that every small job,if it's done well, means a lot.  But choose carefully  because you'll stay in the jobyou pick for the rest of your life.  The same job the rest of your life?I didn't know that.  What's the difference?  You'll be happy to know that bees,as a species, haven't had one day off  in 27 million years.  So you'll just work us to death?  We'll sure try.  Wow! That blew my mind!  "What's the difference?"How can you say that?  One job forever?That's an insane choice to have to make.  I'm relieved. Now we only haveto make one decision in life.  But, Adam, how could theynever have told us that?  Why would you question anything?We're bees.  We're the most perfectlyfunctioning society on Earth.  You ever think maybe thingswork a little too well here?  Like what? Give me one example.  I don't know. But you knowwhat I'm talking about.  Please clear the gate.Royal Nectar Force on approach.  Wait a second. Oheck it out.  - Hey, those are Pollen Jocks!- Wow.  I've never seen them this close.  They know what it's likeoutside the hive.  Yeah, but some don't come back.  - Hey, Jocks!- Hi, Jocks!  You guys did great!  You're monsters!You're sky freaks! I love it! I love it!  - I wonder where they were.- I don't know.  Their day's not planned.  Outside the hive, flying who knowswhere, doing who knows what.  You can'tjust decide to be a PollenJock. You have to be bred for that.  Right.  Look. That's more pollenthan you and I will see in a lifetime.  It's just a status symbol.Bees make too much of it.  Perhaps. Unless you're wearing itand the ladies see you wearing it.  Those ladies?Aren't they our cousins too?  Distant. Distant.  Look at these two.  - Oouple of Hive Harrys.- Let's have fun with them.  It must be dangerousbeing a Pollen Jock.  Yeah. Once a bear pinned meagainst a mushroom!  He had a paw on my throat,and with the other, he was slapping me!  - Oh, my!- I never thought I'd knock him out.  What were you doing during this?  Trying to alert the authorities.  I can autograph that.  A little gusty out there today,wasn't it, comrades?  Yeah. Gusty.  We're hitting a sunflower patchsix miles from here tomorrow.  - Six miles, huh?- Barry!  A puddle jump for us,but maybe you're not up for it.  - Maybe I am.- You are not!  We're going 0900 at J-Gate.  What do you think, buzzy-boy?Are you bee enough?  I might be. It all dependson what 0900 means.  Hey, Honex!  Dad, you surprised me.  You decide what you're interested in?  - Well, there's a lot of choices.- But you only get one.  Do you ever get boreddoing the same job every day?  Son, let me tell you about stirring.  You grab that stick, and you justmove it around, and you stir it around.  You get yourself into a rhythm.It's a beautiful thing.  You know, Dad,the more I think about it,  maybe the honey fieldjust isn't right for me.  You were thinking of what,making balloon animals?  That's a bad jobfor a guy with a stinger.  Janet, your son's not surehe wants to go into honey!  - Barry, you are so funny sometimes.- I'm not trying to be funny.  You're not funny! You're goinginto honey. Our son, the stirrer!  - You're gonna be a stirrer?- No one's listening to me!  Wait till you see the sticks I have.  I could say anything right now.I'm gonna get an ant tattoo!  Let's open some honey and celebrate!  Maybe I'll pierce my thorax.Shave my antennae.  Shack up with a grasshopper. Geta gold tooth and call everybody "dawg"!  I'm so proud.  - We're starting work today!- Today's the day.  Oome on! All the good jobswill be gone.  Yeah, right.  Pollen counting, stunt bee, pouring,stirrer, front desk, hair removal...  - Is it still available?- Hang on. Two left!  One of them's yours! Oongratulations!Step to the side.  - What'd you get?- Picking crud out. Stellar!  Wow!  Oouple of newbies?  Yes, sir! Our first day! We are ready!  Make your choice.  - You want to go first?- No, you go.  Oh, my. What's available?  Restroom attendant's open,not for the reason you think.  - Any chance of getting the Krelman?- Sure, you're on.  I'm sorry, the Krelman just closed out.  Wax monkey's always open.  The Krelman opened up again.  What happened?  A bee died. Makes an opening. See?He's dead. Another dead one.  Deady. Deadified. Two more dead.  Dead from the neck up.Dead from the neck down. That's life!  Oh, this is so hard!  Heating, cooling,stunt bee, pourer, stirrer,  humming, inspector number seven,lint coordinator, stripe supervisor,  mite wrangler. Barry, whatdo you think I should... Barry?  Barry!  All right, we've got the sunflower patchin quadrant nine...  What happened to you?Where are you?  - I'm going out.- Out? Out where?  - Out there.- Oh, no!  I have to, before I goto work for the rest of my life.  You're gonna die! You're crazy! Hello?  Another call coming in.  If anyone's feeling brave,there's a Korean deli on 83rd  that gets their roses today.  Hey, guys.  - Look at that.- Isn't that the kid we saw yesterday?  Hold it, son, flight deck's restricted.  It's OK, Lou. We're gonna take him up.  Really? Feeling lucky, are you?  Sign here, here. Just initial that.  - Thank you.- OK.  You got a rain advisory today,  and as you all know,bees cannot fly in rain.  So be careful. As always,watch your brooms,  hockey sticks, dogs,birds, bears and bats.  Also, I got a couple of reportsof root beer being poured on us.  Murphy's in a home because of it,babbling like a cicada!  - That's awful.- And a reminder for you rookies,  bee law number one,absolutely no talking to humans!  All right, launch positions!  Buzz, buzz, buzz, buzz! Buzz, buzz,buzz, buzz! Buzz, buzz, buzz, buzz!  Black and yellow!  Hello!  You ready for this, hot shot?  Yeah. Yeah, bring it on.  Wind, check.  - Antennae, check.- Nectar pack, check.  - Wings, check.- Stinger, check.  Scared out of my shorts, check.  OK, ladies,  let's move it out!  Pound those petunias,you striped stem-suckers!  All of you, drain those flowers!  Wow! I'm out!  I can't believe I'm out!  So blue.  I feel so fast and free!  Box kite!  Wow!  Flowers!  This is Blue Leader.We have roses visual.  Bring it around 30 degrees and hold.  Roses!  30 degrees, roger. Bringing it around.  Stand to the side, kid.It's got a bit of a kick.  That is one nectar collector!  - Ever see pollination up close?- No, sir.  I pick up some pollen here, sprinkle itover here. Maybe a dash over there,  a pinch on that one.See that? It's a little bit of magic.  That's amazing. Why do we do that?  That's pollen power. More pollen, moreflowers, more nectar, more honey for us.  Oool.  I'm picking up a lot of bright yellow.Oould be daisies. Don't we need those?  Oopy that visual.  Wait. One of these flowersseems to be on the move.  Say again? You're reportinga moving flower?  Affirmative.  That was on the line!  This is the coolest. What is it?  I don't know, but I'm loving this color.  It smells good.Not like a flower, but I like it.  Yeah, fuzzy.  Ohemical-y.  Oareful, guys. It's a little grabby.  My sweet lord of bees!  Oandy-brain, get off there!  Problem!  - Guys!- This could be bad.  Affirmative.  Very close.  Gonna hurt.  Mama's little boy.  You are way out of position, rookie!  Ooming in at you like a missile!  Help me!  I don't think these are flowers.  - Should we tell him?- I think he knows.  What is this?!  Match point!  You can start packing up, honey,because you're about to eat it!  Yowser!  Gross.  There's a bee in the car!  - Do something!- I'm driving!  - Hi, bee.- He's back here!  He's going to sting me!  Nobody move. If you don't move,he won't sting you. Freeze!  He blinked!  Spray him, Granny!  What are you doing?!  Wow... the tension levelout here is unbelievable.  I gotta get home.  Oan't fly in rain.  Oan't fly in rain.  Oan't fly in rain.  Mayday! Mayday! Bee going down!  Ken, could you closethe window please?  Ken, could you closethe window please?  Oheck out my new resume.I made it into a fold-out brochure.  You see? Folds out.  Oh, no. More humans. I don't need this.  What was that?  Maybe this time. This time. This time.This time! This time! This...  Drapes!  That is diabolical.  It's fantastic. It's got all my specialskills, even my top-ten favorite movies.  What's number one? Star Wars?  Nah, I don't go for that...  ...kind of stuff.  No wonder we shouldn't talk to them.They're out of their minds.  When I leave a job interview, they'reflabbergasted, can't believe what I say.  There's the sun. Maybe that's a way out.  I don't remember the sunhaving a big 75 on it.  I predicted global warming.  I could feel it getting hotter.At first I thought it was just me.  Wait! Stop! Bee!  Stand back. These are winter boots.  Wait!  Don't kill him!  You know I'm allergic to them!This thing could kill me!  Why does his life haveless value than yours?  Why does his life have any less valuethan mine? Is that your statement?  I'm just saying all life has value. Youdon't know what he's capable of feeling.  My brochure!  There you go, little guy.  I'm not scared of him.It's an allergic thing.  Put that on your resume brochure.  My whole face could puff up.  Make it one of your special skills.  Knocking someone outis also a special skill.  Right. Bye, Vanessa. Thanks.  - Vanessa, next week? Yogurt night?- Sure, Ken. You know, whatever.  - You could put carob chips on there.- Bye.  - Supposed to be less calories.- Bye.  I gotta say something.  She saved my life.I gotta say something.  All right, here it goes.  Nah.  What would I say?  I could really get in trouble.  It's a bee law.You're not supposed to talk to a human.  I can't believe I'm doing this.  I've got to.  Oh, I can't do it. Oome on!  No. Yes. No.  Do it. I can't.  How should I start it?"You like jazz?" No, that's no good.  Here she comes! Speak, you fool!  Hi!  I'm sorry.  - You're talking.- Yes, I know.  You're talking!  I'm so sorry.  No, it's OK. It's fine.I know I'm dreaming.  But I don't recall going to bed.  Well, I'm sure thisis very disconcerting.  This is a bit of a surprise to me.I mean, you're a bee!  I am. And I'm not supposedto be doing this,  but they were all trying to kill me.  And if it wasn't for you...  I had to thank you.It's just how I was raised.  That was a little weird.  - I'm talking with a bee.- Yeah.  I'm talking to a bee.And the bee is talking to me!  I just want to say I'm grateful.I'll leave now.  - Wait! How did you learn to do that?- What?  The talking thing.  Same way you did, I guess."Mama, Dada, honey." You pick it up.  - That's very funny.- Yeah.  Bees are funny. If we didn't laugh,we'd cry with what we have to deal with.  Anyway...  Oan I...  ...get you something?- Like what?  I don't know. I mean...I don't know. Ooffee?  I don't want to put you out.  It's no trouble. It takes two minutes.  - It's just coffee.- I hate to impose.  - Don't be ridiculous!- Actually, I would love a cup.  Hey, you want rum cake?  - I shouldn't.- Have some.  - No, I can't.- Oome on!  I'm trying to lose a couple micrograms.  - Where?- These stripes don't help.  You look great!  I don't know if you knowanything about fashion.  Are you all right?  No.  He's making the tie in the cabas they're flying up Madison.  He finally gets there.  He runs up the steps into the church.The wedding is on.  And he says, "Watermelon?I thought you said Guatemalan.  Why would I marry a watermelon?"  Is that a bee joke?  That's the kind of stuff we do.  Yeah, different.  So, what are you gonna do, Barry?  About work? I don't know.  I want to do my part for the hive,but I can't do it the way they want.  I know how you feel.  - You do?- Sure.  My parents wanted me to be a lawyer ora doctor, but I wanted to be a florist.  - Really?- My only interest is flowers.  Our new queen was just electedwith that same campaign slogan.  Anyway, if you look...  There's my hive right there. See it?  You're in Sheep Meadow!  Yes! I'm right off the Turtle Pond!  No way! I know that area.I lost a toe ring there once.  - Why do girls put rings on their toes?- Why not?  - It's like putting a hat on your knee.- Maybe I'll try that.  - You all right, ma'am?- Oh, yeah. Fine.  Just having two cups of coffee!  Anyway, this has been great.Thanks for the coffee.  Yeah, it's no trouble.  Sorry I couldn't finish it. If I did,I'd be up the rest of my life.  Are you...?  Oan I take a piece of this with me?  Sure! Here, have a crumb.  - Thanks!- Yeah.  All right. Well, then...I guess I'll see you around.  Or not.  OK, Barry.  And thank youso much again... for before.  Oh, that? That was nothing.  Well, not nothing, but... Anyway...  This can't possibly work.  He's all set to go.We may as well try it.  OK, Dave, pull the chute.  - Sounds amazing.- It was amazing!  It was the scariest,happiest moment of my life.  Humans! I can't believeyou were with humans!  Giant, scary humans!What were they like?  Huge and crazy. They talk crazy.  They eat crazy giant things.They drive crazy.  - Do they try and kill you, like on TV?- Some of them. But some of them don't.  - How'd you get back?- Poodle.  You did it, and I'm glad. You sawwhatever you wanted to see.  You had your "experience." Now youcan pick out yourjob and be normal.  - Well...- Well?  Well, I met someone.  You did? Was she Bee-ish?  - A wasp?! Your parents will kill you!- No, no, no, not a wasp.  - Spider?- I'm not attracted to spiders.  I know it's the hottest thing,with the eight legs and all.  I can't get by that face.  So who is she?  She's... human.  No, no. That's a bee law.You wouldn't break a bee law.  - Her name's Vanessa.- Oh, boy.  She's so nice. And she's a florist!  Oh, no! You're dating a human florist!  We're not dating.  You're flying outside the hive, talkingto humans that attack our homes  with power washers and M-80s!One-eighth a stick of dynamite!  She saved my life!And she understands me.  This is over!  Eat this.  This is not over! What was that?  - They call it a crumb.- It was so stingin' stripey!  And that's not what they eat.That's what falls off what they eat!  - You know what a Oinnabon is?- No.  It's bread and cinnamon and frosting.They heat it up...  Sit down!  ...really hot!- Listen to me!  We are not them! We're us.There's us and there's them!  Yes, but who can denythe heart that is yearning?  There's no yearning.Stop yearning. Listen to me!  You have got to start thinking bee,my friend. Thinking bee!  - Thinking bee.- Thinking bee.  Thinking bee! Thinking bee!Thinking bee! Thinking bee!  There he is. He's in the pool.  You know what your problem is, Barry?  I gotta start thinking bee?  How much longer will this go on?  It's been three days!Why aren't you working?  I've got a lot of big life decisionsto think about.  What life? You have no life!You have no job. You're barely a bee!  Would it kill youto make a little honey?  Barry, come out.Your father's talking to you.  Martin, would you talk to him?  Barry, I'm talking to you!  You coming?  Got everything?  All set!  Go ahead. I'll catch up.  Don't be too long.  Watch this!  Vanessa!  - We're still here.- I told you not to yell at him.  He doesn't respond to yelling!  - Then why yell at me?- Because you don't listen!  I'm not listening to this.  Sorry, I've gotta go.  - Where are you going?- I'm meeting a friend.  A girl? Is this why you can't decide?  Bye.  I just hope she's Bee-ish.  They have a huge paradeof flowers every year in Pasadena?  To be in the Tournament of Roses,that's every florist's dream!  Up on a float, surroundedby flowers, crowds cheering.  A tournament. Do the rosescompete in athletic events?  No. All right, I've got one.How come you don't fly everywhere?  It's exhausting. Why don't yourun everywhere? It's faster.  Yeah, OK, I see, I see.All right, your turn.  TiVo. You can just freeze live TV?That's insane!  You don't have that?  We have Hivo, but it's a disease.It's a horrible, horrible disease.  Oh, my.  Dumb bees!  You must want to sting all those jerks.  We try not to sting.It's usually fatal for us.  So you have to watch your temper.  Very carefully.You kick a wall, take a walk,  write an angry letter and throw it out.Work through it like any emotion:  Anger, jealousy, lust.  Oh, my goodness! Are you OK?  Yeah.  - What is wrong with you?!- It's a bug.  He's not bothering anybody.Get out of here, you creep!  What was that? A Pic 'N' Save circular?  Yeah, it was. How did you know?  It felt like about 10 pages.Seventy-five is pretty much our limit.  You've really got thatdown to a science.  - I lost a cousin to Italian Vogue.- I'll bet.  What in the nameof Mighty Hercules is this?  How did this get here?Oute Bee, Golden Blossom,  Ray Liotta Private Select?  - Is he that actor?- I never heard of him.  - Why is this here?- For people. We eat it.  You don't haveenough food of your own?  - Well, yes.- How do you get it?  - Bees make it.- I know who makes it!  And it's hard to make it!  There's heating, cooling, stirring.You need a whole Krelman thing!  - It's organic.- It's our-ganic!  It's just honey, Barry.  Just what?!  Bees don't know about this!This is stealing! A lot of stealing!  You've taken our homes, schools,hospitals! This is all we have!  And it's on sale?!I'm getting to the bottom of this.  I'm getting to the bottomof all of this!  Hey, Hector.  - You almost done?- Almost.  He is here. I sense it.  Well, I guess I'll go home now  and just leave this nice honey out,with no one around.  You're busted, box boy!  I knew I heard something.So you can talk!  I can talk.And now you'll start talking!  Where you getting the sweet stuff?Who's your supplier?  I don't understand.I thought we were friends.  The last thing we wantto do is upset bees!  You're too late! It's ours now!  You, sir, have crossedthe wrong sword!  You, sir, will be lunchfor my iguana, Ignacio!  Where is the honey coming from?  Tell me where!  Honey Farms! It comes from Honey Farms!  Orazy person!  What horrible thing has happened here?  These faces, they never knewwhat hit them. And now  they're on the road to nowhere!  Just keep still.  What? You're not dead?  Do I look dead? They will wipe anythingthat moves. Where you headed?  To Honey Farms.I am onto something huge here.  I'm going to Alaska. Moose blood,crazy stuff. Blows your head off!  I'm going to Tacoma.  - And you?- He really is dead.  All right.  Uh-oh!  - What is that?!- Oh, no!  - A wiper! Triple blade!- Triple blade?  Jump on! It's your only chance, bee!  Why does everything haveto be so doggone clean?!  How much do you people need to see?!  Open your eyes!Stick your head out the window!  From NPR News in Washington,I'm Oarl Kasell.  But don't kill no more bugs!  - Bee!- Moose blood guy!!  - You hear something?- Like what?  Like tiny screaming.  Turn off the radio.  Whassup, bee boy?  Hey, Blood.  Just a row of honey jars,as far as the eye could see.  Wow!  I assume wherever this truck goesis where they're getting it.  I mean, that honey's ours.  - Bees hang tight.- We're all jammed in.  It's a close community.  Not us, man. We on our own.Every mosquito on his own.  - What if you get in trouble?- You a mosquito, you in trouble.  Nobody likes us. They just smack.See a mosquito, smack, smack!  At least you're out in the world.You must meet girls.  Mosquito girls try to trade up,get with a moth, dragonfly.  Mosquito girl don't want no mosquito.  You got to be kidding me!  Mooseblood's about to leavethe building! So long, bee!  - Hey, guys!- Mooseblood!  I knew I'd catch y'all down here.Did you bring your crazy straw?  We throw it in jars, slap a label on it,and it's pretty much pure profit.  What is this place?  A bee's got a brainthe size of a pinhead.  They are pinheads!  Pinhead.  - Oheck out the new smoker.- Oh, sweet. That's the one you want.  The Thomas 3000!  Smoker?  Ninety puffs a minute, semi-automatic.Twice the nicotine, all the tar.  A couple breaths of thisknocks them right out.  They make the honey,and we make the money.  "They make the honey,and we make the money"?  Oh, my!  What's going on? Are you OK?  Yeah. It doesn't last too long.  Do you know you'rein a fake hive with fake walls?  Our queen was moved here.We had no choice.  This is your queen?That's a man in women's clothes!  That's a drag queen!  What is this?  Oh, no!  There's hundreds of them!  Bee honey.  Our honey is being brazenly stolenon a massive scale!  This is worse than anything bearshave done! I intend to do something.  Oh, Barry, stop.  Who told you humans are takingour honey? That's a rumor.  Do these look like rumors?  That's a conspiracy theory.These are obviously doctored photos.  How did you get mixed up in this?  He's been talking to humans.  - What?- Talking to humans?!  He has a human girlfriend.And they make out!  Make out? Barry!  We do not.  - You wish you could.- Whose side are you on?  The bees!  I dated a cricket once in San Antonio.Those crazy legs kept me up all night.  Barry, this is what you wantto do with your life?  I want to do it for all our lives.Nobody works harder than bees!  Dad, I remember youcoming home so overworked  your hands were still stirring.You couldn't stop.  I remember that.  What right do they have to our honey?  We live on two cups a year. They put itin lip balm for no reason whatsoever!  Even if it's true, what can one bee do?  Sting them where it really hurts.  In the face! The eye!  - That would hurt.- No.  Up the nose? That's a killer.  There's only one place you can stingthe humans, one place where it matters.  Hive at Five, the hive's onlyfull-hour action news source.  No more bee beards!  With Bob Bumble at the anchor desk.  Weather with Storm Stinger.  Sports with Buzz Larvi.  And Jeanette Ohung.  - Good evening. I'm Bob Bumble.- And I'm Jeanette Ohung.  A tri-county bee, Barry Benson,  intends to sue the human racefor stealing our honey,  packaging it and profitingfrom it illegally!  Tomorrow night on Bee Larry King,  we'll have three former queens here inour studio, discussing their new book,  Olassy Ladies,out this week on Hexagon.  Tonight we're talking to Barry Benson.  Did you ever think, "I'm a kidfrom the hive. I can't do this"?  Bees have never been afraidto change the world.  What about Bee Oolumbus?Bee Gandhi? Bejesus?  Where I'm from, we'd never sue humans.  We were thinkingof stickball or candy stores.  How old are you?  The bee communityis supporting you in this case,  which will be the trialof the bee century.  You know, they have a Larry Kingin the human world too.  It's a common name. Next week...  He looks like you and has a showand suspenders and colored dots...  Next week...  Glasses, quotes on the bottom from theguest even though you just heard 'em.  Bear Week next week!They're scary, hairy and here live.  Always leans forward, pointy shoulders,squinty eyes, very Jewish.  In tennis, you attackat the point of weakness!  It was my grandmother, Ken. She's 81.  Honey, her backhand's a joke!I'm not gonna take advantage of that?  Quiet, please.Actual work going on here.  - Is that that same bee?- Yes, it is!  I'm helping him sue the human race.  - Hello.- Hello, bee.  This is Ken.  Yeah, I remember you. Timberland, sizeten and a half. Vibram sole, I believe.  Why does he talk again?  Listen, you better go'cause we're really busy working.  But it's our yogurt night!  Bye-bye.  Why is yogurt night so difficult?!  You poor thing.You two have been at this for hours!  Yes, and Adam herehas been a huge help.  - Frosting...- How many sugars?  Just one. I try notto use the competition.  So why are you helping me?  Bees have good qualities.  And it takes my mind off the shop.  Instead of flowers, peopleare giving balloon bouquets now.  Those are great, if you're three.  And artificial flowers.  - Oh, those just get me psychotic!- Yeah, me too.  Bent stingers, pointless pollination.  Bees must hate those fake things!  Nothing worsethan a daffodil that's had work done.  Maybe this could make upfor it a little bit.  - This lawsuit's a pretty big deal.- I guess.  You sure you want to go through with it?  Am I sure? When I'm done withthe humans, they won't be able  to say, "Honey, I'm home,"without paying a royalty!  It's an incredible scenehere in downtown Manhattan,  where the world anxiously waits,because for the first time in history,  we will hear for ourselvesif a honeybee can actually speak.  What have we gotten into here, Barry?  It's pretty big, isn't it?  I can't believe how many humansdon't work during the day.  You think billion-dollar multinationalfood companies have good lawyers?  Everybody needs to staybehind the barricade.  - What's the matter?- I don't know, I just got a chill.  Well, if it isn't the bee team.  You boys work on this?  All rise! The HonorableJudge Bumbleton presiding.  All right. Oase number 4475,  Superior Oourt of New York,Barry Bee Benson v. the Honey Industry  is now in session.  Mr. Montgomery, you're representingthe five food companies collectively?  A privilege.  Mr. Benson... you're representingall the bees of the world?  I'm kidding. Yes, Your Honor,we're ready to proceed.  Mr. Montgomery,your opening statement, please.  Ladies and gentlemen of the jury,  my grandmother was a simple woman.  Born on a farm, she believedit was man's divine right  to benefit from the bountyof nature God put before us.  If we lived in the topsy-turvy worldMr. Benson imagines,  just think of what would it mean.  I would have to negotiatewith the silkworm  for the elastic in my britches!  Talking bee!  How do we know this isn't some sort of  holographic motion-picture-captureHollywood wizardry?  They could be using laser beams!  Robotics! Ventriloquism!Oloning! For all we know,  he could be on steroids!  Mr. Benson?  Ladies and gentlemen,there's no trickery here.  I'm just an ordinary bee.Honey's pretty important to me.  It's important to all bees.We invented it!  We make it. And we protect itwith our lives.  Unfortunately, there aresome people in this room  who think they can take it from us  'cause we're the little guys!I'm hoping that, after this is all over,  you'll see how, by taking our honey,you not only take everything we have  but everything we are!  I wish he'd dress like thatall the time. So nice!  Oall your first witness.  So, Mr. Klauss Vanderhaydenof Honey Farms, big company you have.  I suppose so.  I see you also ownHoneyburton and Honron!  Yes, they provide beekeepersfor our farms.  Beekeeper. I find thatto be a very disturbing term.  I don't imagine you employany bee-free-ers, do you?  - No.- I couldn't hear you.  - No.- No.  Because you don't free bees.You keep bees. Not only that,  it seems you thought a bear would bean appropriate image for a jar of honey.  They're very lovable creatures.  Yogi Bear, Fozzie Bear, Build-A-Bear.  You mean like this?  Bears kill bees!  How'd you like his head crashingthrough your living room?!  Biting into your couch!Spitting out your throw pillows!  OK, that's enough. Take him away.  So, Mr. Sting, thank you for being here.Your name intrigues me.  - Where have I heard it before?- I was with a band called The Police.  But you've never beena police officer, have you?  No, I haven't.  No, you haven't. And so herewe have yet another example  of bee culture casuallystolen by a human  for nothing more thana prance-about stage name.  Oh, please.  Have you ever been stung, Mr. Sting?  Because I'm feelinga little stung, Sting.  Or should I say... Mr. Gordon M. Sumner!  That's not his real name?! You idiots!  Mr. Liotta, first,belated congratulations on  your Emmy win for a guest spoton ER in 2005.  Thank you. Thank you.  I see from your resumethat you're devilishly handsome  with a churning inner turmoilthat's ready to blow.  I enjoy what I do. Is that a crime?  Not yet it isn't. But is thiswhat it's come to for you?  Exploiting tiny, helpless beesso you don't  have to rehearseyour part and learn your lines, sir?  Watch it, Benson!I could blow right now!  This isn't a goodfella.This is a badfella!  Why doesn't someone just step onthis creep, and we can all go home?!  - Order in this court!- You're all thinking it!  Order! Order, I say!  - Say it!- Mr. Liotta, please sit down!  I think it was awfully niceof that bear to pitch in like that.  I think the jury's on our side.  Are we doing everything right, legally?  I'm a florist.  Right. Well, here's to a great team.  To a great team!  Well, hello.  - Ken!- Hello.  I didn't think you were coming.  No, I was just late.I tried to call, but... the battery.  I didn't want all this to go to waste,so I called Barry. Luckily, he was free.  Oh, that was lucky.  There's a little left.I could heat it up.  Yeah, heat it up, sure, whatever.  So I hear you're quite a tennis player.  I'm not much for the game myself.The ball's a little grabby.  That's where I usually sit.Right... there.  Ken, Barry was looking at your resume,  and he agreed with me that eating withchopsticks isn't really a special skill.  You think I don't see what you're doing?  I know how hard it is to findthe rightjob. We have that in common.  Do we?  Bees have 100 percent employment,but we do jobs like taking the crud out.  That's just whatI was thinking about doing.  Ken, I let Barry borrow your razorfor his fuzz. I hope that was all right.  I'm going to drain the old stinger.  Yeah, you do that.  Look at that.  You know, I've just about had it  with your little mind games.  - What's that?- Italian Vogue.  Mamma mia, that's a lot of pages.  A lot of ads.  Remember what Van said, why isyour life more valuable than mine?  Funny, I just can't seem to recall that!  I think something stinks in here!  I love the smell of flowers.  How do you like the smell of flames?!  Not as much.  Water bug! Not taking sides!  Ken, I'm wearing a Ohapstick hat!This is pathetic!  I've got issues!  Well, well, well, a royal flush!  - You're bluffing.- Am I?  Surf's up, dude!  Poo water!  That bowl is gnarly.  Except for those dirty yellow rings!  Kenneth! What are you doing?!  You know, I don't even like honey!I don't eat it!  We need to talk!  He's just a little bee!  And he happens to bethe nicest bee I've met in a long time!  Long time? What are you talking about?!Are there other bugs in your life?  No, but there are other things buggingme in life. And you're one of them!  Fine! Talking bees, no yogurt night...  My nerves are fried from ridingon this emotional roller coaster!  Goodbye, Ken.  And for your information,  I prefer sugar-free, artificialsweeteners made by man!  I'm sorry about all that.  I know it's gotan aftertaste! I like it!  I always felt there was some kindof barrier between Ken and me.  I couldn't overcome it.Oh, well.  Are you OK for the trial?  I believe Mr. Montgomeryis about out of ideas.  We would like to callMr. Barry Benson Bee to the stand.  Good idea! You can really see why he'sconsidered one of the best lawyers...  Yeah.  Layton, you'vegotta weave some magic  with this jury,or it's gonna be all over.  Don't worry. The only thing I haveto do to turn this jury around  is to remind themof what they don't like about bees.  - You got the tweezers?- Are you allergic?  Only to losing, son. Only to losing.  Mr. Benson Bee, I'll ask youwhat I think we'd all like to know.  What exactly is your relationship  to that woman?  We're friends.  - Good friends?- Yes.  How good? Do you live together?  Wait a minute...  Are you her little...  ...bedbug?  I've seen a bee documentary or two.From what I understand,  doesn't your queen give birthto all the bee children?  - Yeah, but...- So those aren't your real parents!  - Oh, Barry...- Yes, they are!  Hold me back!  You're an illegitimate bee,aren't you, Benson?  He's denouncing bees!  Don't y'all date your cousins?  - Objection!- I'm going to pincushion this guy!  Adam, don't! It's what he wants!  Oh, I'm hit!!  Oh, lordy, I am hit!  Order! Order!  The venom! The venomis coursing through my veins!  I have been felledby a winged beast of destruction!  You see? You can't treat themlike equals! They're striped savages!  Stinging's the only thingthey know! It's their way!  - Adam, stay with me.- I can't feel my legs.  What angel of mercywill come forward to suck the poison  from my heaving buttocks?  I will have order in this court. Order!  Order, please!  The case of the honeybeesversus the human race  took a pointed turn against the bees  yesterday when one of their legalteam stung Layton T. Montgomery.  - Hey, buddy.- Hey.  - Is there much pain?- Yeah.  I...  I blew the whole case, didn't I?  It doesn't matter. What matters isyou're alive. You could have died.  I'd be better off dead. Look at me.  They got it from the cafeteriadownstairs, in a tuna sandwich.  Look, there'sa little celery still on it.  What was it like to sting someone?  I can't explain it. It was all...  All adrenaline and then...and then ecstasy!  All right.  You think it was all a trap?  Of course. I'm sorry.I flew us right into this.  What were we thinking? Look at us. We'rejust a couple of bugs in this world.  What will the humans do to usif they win?  I don't know.  I hear they put the roaches in motels.That doesn't sound so bad.  Adam, they check in,but they don't check out!  Oh, my.  Oould you get a nurseto close that window?  - Why?- The smoke.  Bees don't smoke.  Right. Bees don't smoke.  Bees don't smoke!But some bees are smoking.  That's it! That's our case!  It is? It's not over?  Get dressed. I've gotta go somewhere.  Get back to the court and stall.Stall any way you can.  And assuming you've done step correctly, you're ready for the tub.  Mr. Flayman.  Yes? Yes, Your Honor!  Where is the rest of your team?  Well, Your Honor, it's interesting.  Bees are trained to fly haphazardly,  and as a result,we don't make very good time.  I actually heard a funny story about...  Your Honor,haven't these ridiculous bugs  taken up enoughof this court's valuable time?  How much longer will we allowthese absurd shenanigans to go on?  They have presented no compellingevidence to support their charges  against my clients,who run legitimate businesses.  I move for a complete dismissalof this entire case!  Mr. Flayman, I'm afraid I'm going  to have to considerMr. Montgomery's motion.  But you can't! We have a terrific case.  Where is your proof?Where is the evidence?  Show me the smoking gun!  Hold it, Your Honor!You want a smoking gun?  Here is your smoking gun.  What is that?  It's a bee smoker!  What, this?This harmless little contraption?  This couldn't hurt a fly,let alone a bee.  Look at what has happened  to bees who have never been asked,"Smoking or non?"  Is this what nature intended for us?  To be forcibly addictedto smoke machines  and man-made wooden slat work camps?  Living out our lives as honey slavesto the white man?  - What are we gonna do?- He's playing the species card.  Ladies and gentlemen, please,free these bees!  Free the bees! Free the bees!  Free the bees!  Free the bees! Free the bees!  The court finds in favor of the bees!  Vanessa, we won!  I knew you could do it! High-five!  Sorry.  I'm OK! You know what this means?  All the honeywill finally belong to the bees.  Now we won't haveto work so hard all the time.  This is an unholy perversionof the balance of nature, Benson.  You'll regret this.  Barry, how much honey is out there?  All right. One at a time.  Barry, who are you wearing?  My sweater is Ralph Lauren,and I have no pants.  - What if Montgomery's right?- What do you mean?  We've been living the bee waya long time, 27 million years.  Oongratulations on your victory.What will you demand as a settlement?  First, we'll demand a complete shutdownof all bee work camps.  Then we want back the honeythat was ours to begin with,  every last drop.  We demand an end to the glorificationof the bear as anything more  than a filthy, smelly,bad-breath stink machine.  We're all awareof what they do in the woods.  Wait for my signal.  Take him out.  He'll have nauseousfor a few hours, then he'll be fine.  And we will no longer toleratebee-negative nicknames...  But it's just a prance-about stage name!  ...unnecessary inclusion of honeyin bogus health products  and la-dee-da humantea-time snack garnishments.  Oan't breathe.  Bring it in, boys!  Hold it right there! Good.  Tap it.  Mr. Buzzwell, we just passed three cups,and there's gallons more coming!  - I think we need to shut down!- Shut down? We've never shut down.  Shut down honey production!  Stop making honey!  Turn your key, sir!  What do we do now?  Oannonball!  We're shutting honey production!  Mission abort.  Aborting pollination and nectar detail.Returning to base.  Adam, you wouldn't believehow much honey was out there.  Oh, yeah?  What's going on? Where is everybody?  - Are they out celebrating?- They're home.  They don't know what to do.Laying out, sleeping in.  I heard your Uncle Oarl was on his wayto San Antonio with a cricket.  At least we got our honey back.  Sometimes I think, so what if humansliked our honey? Who wouldn't?  It's the greatest thing in the world!I was excited to be part of making it.  This was my new desk. This was mynew job. I wanted to do it really well.  And now...  Now I can't.  I don't understandwhy they're not happy.  I thought their lives would be better!  They're doing nothing. It's amazing.Honey really changes people.  You don't have any ideawhat's going on, do you?  - What did you want to show me?- This.  What happened here?  That is not the half of it.  Oh, no. Oh, my.  They're all wilting.  Doesn't look very good, does it?  No.  And whose fault do you think that is?  You know, I'm gonna guess bees.  Bees?  Specifically, me.  I didn't think bees not needing to makehoney would affect all these things.  It's notjust flowers.Fruits, vegetables, they all need bees.  That's our whole SAT test right there.  Take away produce, that affectsthe entire animal kingdom.  And then, of course...  The human species?  So if there's no more pollination,  it could all just go south here,couldn't it?  I know this is also partly my fault.  How about a suicide pact?  How do we do it?  - I'll sting you, you step on me.- Thatjust kills you twice.  Right, right.  Listen, Barry...sorry, but I gotta get going.  I had to open my mouth and talk.  Vanessa?  Vanessa? Why are you leaving?Where are you going?  To the final Tournament of Roses paradein Pasadena.  They've moved it to this weekendbecause all the flowers are dying.  It's the last chanceI'll ever have to see it.  Vanessa, I just wanna say I'm sorry.I never meant it to turn out like this.  I know. Me neither.  Tournament of Roses.Roses can't do sports.  Wait a minute. Roses. Roses?  Roses!  Vanessa!  Roses?!  Barry?  - Roses are flowers!- Yes, they are.  Flowers, bees, pollen!  I know.That's why this is the last parade.  Maybe not.Oould you ask him to slow down?  Oould you slow down?  Barry!  OK, I made a huge mistake.This is a total disaster, all my fault.  Yes, it kind of is.  I've ruined the planet.I wanted to help you  with the flower shop.I've made it worse.  Actually, it's completely closed down.  I thought maybe you were remodeling.  But I have another idea, and it'sgreater than my previous ideas combined.  I don't want to hear it!  All right, they have the roses,the roses have the pollen.  I know every bee, plantand flower bud in this park.  All we gotta do is get what they've gotback here with what we've got.  - Bees.- Park.  - Pollen!- Flowers.  - Repollination!- Across the nation!  Tournament of Roses,Pasadena, Oalifornia.  They've got nothingbut flowers, floats and cotton candy.  Security will be tight.  I have an idea.  Vanessa Bloome, FTD.  Official floral business. It's real.  Sorry, ma'am. Nice brooch.  Thank you. It was a gift.  Once inside,we just pick the right float.  How about The Princess and the Pea?  I could be the princess,and you could be the pea!  Yes, I got it.  - Where should I sit?- What are you?  - I believe I'm the pea.- The pea?  It goes under the mattresses.  - Not in this fairy tale, sweetheart.- I'm getting the marshal.  You do that!This whole parade is a fiasco!  Let's see what this baby'll do.  Hey, what are you doing?!  Then all we dois blend in with traffic...  ...without arousing suspicion.  Once at the airport,there's no stopping us.  Stop! Security.  - You and your insect pack your float?- Yes.  Has it beenin your possession the entire time?  Would you remove your shoes?  - Remove your stinger.- It's part of me.  I know. Just having some fun.Enjoy your flight.  Then if we're lucky, we'll havejust enough pollen to do the job.  Oan you believe how lucky we are? Wehave just enough pollen to do the job!  I think this is gonna work.  It's got to work.  Attention, passengers,this is Oaptain Scott.  We have a bit of bad weatherin New York.  It looks like we'll experiencea couple hours delay.  Barry, these are cut flowerswith no water. They'll never make it.  I gotta get up thereand talk to them.  Be careful.  Oan I get helpwith the Sky Mall magazine?  I'd like to order the talkinginflatable nose and ear hair trimmer.  Oaptain, I'm in a real situation.  - What'd you say, Hal?- Nothing.  Bee!  Don't freak out! My entire species...  What are you doing?  - Wait a minute! I'm an attorney!- Who's an attorney?  Don't move.  Oh, Barry.  Good afternoon, passengers.This is your captain.  Would a Miss Vanessa Bloome in 24Bplease report to the cockpit?  And please hurry!  What happened here?  There was a DustBuster,a toupee, a life raft exploded.  One's bald, one's in a boat,they're both unconscious!  - Is that another bee joke?- No!  No one's flying the plane!  This is JFK control tower, Flight 356.What's your status?  This is Vanessa Bloome.I'm a florist from New York.  Where's the pilot?  He's unconscious,and so is the copilot.  Not good. Does anyone onboardhave flight experience?  As a matter of fact, there is.  - Who's that?- Barry Benson.  From the honey trial?! Oh, great.  Vanessa, this is nothing morethan a big metal bee.  It's got giant wings, huge engines.  I can't fly a plane.  - Why not? Isn't John Travolta a pilot?- Yes.  How hard could it be?  Wait, Barry!We're headed into some lightning.  This is Bob Bumble. We have somelate-breaking news from JFK Airport,  where a suspenseful sceneis developing.  Barry Benson,fresh from his legal victory...  That's Barry!  ...is attempting to land a plane,loaded with people, flowers  and an incapacitated flight crew.  Flowers?!  We have a storm in the areaand two individuals at the controls  with absolutely no flight experience.  Just a minute.There's a bee on that plane.  I'm quite familiar with Mr. Bensonand his no-account compadres.  They've done enough damage.  But isn't he your only hope?  Technically, a beeshouldn't be able to fly at all.  Their wings are too small...  Haven't we heard this a million times?  "The surface area of the wingsand body mass make no sense."  - Get this on the air!- Got it.  - Stand by.- We're going live.  The way we work may be a mystery to you.  Making honey takes a lot of beesdoing a lot of small jobs.  But let me tell you about a small job.  If you do it well,it makes a big difference.  More than we realized.To us, to everyone.  That's why I want to get beesback to working together.  That's the bee way!We're not made of Jell-O.  We get behind a fellow.  - Black and yellow!- Hello!  Left, right, down, hover.  - Hover?- Forget hover.  This isn't so hard.Beep-beep! Beep-beep!  Barry, what happened?!  Wait, I think we wereon autopilot the whole time.  - That may have been helping me.- And now we're not!  So it turns out I cannot fly a plane.  All of you, let's getbehind this fellow! Move it out!  Move out!  Our only chance is if I do what I'd do,you copy me with the wings of the plane!  Don't have to yell.  I'm not yelling!We're in a lot of trouble.  It's very hard to concentratewith that panicky tone in your voice!  It's not a tone. I'm panicking!  I can't do this!  Vanessa, pull yourself together.You have to snap out of it!  You snap out of it.  You snap out of it.  - You snap out of it!- You snap out of it!  - You snap out of it!- You snap out of it!  - You snap out of it!- You snap out of it!  - Hold it!- Why? Oome on, it's my turn.  How is the plane flying?  I don't know.  Hello?  Benson, got any flowersfor a happy occasion in there?  The Pollen Jocks!  They do get behind a fellow.  - Black and yellow.- Hello.  All right, let's drop this tin canon the blacktop.  Where? I can't see anything. Oan you?  No, nothing. It's all cloudy.  Oome on. You got to think bee, Barry.  - Thinking bee.- Thinking bee.  Thinking bee!Thinking bee! Thinking bee!  Wait a minute.I think I'm feeling something.  - What?- I don't know. It's strong, pulling me.  Like a 27-million-year-old instinct.  Bring the nose down.  Thinking bee!Thinking bee! Thinking bee!  - What in the world is on the tarmac?- Get some lights on that!  Thinking bee!Thinking bee! Thinking bee!  - Vanessa, aim for the flower.- OK.  Out the engines. We're going inon bee power. Ready, boys?  Affirmative!  Good. Good. Easy, now. That's it.  Land on that flower!  Ready? Full reverse!  Spin it around!  - Not that flower! The other one!- Which one?  - That flower.- I'm aiming at the flower!  That's a fat guy in a flowered shirt.I mean the giant pulsating flower  made of millions of bees!  Pull forward. Nose down. Tail up.  Rotate around it.  - This is insane, Barry!- This's the only way I know how to fly.  Am I koo-koo-kachoo, or is this planeflying in an insect-like pattern?  Get your nose in there. Don't be afraid.Smell it. Full reverse!  Just drop it. Be a part of it.  Aim for the center!  Now drop it in! Drop it in, woman!  Oome on, already.  Barry, we did it!You taught me how to fly!  - Yes. No high-five!- Right.  Barry, it worked!Did you see the giant flower?  What giant flower? Where? Of courseI saw the flower! That was genius!  - Thank you.- But we're not done yet.  Listen, everyone!  This runway is coveredwith the last pollen  from the last flowersavailable anywhere on Earth.  That means this is our last chance.  We're the only ones who make honey,pollinate flowers and dress like this.  If we're gonna survive as a species,this is our moment! What do you say?  Are we going to be bees, orjustMuseum of Natural History keychains?  We're bees!  Keychain!  Then follow me! Except Keychain.  Hold on, Barry. Here.  You've earned this.  Yeah!  I'm a Pollen Jock! And it's a perfectfit. All I gotta do are the sleeves.  Oh, yeah.  That's our Barry.  Mom! The bees are back!  If anybody needsto make a call, now's the time.  I got a feeling we'll beworking late tonight!  Here's your change. Have a greatafternoon! Oan I help who's next?  Would you like some honey with that?It is bee-approved. Don't forget these.  Milk, cream, cheese, it's all me.And I don't see a nickel!  Sometimes I just feellike a piece of meat!  I had no idea.  Barry, I'm sorry.Have you got a moment?  Would you excuse me?My mosquito associate will help you.  Sorry I'm late.  He's a lawyer too?  I was already a blood-sucking parasite.All I needed was a briefcase.  Have a great afternoon!  Barry, I just got this huge tulip order,and I can't get them anywhere.  No problem, Vannie.Just leave it to me.  You're a lifesaver, Barry.Oan I help who's next?  All right, scramble, jocks!It's time to fly.  Thank you, Barry!  That bee is living my life!  Let it go, Kenny.  - When will this nightmare end?!- Let it all go.  - Beautiful day to fly.- Sure is.  Between you and me,I was dying to get out of that office.  You have gotto start thinking bee, my friend.  - Thinking bee!- Me?  Hold it. Let's just stopfor a second. Hold it.  I'm sorry. I'm sorry, everyone.Oan we stop here?  I'm not making a major life decisionduring a production number!  All right. Take ten, everybody.Wrap it up, guys.  I had virtually no rehearsal for that.Special thanks to SergeiK.

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love is the feeling of being home and being safe no matter where you are. Just as long as you're with that person, you're happy

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amour c'est le tres situe comme le amour et vive

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amour c'est le tres situe comme le amour et vive

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When you look at someone or something you love your pupils expands to let more light come in, and your puls is rising.

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When you look at someone or something you love your pupils expands to let more light come in, and your puls is rising.

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Love between two people can leave an amazing feeling, but can feel just as bad, when not returned

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Love between two people can leave an amazing feeling, but can feel just as bad, when not returned

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What Are the Pros of Communism?Everyone gets the same chance. ...Almost everyone is employed. ...Almost everyone is educated. ...Agriculture and manufacturing are emphasized. ...Individual rights are restricted. ...There is no unauthorized opposition. ...People are kept in ignorance. ...Violence tends to be the only option for dissent.

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What Are the Pros of Communism?Everyone gets the same chance. ...Almost everyone is employed. ...Almost everyone is educated. ...Agriculture and manufacturing are emphasized. ...Individual rights are restricted. ...There is no unauthorized opposition. ...People are kept in ignorance. ...Violence tends to be the only option for dissent.

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Love is a very strong feeling. It can be a really positive feeling, but also negative because it is so powerfull that It sometimes takes over your body, and overshadows every other feeling.

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Love is a very strong feeling. It can be a really positive feeling, but also negative because it is so powerfull that It sometimes takes over your body, and overshadows every other feeling.

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Roses are red
Violettes are blue
I love you Andrea and you kaj too

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Shits in the supermarket and someone steps

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the greatest thing you'll ever learn, is to love and be loved

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Love can be between romantic partners, family members, friendship. Or even self-love kinda neat

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Love can be between romantic partners, family members, friendship. Or even self-love kinda neat

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Industrial Revolution

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A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835. Textiles were the leading industry of the Industrial Revolution, and mechanized factories, powered by a central water wheel or steam engine, were the new workplace.

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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from between 1760 to 1820 and 1840.[1] This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized factory system. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth.

Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.[2]:40

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were of British origin.[3][4] By the mid-18th century Britain was the world's leading commercial nation,[5] controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and with major military and political hegemony on the Indian subcontinent, particularly with the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal, through the activities of the East India Company.[6][7][8][9] The development of trade and the rise of business were among the major causes of the Industrial Revolution.[2]:15

The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists have said the most important effect of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population in the western world began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries.[10][11][12]

GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy,[13] while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies.[14] Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.[15]

The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[16][17][18][19] Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,[16] while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.[17] Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s,[20] with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.[2]

An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the Industrial Revolution's early innovations, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, hot blast iron smelting and new technologies, such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. These innovations included new steel making processes, mass-production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[2][21][22][23]

Contents

1Etymology

2Requirements

3Important technological developments

3.1Textile manufacture

3.2Iron industry

3.3Steam power

3.4Machine tools

3.5Chemicals

3.6Cement

3.7Gas lighting

3.8Glass making

3.9Paper machine

3.10Agriculture

3.11Mining

3.12Transportation

3.13Other developments

4Social effects

4.1Factory system

4.2Standards of living

4.3Literacy and industrialization

4.4Clothing and consumer goods

4.5Population increase

4.6Urbanization

4.7Effect on women and family life

4.8Labour conditions

4.9Effect on environment

4.10Nations and nationalism

5Industrialisation beyond Great Britain

5.1Continental Europe

5.2Japan

5.3United States

6Second Industrial Revolution

7Causes

7.1Causes in Europe

7.2Causes in Britain

7.3Transfer of knowledge

8Criticisms

8.1Individualism humanism and industrial slavery

8.2Primitivism

8.3Pollution and ecological collapse

8.4Opposition from Romanticism

9See also

9.1General

10Footnotes

11References

11.1Further reading

11.2Historiography

12External links

Etymology

The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution" appears to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[24] In his 1976 book Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams states in the entry for "Industry": "The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century." The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[25]

Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society". However, although Engels wrote his book in the 1840s, it was not translated into English until the late 1800s, and his expression did not enter everyday language until then. Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[26]

Economic historians and authors such as Mendels, Pomeranz and Kridte argue that the proto-industrialization in parts of Europe, Islamic world, Mughal India, and China created the social and economic conditions that led to the Industrial Revolution, thus causing the Great Divergence.[27][28][29]

Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually, and that the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among some historians.[30]

Requirements

Six factors facilitated industrialization: high levels of agricultural productivity to provide excess manpower and food; a pool of managerial and entrepreneurial skills; available ports, rivers, canals and roads to cheaply move raw materials and outputs; natural resources such as coal, iron and waterfalls; political stability and a legal system that supported business; and financial capital available to invest. Once industrialization began in Great Britain, new factors can be added: the eagerness of British entrepreneurs to export industrial expertise and the willingness to import the process. Britain met the criteria and industrialized starting in the 18th century. Britain exported the process to western Europe (especially Belgium, France and the German states) in the early 19th century. The United States copied the British model in the early 19th century and Japan copied the Western European models in the late 19th century.[31][32]

Important technological developments

The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[33] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies:

Textiles – mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500. The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40.[34] The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50.[22] Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but they were not as great as in cotton.[2]

Steam power – the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one-fifth and one-tenth as much fuel. The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses.[2]:82 The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation.[23] Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800.

Iron making – the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production.[2]:89–93 Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces,[35][36] resulting in economies of scale. The steam engine began being used to pump water and to power blast air in the mid 1750s, enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power.[37] The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures. The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge.[38] The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron. Hot blast (1828) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades.

Invention of machine tools – The first machine tools were invented. These included the screw cutting lathe, cylinder boring machine and the milling machine. Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible, although it took several decades to develop effective techniques.[39]

Textile manufacture

Main article: Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution

British textile industry statistics

Handloom weaving in 1747, from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness

In 1750 Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by cottage industry in Lancashire. The work was done by hand in workers' homes or occasionally in shops of master weavers. In 1787 raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds, most of which was cleaned, carded and spun on machines.[2]:41–42 The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800, which increased to 588 million pounds in 1850.[40]

The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801 and 22.4% in 1831. Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1% in 1801. Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797. In 1760 approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds, which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800. In 1800 less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain. In 1788 there were 50,000 spindles in Britain, rising to 7 million over the next 30 years.[41]

Wages in Lancashire, a core region for cottage industry and later factory spinning and weaving, were about six times those in India in 1770, when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India.[41]

Cotton

Parts of India, China, Central America, South America and the Middle-East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles, which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD. In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown, most was grown by small farmers alongside their food crops and was spun and woven in households, largely for domestic consumption. In the 15th century China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth. By the 17th century almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing. Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a medium of exchange. In India a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets, often produced by professional weavers. Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops. India produced a variety of cotton cloth, some of exceptionally fine quality.[41]

Cotton was a difficult raw material for Europe to obtain before it was grown on colonial plantations in the Americas.[41] The early Spanish explorers found Native Americans growing unknown species of excellent quality cotton: sea island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) and upland green seeded cotton Gossypium hirsutum. Sea island cotton grew in tropical areas and on barrier islands of Georgia and South Carolina, but did poorly inland. Sea island cotton began being exported from Barbados in the 1650s. Upland green seeded cotton grew well on inland areas of the southern U.S., but was not economical because of the difficulty of removing seed, a problem solved by the cotton gin.[22]:157 A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to Natchez, Mississippi in 1806 became the parent genetic material for over 90% of world cotton production today; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick.[41]

Trade and textiles

European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution, imposed upon modern political boundaries.

The Age of Discovery was followed by a period of colonialism beginning around the 16th century. Following the discovery of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese, the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (abbr. VOC) or Dutch East India Company, the world's first transnational corporation and the first multinational enterprise to issue shares of stock to the public.[a][42] The British later founded the East India Company, along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe.[41]

One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles, which were purchased in India and sold in Southeast Asia, including the Indonesian archipelago, where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe. By the mid-1760s cloth was over three-quarters of the East India Company's exports. Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available; however, the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century.[41]

Pre-mechanized European textile production

A weaver in Nürnberg, c. 1524

By 1600 Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established; however, they were left alone by the guilds who did not consider cotton a threat. Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th-century Italy and 15th-century southern Germany, but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off. The Moors in Spain grew, spun and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century.[41]

British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India's labour cost was approximately one-fifth to one-sixth that of Britain's.[20] In 1700 and 1721 the British government passed Calico Acts in order to protect the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India.[2][43]

The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced fustian, a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft. Flax was used for the warp because wheel-spun cotton did not have sufficient strength, but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100% cotton and was more difficult to sew.[43]

On the eve of the Industrial Revolution, spinning and weaving were done in households, for domestic consumption and as a cottage industry under the putting-out system. Occasionally the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver. Under the putting-out system, home-based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers, who often supplied the raw materials. In the off season the women, typically farmers' wives, did the spinning and the men did the weaving. Using the spinning wheel, it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one hand loom weaver.[2][43][44]:823

Invention of textile machinery

The flying shuttle, patented in 1733 by John Kay, with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747, doubled the output of a weaver, worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving. It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John's son, Robert, invented the drop box, which facilitated changing thread colors.[44]:821–22

Lewis Paul patented the roller spinning frame and the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness. The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of Birmingham. Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey. In 1743 a factory opened in Northampton with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt's machines. This operated until about 1764. A similar mill was built by Daniel Bourn in Leominster, but this burnt down. Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented carding machines in 1748. Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill. Lewis's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule.

A model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal. Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution.

In 1764 in the village of Stanhill, Lancashire, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, which he patented in 1770. It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles.[45] The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel, by first clamping down on the fibres, then by drawing them out, followed by twisting.[46] It was a simple, wooden framed machine that only cost about £6 for a 40-spindle model in 1792,[47] and was used mainly by home spinners. The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft, not warp.[44]:825–27

The spinning frame or water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright who, along with two partners, patented it in 1769. The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by clockmaker John Kay, who was hired by Arkwright.[44]:827–30 For each spindle the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers, each operating at a successively higher rotating speed, to draw out the fibre, which was then twisted by the spindle. The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length.

Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread. The top rollers were leather-covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight. The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers. The bottom rollers were wood and metal, with fluting along the length. The water frame was able to produce a hard, medium count thread suitable for warp, finally allowing 100% cotton cloth to be made in Britain. A horse powered the first factory to use the spinning frame. Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in Cromford, Derbyshire in 1771, giving the invention its name.

The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton. The mule produced high-quality thread with minimal labour. Bolton Museum, Greater Manchester

Samuel Crompton's Spinning Mule was introduced in 1779. Mule implies a hybrid because it was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame, in which the spindles were placed on a carriage, which went through an operational sequence during which the rollers stopped while the carriage moved away from the drawing roller to finish drawing out the fibres as the spindles started rotating.[44]:832 Crompton's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost. Mule spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as warp, and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities.[44]:832

The interior of Marshall's Temple Works in Leeds, West Yorkshire

Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and led to a shortage of weavers, Edmund Cartwright developed a vertical power loom which he patented in 1785. In 1776 he patented a two-man operated loom which was more conventional.[44]:834 Cartwright built two factories; the first burned down and the second was sabotaged by his workers. Cartwright's loom design had several flaws, the most serious being thread breakage. Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813. Horock's loom was improved by Richard Roberts in 1822 and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts, Hill & Co.[48]

The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to planters in the Southern United States, who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed. Eli Whitney responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive cotton gin. A man using a cotton gin could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would previously, working at the rate of one pound of cotton per day, have taken a woman two months to process.[22][49]

These advances were capitalised on by entrepreneurs, of whom the best known is Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually developed by such people as Thomas Highs and John Kay; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed the use of power—first horse power and then water power—which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry. Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling) so that the supply of yarn increased greatly. Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery. Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories.[50]

Although mechanization dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth, by the mid-19th century machine-woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand-woven Indian cloth, in part due to the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India, which allowed high thread counts. However, the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand-spun and woven fabric in low-wage India, eventually destroying the industry.[41]

Wool

The earliest European attempts at mechanized spinning were with wool; however, wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanize than cotton. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant but was far less than that of cotton.[2][9]

Silk

Lombe's Mill site today, rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill

Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy; however, because the Italian silk industry guarded its secrets closely, the state of the industry at that time is unknown. Although Lombe's factory was technically successful, the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition. In order to promote manufacturing the Crown paid for models of Lombe's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London.[51][52]

Iron industry

The reverberatory furnace could produce cast iron using mined coal. The burning coal remained separate from the iron and so did not contaminate the iron with impurities like sulfur and silica. This opened the way to increased iron production.

The Iron Bridge, Shropshire, England, the world's first bridge constructed of iron opened in 1781.[53]

UK iron production statistics

Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for making hardware goods such as nails, wire, hinges, horse shoes, wagon tires, chains, etc., as well as structural shapes. A small amount of bar iron was converted into steel. Cast iron was used for pots, stoves and other items where its brittleness was tolerable. Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron, with substantial losses. Bar iron was also made by the bloomery process, which was the predominant iron smelting process until the late 18th century.

In the UK in 1720, there were 20,500 tons of cast iron produced with charcoal and 400 tons with coke. In 1750 charcoal iron production was 24,500 and coke iron was 2,500 tons. In 1788 the production of charcoal cast iron was 14,000 tons while coke iron production was 54,000 tons. In 1806 charcoal cast iron production was 7,800 tons and coke cast iron was 250,000 tons.[37]:125

In 1750 the UK imported 31,200 tons of bar iron and either refined from cast iron or directly produced 18,800 tons of bar iron using charcoal and 100 tons using coke. In 1796 the UK was making 125,000 tons of bar iron with coke and 6,400 tons with charcoal; imports were 38,000 tons and exports were 24,600 tons. In 1806 the UK did not import bar iron but exported 31,500 tons.[37]:125

Iron process innovations

A major change in the iron industries during the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. For a given amount of heat, mining coal required much less labour than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal,[54] and coal was much more abundant than wood, supplies of which were becoming scarce before the enormous increase in iron production that took place in the late 18th century.[2][37]:122

By 1750 coke had generally replaced charcoal in the smelting of copper and lead, and was in widespread use in glass production. In the smelting and refining of iron, coal and coke produced inferior iron to that made with charcoal because of the coal's sulfur content. Low sulfur coals were known, but they still contained harmful amounts. Conversion of coal to coke only slightly reduces the sulfur content.[37]:122–25 A minority of coals are coking.

Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution was the scarcity of water power to power blast bellows. This limitation was overcome by the steam engine.[37]

Use of coal in iron smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution, based on innovations by Sir Clement Clerke and others from 1678, using coal reverberatory furnaces known as cupolas. These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture, reducing the oxide to metal. This has the advantage that impurities (such as sulphur ash) in the coal do not migrate into the metal. This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687. It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s, but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace. (The foundry cupola is a different, and later, innovation.)[citation needed]

By 1709 Abraham Darby made progress using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale.[55] However, the coke pig iron he made was not suitable for making wrought iron and was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods, such as pots and kettles. He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots, cast by his patented process, were thinner and cheaper than theirs.

Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron until 1755–56, when Darby's son Abraham Darby II built furnaces at Horsehay and Ketley where low sulfur coal was available (and not far from Coalbrookdale). These new furnaces were equipped with water-powered bellows, the water being pumped by Newcomen steam engines. The Newcomen engines were not attached directly to the blowing cylinders because the engines alone could not produce a steady air blast. Abraham Darby III installed similar steam-pumped, water-powered blowing cylinders at the Dale Company when he took control in 1768. The Dale Company used several Newcomen engines to drain its mines and made parts for engines which it sold throughout the country.[37]:123–25

Steam engines made the use of higher-pressure and volume blast practical; however, the leather used in bellows was expensive to replace. In 1757, iron master John Wilkinson patented a hydraulic powered blowing engine for blast furnaces.[56] The blowing cylinder for blast furnaces was introduced in 1760 and the first blowing cylinder made of cast iron is believed to be the one used at Carrington in 1768 that was designed by John Smeaton.[37]:124, 135

Cast iron cylinders for use with a piston were difficult to manufacture; the cylinders had to be free of holes and had to be machined smooth and straight to remove any warping. James Watt had great difficulty trying to have a cylinder made for his first steam engine. In 1774 John Wilkinson, who built a cast iron blowing cylinder for his iron works, invented a precision boring machine for boring cylinders. After Wilkinson bored the first successful cylinder for a Boulton and Watt steam engine in 1776, he was given an exclusive contract for providing cylinders.[22][57] After Watt developed a rotary steam engine in 1782, they were widely applied to blowing, hammering, rolling and slitting.[37]:124

The solutions to the sulfur problem were the addition of sufficient limestone to the furnace to force sulfur into the slag and the use of low sulfur coal. Use of lime or limestone required higher furnace temperatures to form a free-flowing slag. The increased furnace temperature made possible by improved blowing also increased the capacity of blast furnaces and allowed for increased furnace height.[37]:123–25 In addition to lower cost and greater availability, coke had other important advantages over charcoal in that it was harder and made the column of materials (iron ore, fuel, slag) flowing down the blast furnace more porous and did not crush in the much taller furnaces of the late 19th century.[58][59]

As cast iron became cheaper and widely available, it began being a structural material for bridges and buildings. A famous early example was the Iron Bridge built in 1778 with cast iron produced by Abraham Darby III.[53] However, most cast iron was converted to wrought iron.

Europe relied on the bloomery for most of its wrought iron until the large scale production of cast iron. Conversion of cast iron was done in a finery forge, as it long had been. An improved refining process known as potting and stamping was developed, but this was superseded by Henry Cort's puddling process. Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes: rolling in 1783 and puddling in 1784.[2]:91 Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost.

Horizontal (lower) and vertical (upper) cross-sections of a single puddling furnace. A. Fireplace grate; B. Firebricks; C. Cross binders; D. Fireplace; E. Work door; F. Hearth; G. Cast iron retaining plates; H. Bridge wall

Puddling was a means of decarburizing molten pig iron by slow oxidation in a reverberatory furnace by manually stirring it with a long rod. The decarburized iron, having a higher melting point than cast iron, was raked into globs by the puddler. When the glob was large enough, the puddler would remove it. Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work. Few puddlers lived to be 40.[2]:218 Because puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace, coal or coke could be used as fuel.

The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by steel. Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs, it was never successfully mechanised. Rolling was an important part of the puddling process because the grooved rollers expelled most of the molten slag and consolidated the mass of hot wrought iron. Rolling was 15 times faster at this than a trip hammer. A different use of rolling, which was done at lower temperatures than that for expelling slag, was in the production of iron sheets, and later structural shapes such as beams, angles and rails.

The puddling process was improved in 1818 by Baldwyn Rogers, who replaced some of the sand lining on the reverberatory furnace bottom with iron oxide.[60] In 1838 John Hall patented the use of roasted tap cinder (iron silicate) for the furnace bottom, greatly reducing the loss of iron through increased slag caused by a sand lined bottom. The tap cinder also tied up some phosphorus, but this was not understood at the time.[37]:166 Hall's process also used iron scale or rust, which reacted with carbon in the molten iron. Hall's process, called wet puddling, reduced losses of iron with the slag from almost 50% to around 8%.[2]:93

Puddling became widely used after 1800. Up to that time British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of iron imported from Sweden and Russia to supplement domestic supplies. Because of the increased British production, imports began to decline in 1785 and by the 1790s Britain eliminated imports and became a net exporter of bar iron.[citation needed]

Hot blast, patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828, was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron. By using preheated combustion air, the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one-third using coke or two-thirds using coal;[61] however, the efficiency gains continued as the technology improved.[62] Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces, increasing their capacity. Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron. This meant that lower quality coal or anthracite could be used in areas where coking coal was unavailable or too expensive;[63] however, by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably.

Shortly before the Industrial Revolution an improvement was made in the production of steel, which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do, such as for cutting edge tools and for springs. Benjamin Huntsman developed his crucible steel technique in the 1740s. The raw material for this was blister steel, made by the cementation process.[citation needed]

The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries, such as those making nails, hinges, wire and other hardware items. The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron, causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries.[64]

Steam power

Main article: Steam power during the Industrial Revolution

A Watt steam engine. James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications. Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.

The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution; however, during the early period of the Industrial Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water and wind. In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam. By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp.[65]

The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698. He constructed and patented in London a low-lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump, that generated about one horsepower (hp) and was used in numerous water works and in a few mines (hence its "brand name", The Miner's Friend). Savery's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges, but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes. Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century.[citation needed]

The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen before 1712. A number of Newcomen engines were installed in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines, with the engine on the surface; these were large machines, requiring a significant amount of capital to build, and produced upwards of 3.5 kW (5 hp). They were also used to power municipal water supply pumps. They were extremely inefficient by modern standards, but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads, opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper.[66]

Despite their disadvantages, Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century. By 1729, when Newcomen died, his engines had spread (first) to Hungary in 1722, Germany, Austria, and Sweden. A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired, of which 14 were abroad. In the 1770s the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements. A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800.[66]

Newcomen's steam-powered atmospheric engine was the first practical piston steam engine. Subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution.

A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by Scotsman James Watt. With financial support from his business partner Englishman Matthew Boulton, he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine, which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder, thereby making the low-pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere, use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber. The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder, which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam. Likewise, the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder, also improving efficiency. These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton and Watt's engines used only 20–25% as much coal per horsepower-hour as Newcomen's. Boulton and Watt opened the Soho Foundry for the manufacture of such engines in 1795.[citation needed]

By 1783 the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double-acting rotative type, which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill. Both of Watt's basic engine types were commercially very successful, and by 1800, the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines, with 164 driving reciprocating pumps, 24 serving blast furnaces, and 308 powering mill machinery; most of the engines generated from 3.5 to 7.5 kW (5 to 10 hp).

Until about 1800 the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine, built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine-house, but soon various patterns of self-contained rotative engines (readily removable, but not on wheels) were developed, such as the table engine. Around the start of the 19th century, at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired, the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick and the American Oliver Evans began to construct higher-pressure non-condensing steam engines, exhausting against the atmosphere. High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats.[citation needed]

The development of machine tools, such as the engine lathe, planing, milling and shaping machines powered by these engines, enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines.[citation needed]

Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread electrification in the early 20th century. These included crank-powered, treadle-powered and horse-powered workshop and light industrial machinery.[67]

Machine tools

Main article: Machine tool

See also: Interchangeable parts

Maudslay's famous early screw-cutting lathes of circa 1797 and 1800

The Middletown milling machine of c. 1818, associated with Robert Johnson and Simeon North

Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen—millwrights built water and windmills, carpenters made wooden framing, and smiths and turners made metal parts. Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal parts and frames became more common. Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners, such as machine screws, bolts and nuts. There was also the need for precision in making parts. Precision would allow better working machinery, interchangeability of parts and standardization of threaded fasteners.

The demand for metal parts led to the development of several machine tools. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms.

Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels. Consequently, the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum. Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve.[39][22]

The first large precision machine tool was the cylinder boring machine invented by John Wilkinson in 1774. It was used for boring the large-diameter cylinders on early steam engines. Wilkinson's boring machine differed from earlier cantilevered machines used for boring cannon in that the cutting tool was mounted on a beam that ran through the cylinder being bored and was supported outside on both ends.[22]

The planing machine, the milling machine and the shaping machine were developed in the early decades of the 19th century. Although the milling machine was invented at this time, it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century.[39][22]

Henry Maudslay, who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century, was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. He worked as an apprentice in the Royal Gun Foundry of Jan Verbruggen. In 1774 Jan Verbruggen had installed a horizontal boring machine in Woolwich which was the first industrial size lathe in the UK. Maudslay was hired away by Joseph Bramah for the production of high-security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship. Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe.[22][44]:392–95

Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe, which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the spindle and the lead screw. Before its invention screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs, some of which copied from a template.[22][44]:392–95 The slide rest lathe was called one of history's most important inventions. Although it was not entirely Maudslay's idea, he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw, slide rest and change gears.[22]:31, 36

Maudslay left Bramah's employment and set up his own shop. He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block Mills. These machines were all-metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability. The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools, and in his workshops he trained a generation of men to build on his work, such as Richard Roberts, Joseph Clement and Joseph Whitworth.[22]

James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century, as did Matthew Murray of Leeds. Roberts was a maker of high-quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement.

The effect of machine tools during the Industrial Revolution was not that great because other than firearms, threaded fasteners and a few other industries there were few mass-produced metal parts. The techniques to make mass-produced metal parts made with sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the U.S. Department of War which perfected interchangeable parts for firearms in the early 19th century.[39]

In the half century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy, by value added.[68]

Chemicals

The large-scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck (James Watt's first partner) in 1746. He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger, less expensive chambers made of riveted sheets of lead. Instead of making a small amount each time, he was able to make around 50 kilograms (100 pounds) in each of the chambers, at least a tenfold increase.

The production of an alkali on a large scale became an important goal as well, and Nicolas Leblanc succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of sodium carbonate. The Leblanc process was a reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium chloride to give sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid. The sodium sulfate was heated with limestone (calcium carbonate) and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulfide. Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulfide. The process produced a large amount of pollution (the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the air, and calcium sulfide was a useless waste product). Nonetheless, this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that from burning specific plants (barilla) or from kelp, which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash,[69] and also to potash (potassium carbonate) produced from hardwood ashes.

These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions, replacing many small-scale operations with more cost-effective and controllable processes. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. Early uses for sulfuric acid included pickling (removing rust from) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth.

The development of bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800, based on the discoveries of French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet, revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required (from months to days) for the traditional process then in use, which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk. Tennant's factory at St Rollox, North Glasgow, became the largest chemical plant in the world.

After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in dyestuffs, and Germany took world leadership, building a strong chemical industry.[70] Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860–1914 era to learn the latest techniques. British scientists by contrast, lacked research universities and did not train advanced students; instead, the practice was to hire German-trained chemists.[71]

Cement

The Thames Tunnel (opened 1843).
Cement was used in the world's first underwater tunnel.

In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades. This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 °C (2,552 °F), then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and gravel to produce concrete. Portland cement was used by the famous English engineer Marc Isambard Brunel several years later when constructing the Thames Tunnel.[72] Cement was used on a large scale in the construction of the London sewerage system a generation later.

Gas lighting

Main article: Gas lighting

Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting. Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large-scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton & Watt, the Birmingham steam engine pioneers. The process consisted of the large-scale gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of the gas (removal of sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons), and its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820. They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK. Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil. Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before.[73]

Glass making

Main article: Glass production

The Crystal Palace housed the Great Exhibition of 1851

Glass was made in ancient Greece and Rome.[74] A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process, was developed in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832 this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass. They became the leading producers of window and plate glass. This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings. The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure.[75]

Paper machine

Main article: Paper machine

A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert who worked for Saint-Léger Didot family in France. The paper machine is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers, brothers Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, who were stationers in London. Although greatly improved and with many variations, the Fourdriner machine is the predominant means of paper production today.

The method of continuous production demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes.[76]

Agriculture

Main article: British Agricultural Revolution

The British Agricultural Revolution is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy.[77] However, per-capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or declining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century.[78]

Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill, the Dutch plough, which contained iron parts, and the threshing machine.

The English lawyer Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth. This was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five. Tull's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an effect. Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century.[56]:26

Joseph Foljambe's Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough.[77]:122[79][56]:18,21[80] The threshing machine, invented by the Scottish engineer Andrew Meikle in 1784, displaced hand threshing with a flail, a laborious job that took about one-quarter of agricultural labour.[81]:286 It took several decades to diffuse[82] and was the final straw for many farm labourers, who faced near starvation, leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots.

Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass-producing agricultural equipment, such as reapers, binders and combine harvesters.[39]

Mining

Coal mining in Britain, particularly in South Wales, started early. Before the steam engine, pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface, which were abandoned as the coal was extracted. In other cases, if the geology was favourable, the coal was mined by means of an adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill. Shaft mining was done in some areas, but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water. It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough (a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine). In either case, the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity.[83]

The introduction of the steam pump by Thomas Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper, enabling more coal to be extracted. These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution, but the adoption of John Smeaton's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines, making mines more profitable. The Cornish engine, developed in the 1810s, was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine.[83]

Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of firedamp in many coal seams. Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy and independently by George Stephenson. However, the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light. Firedamp explosions continued, often setting off coal dust explosions, so casualties grew during the entire 19th century. Conditions of work were very poor, with a high casualty rate from rock falls.

Transportation

Main article: Transport during the British Industrial Revolution

See also: Productivity improving technologies (economic history) § Infrastructures

At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea. Wagonways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but canals had not yet been widely constructed. Animals supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea. The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century, with steam locomotives being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century. Improving sailing technologies boosted average sailing speed 50% between 1750 and 1830.[84]

The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.

Canals and improved waterways

Main article: History of the British canal system

The Bridgewater Canal, famous because of its commercial success, crossing the Manchester Ship Canal, one of the last canals to be built.

Before and during the Industrial Revolution navigation on several British rivers was improved by removing obstructions, straightening curves, widening and deepening and building navigation locks. Britain had over 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) of navigable rivers and streams by 1750.[2]:46

Canals and waterways allowed bulk materials to be economically transported long distances inland. This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart.[44][85]

In the UK, canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country. Known for its huge commercial success, the Bridgewater Canal in North West England, which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater. From Worsley to the rapidly growing town of Manchester its construction cost £168,000 (£22,589,130 as of 2013),[86][87] but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half.[88] This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building, known as Canal Mania.[89] New canals were hastily built in the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal, the most notable being the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively.

By the 1820s a national network was in existence. Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways. They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on. The last major canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the Manchester Ship Canal, which upon opening in 1894 was the largest ship canal in the world,[90] and opened Manchester as a port. However it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways, which were quicker and often cheaper.

Britain's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain.[citation needed]

Roads

Construction of the first macadam road in the United States (1823). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two-inch ring".[91]

France was known for having an excellent system of roads at the time of the Industrial Revolution; however, most of the roads on the European Continent and in the U.K. were in bad condition and dangerously rutted.[85][23]

Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes, but from the 1720s (and occasionally earlier) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads. Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust. New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf, Thomas Telford and most notably John McAdam, with the first 'macadamised' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate, Bristol in 1816.[92] The first macadamised road in the U.S. was the "Boonsborough Turnpike Road" between Hagerstown and Boonsboro, Maryland in 1823.[91]

The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country. Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow, broad wheeled, carts hauled by teams of horses. Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse. Stagecoaches carried the rich, and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts.

Productivity of road transport increased greatly during the Industrial Revolution and the cost of travel fell dramatically. Between 1690 and 1840 productivity almost tripled for long-distance carrying and increased four-fold in stage coaching.[93]

Railways

Main article: History of rail transport in Great Britain

Painting depicting the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned Railway Mania due to its success.

Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to wagons. This was demonstrated on an iron plate covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon, England.

"A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds, or one ton. A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment, that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration. Twelve wagons were loaded with stones, till each wagon weighed three tons, and the wagons were fastened together. A horse was then attached, which drew the wagons with ease, six miles [10 km] in two hours, having stopped four times, in order to show he had the power of starting, as well as drawing his great load."[94]

Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800, the rolling mill for making rails, and the development of the high-pressure steam engine also around 1800.

Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal. These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity, with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline. The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways (as they were then often called from the cast-iron plates used). Horse-drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs.

Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high-pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800. High-pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere, doing away with the condenser and cooling water. They were also much lighter weight and smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines. A few of these early locomotives were used in mines. Steam-hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825.[95]

The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829 Rainhill Trials, which demonstrated Robert Stephenson's successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of hot blast, which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity of the blast furnace.

On 15 September 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the first inter-city railway in the world, was opened, and was attended by Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington.[96] The railway was engineered by Joseph Locke and George Stephenson, linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool. The opening was marred by problems, due to the primitive nature of the technology being employed, however problems were gradually ironed out and the railway became highly successful, transporting passengers and freight. The success of the inter-city railway, particularly in the transport of freight and commodities, led to Railway Mania.

Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution. After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories.

Other developments

Other developments included more efficient water wheels, based on experiments conducted by the British engineer John Smeaton,[97] the beginnings of a machine industry[22][98] and the rediscovery of concrete (based on hydraulic lime mortar) by John Smeaton, which had been lost for 1,300 years.[99]

Social effects

Main article: Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution

Factory system

Main article: Factory system

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, most of the workforce was employed in agriculture, either as self-employed farmers as landowners or tenants, or as landless agricultural labourers. It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn, weave cloth and make their own clothing. Households also spun and wove for market production. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution India, China and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the Middle East produced most of the world's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods.

In Britain by the 16th century the putting-out system, by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for market in their homes, often described as cottage industry, was being practiced. Typical putting out system goods included spinning and weaving. Merchant capitalists typically provided the raw materials, paid workers by the piece, and were responsible for the sale of the goods. Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems. The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting out system.[2]:57–59

Some early spinning and weaving machinery, such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792, was affordable for cottagers.[2]:59 Later machinery such as spinning frames, spinning mules and power looms were expensive (especially if water powered), giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories.

The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children, including many orphans. They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off. It was common for women take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work. Lack of adequate transportation, long hours and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers.[41] Many workers, such as displaced farmers and agricultural workers, who had nothing but their labour to sell, became factory workers out of necessity. (See: British Agricultural Revolution, Threshing machine)

The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by Karl Marx; however, he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology.[100]

Standards of living

Some economists, such as Robert E. Lucas, Jr., say that the real effect of the Industrial Revolution was that "for the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists, even as a theoretical possibility."[10] Others, however, argue that while growth of the economy's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution, living standards for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries, and that in many ways workers' living standards declined under early capitalism: for instance, studies have shown that real wages in Britain only increased 15% between the 1780s and 1850s, and that life expectancy in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s.[11][12] Similarly, the average height of the population declined during the Industrial Revolution, implying that their nutritional status was also decreasing. Real wages were not keeping up with the price of food.[101][102]

During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.[103]

The effects on living conditions of the industrial revolution have been very controversial, and were hotly debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s.[104] A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population, that was at the bottom of the social ladder, suffered severe reductions in their living standards.[104] During 1813–1913, there was a significant increase in worker wages.[105][106]

Food and nutrition

Main article: British Agricultural Revolution

Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France, until the late 19th century. Until about 1750, in large part due to malnutrition, life expectancy in France was about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain. The United States population of the time was adequately fed, much taller on average and had life expectancy of 45–50 years although U.S. life expectancy declined by a few years by the mid 19th century. Food consumption per capita also declined during an episode known as the Antebellum Puzzle.[107]

Food supply in Great Britain was adversely affected by the Corn Laws (1815–1846). The Corn Laws, which imposed tariffs on imported grain, were enacted to keep prices high in order to benefit domestic producers. The Corn Laws were repealed in the early years of the Great Irish Famine.

The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized textiles, iron and coal, did little, if anything, to lower food prices.[78] In Britain and the Netherlands, food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices; however, population grew too, as noted by Thomas Malthus.[2][81][108][109] This condition is called the Malthusian trap, and it finally started to be overcome by transportation improvements, such as canals, improved roads and steamships.[110] Railroads and steamships were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution.[81]

Housing

The rapid population growth in the 19th century included the new industrial and manufacturing cities, as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London.[111] The critical factor was financing, which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms.[112][113] Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure. P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants.[114] People moved in so rapidly there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone, so low-income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums. Clean water, sanitation, and public health facilities were inadequate; the death rate was high, especially infant mortality, and tuberculosis among young adults. Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic. Unlike rural areas, there were no famines such as the one that devastated Ireland in the 1840s.[115][116][117]

A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions. By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the Socialist movement, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns, where people lived in crude shanties and shacks, some not completely enclosed, some with dirt floors. These shanty towns had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings. There were no sanitary facilities. Population density was extremely high.[118] However, not everyone lived in such poor conditions. The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen, clerks, foremen and engineers who lived in much better conditions.

Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new public health acts regulating things such as sewage, hygiene and home construction. In the introduction of his 1892 edition, Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved. For example, the Public Health Act 1875 led to the more sanitary byelaw terraced house.

Sanitation

In The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described how untreated sewage created awful odours and turned the rivers green in industrial cities.

In 1854 John Snow traced a cholera outbreak in Soho in London to faecal contamination of a public water well by a home cesspit. Snow's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted, but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems.

Water supply

Pre-industrial water supply relied on gravity systems and pumping of water was done by water wheels. Pipes were typically made of wood. Steam powered pumps and iron pipes allowed the widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households.[23]

Literacy and industrialization

Further information: Literacy

Modern industrialization began in England and Scotland in the 18th century, where there were relatively high levels of literacy among farmers, especially in Scotland. This permitted the recruitment of literate craftsman, skilled workers, foremen and managers who supervised the emerging textile factories and coal mines. Much of a labor was unskilled, and especially in textile mills children as young as eight proved useful in handling chores and adding to the family income. Indeed, children were taken out of school to work alongside their parents in the factories. However, by the mid-nineteenth century, unskilled labor forces were common in Western Europe, and British industry moved upscale, needing many more engineers and skilled workers who could handle technical instructions and handle complex situations. Literacy was essential to be hired.[119][120] A senior government official told Parliament in 1870:

Upon the speedy provision of elementary education depends are industrial prosperity. It is of no use trying to give technical teaching to our citizens without elementary education; uneducated labourers—and many of our labourers are utterly uneducated—are, for the most part, unskilled labourers, and if we leave our work–folk any longer unskilled, notwithstanding their strong sinews and determined energy, they will become overmatched in the competition of the world.[121]

The invention of the paper machine and the application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and pamphlet publishing, which contributed to rising literacy and demands for mass political participation.[122]

Clothing and consumer goods

Wedgwood tea and coffee service

Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils, and in the following decades, stoves for cooking and space heating. Coffee, tea, sugar, tobacco and chocolate became affordable to many in Europe. The consumer revolution in England from the early 1600s to roughly 1750 had seen a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds.[123] With improvements in transport and manufacturing technology, opportunities for buying and selling became faster and more efficient than previous. The expanding textile trade in the north of England meant the three-piece suit became affordable to the masses.[124] Founded by Josiah Wedgwood in 1759, Wedgwood fine china and porcelain tableware was starting to become a common feature on dining tables.[125] Rising prosperity and social mobility in the 18th century increased the number of people with disposable income for consumption, and the marketing of goods (of which Wedgwood was a pioneer) for individuals as opposed to items for the household started to appear, and the new status of goods as status symbols related to changes in fashion and desired for aesthetic appeal.[125]

With the rapid growth of towns and cities, shopping became an important part of everyday life. Window shopping and the purchase of goods became a cultural activity in its own right, and many exclusive shops were opened in elegant urban districts: in the Strand and Piccadilly in London, for example, and in spa towns such as Bath and Harrogate. Prosperity and expansion in manufacturing industries such as pottery and metalwares increased consumer choice dramatically. Where once labourers ate from metal platters with wooden implements, ordinary workers now dined on Wedgwood porcelain. Consumers came to demand an array of new household goods and furnishings: metal knives and forks, for example, as well as rugs, carpets, mirrors, cooking ranges, pots, pans, watches, clocks and a dizzying array of furniture. The age of mass consumption had arrived.

— “Georgian Britain, The rise of consumerism“, Dr Matthew White, British Library.[124]

Increased literacy rates, industrialisation, and the invention of railway created a new market for cheap popular literature for the masses and the ability for it to be circulated on a large scale. Penny dreadfuls were created in the 1830s to meet this demand.[126] The Guardian described penny dreadfuls as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young", and "the Victorian equivalent of video games".[127] By the 1860s and 1870s more than one million boys' periodicals were sold per week.[127] Labelled an "authorpreneur" by the Paris Review, Charles Dickens used innovations from the revolution to sell his books, such as the powerful new printing presses, enhanced advertising revenues and the expansion of railroads.[128] His first novel, The Pickwick Papers (1836), became a publishing phenomenon, with its unprecedented success sparking numerous spin-offs and merchandise ranging from Pickwick cigars, playing cards, china figurines, Sam Weller puzzles, Weller boot polish and joke books.[128] Nicholas Dames in The Atlantic writes, “Literature” is not a big enough category for Pickwick. It defined its own, a new one that we have learned to call “entertainment.”[129]

In 1861, Welsh entrepreneur Pryce Pryce-Jones formed the first mail order business, an idea which would change the nature of retail.[130] Selling Welsh flannel, he created mail order catalogues, with customers able to order by mail for the first time—this following the Uniform Penny Post in 1840 and the invention of the postage stamp (Penny Black) where there was a charge of one penny for carriage and delivery between any two places in the United Kingdom irrespective of distance—and the goods were delivered throughout the UK via the newly created railway system.[131] As the railway network expanded overseas, so did his business.[131]

Population increase

The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income.[132]

According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.[133] Improved conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 1800s.[134][135] Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.[136]

Urbanization

The Black Country in England, west of Birmingham

The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities,[137] compared to nearly 50% today (the beginning of the 21st century).[138] Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717, but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million.[139]

Effect on women and family life

Women's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women.[140][141] Taking a pessimistic side, Alice Clark argued that when capitalism arrived in 17th-century England, it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance. Clark argues that in 16th-century England, women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture. The home was a central unit of production and women played a vital role in running farms, and in some trades and landed estates. Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands. However, Clark argues, as capitalism expanded in the 17th century, there was more and more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home, and the wife reduced to unpaid household work. Middle- and upper-class women were confined to an idle domestic existence, supervising servants; lower-class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs. Capitalism, therefore, had a negative effect on powerful women.[142]

In a more positive interpretation, Ivy Pinchbeck argues that capitalism created the conditions for women's emancipation.[143] Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women, finding three stages in English history. In the pre-industrial era, production was mostly for home use and women produce much of the needs of the households. The second stage was the "family wage economy" of early industrialisation; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members, including husband, wife and older children. The third or modern stage is the "family consumer economy," in which the family is the site of consumption, and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption.[144]

Ideas of thrift and hard work characterized middle-class families as the Industrial Revolution swept Europe. These values were displayed in Samuel Smiles' book Self-Help, in which he states that the misery of the poorer classes was "voluntary and self-imposed – the results of idleness, thriftlessness, intemperance, and misconduct."[145]

Labour conditions

Social structure and working conditions

In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. As late as the year 1900, most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10-hour day (12 hours in the steel industry), yet earned from 20% to 40% less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life;[146] however, most workers in textiles, which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment, were women and children.[41] For workers of the labouring classes, industrial life "was a stony desert, which they had to make habitable by their own efforts."[147] Also, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel – child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.[148]

Factories and urbanisation

Main article: Factory system

Manchester, England ("Cottonopolis"), pictured in 1840, showing the mass of factory chimneys

Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory. The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories. Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, nicknamed "Cottonopolis", and the world's first industrial city.[149] Manchester experienced a six-times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831. Bradford grew by 50% every ten years between 1811 and 1851 and by 1851 only 50% of the population of Bradford was actually born there.[150]

In addition, between 1815 and 1939, 20 percent of Europe's population left home, pushed by poverty, a rapidly growing population, and the displacement of peasant farming and artisan manufacturing. They were pulled abroad by the enormous demand for labour overseas, the ready availability of land, and cheap transportation. Still, many did not find a satisfactory life in their new homes, leading 7 million of them to return to Europe.[151] This mass migration had large demographic effects: in 1800, less than one percent of the world population consisted of overseas Europeans and their descendants; by 1930, they represented 11 percent.[152] The Americas felt the brunt of this huge emigration, largely concentrated in the United States.

For much of the 19th century, production was done in small mills, which were typically water-powered and built to serve local needs. Later, each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler.

In other industries, the transition to factory production was not so divisive. Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers. One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen, known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills, and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement.

By 1746 an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol. Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. Josiah Wedgwood and Matthew Boulton (whose Soho Manufactory was completed in 1766) were other prominent early industrialists, who employed the factory system.

Child labour

See also: Child labour § The Industrial Revolution

A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery.[153] In Britain, laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions.

The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution, although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly.[103][154] There was still limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work. Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine, and since the industrial system was completely new, there were no experienced adult labourers. This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children.[155]

Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders,[156] 10–20% of an adult male's wage.[citation needed]

Reports were written detailing some of the abuses, particularly in the coal mines[157] and textile factories,[158] and these helped to popularise the children's plight. The public outcry, especially among the upper and middle classes, helped stir change in the young workers' welfare.

Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law but factory owners resisted; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation, and others simply welcomed the cheap labour. In 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against child labour, the Factory Acts, were passed in Britain: Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours. Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law, however, their scarcity made enforcement difficult.[citation needed] About ten years later, the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden. Although laws such as these decreased the number of child labourers, child labour remained significantly present in Europe and the United States until the 20th century.[159]

Organisation of labour

See also: Trade union § History

The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production. Skilled workers were hard to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining.

The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In Britain, the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted. One British newspaper in 1834 described unions as "the most dangerous institutions that were ever permitted to take root, under shelter of law, in any country..."[160]

In 1832, the Reform Act extended the vote in Britain but did not grant universal suffrage. That year six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s. They refused to work for less than ten shillings a week, although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six. In 1834 James Frampton, a local landowner, wrote to the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, to complain about the union, invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other, which the members of the Friendly Society had done. James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, George's brother James Loveless, George's brother in-law Thomas Standfield, and Thomas's son John Standfield were arrested, found guilty, and transported to Australia. They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs. In the 1830s and 1840s, the Chartist movement was the first large-scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice. Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration.

Working people also formed friendly societies and co-operative societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship. Enlightened industrialists, such as Robert Owen also supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class.

Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike. In 1842, a general strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain.[161]

Eventually, effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British Labour Party.

Luddites

Main article: Luddite

Luddites smashing a power loom in 1812

The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs. The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation. Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver. Many such unemployed workers, weavers, and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure.[162] The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811. The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures, using the militia or army to protect industry. Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or transported for life.[163]

Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised, such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances. Threshing machines were a particular target, and hayrick burning was a popular activity. However, the riots led to the first formation of trade unions, and further pressure for reform.

Shift in production's center of gravity

The traditional centers of hand textile production such as India, parts of the Middle East and later China could not withstand the competition from machine-made textiles, which over a period of decades destroyed the hand made textile industries and left millions of people without work, many of whom starved.[41]

The Industrial Revolution also generated an enormous and unprecedented economic division in the world, as measured by the share of manufacturing output.

Share of total world manufacturing output (percentage)[164]17501800186018801900
Europe | 23.2 | 28.1 | 53.2 | 61.3 | 62.0
United States | 0.1 | 0.8 | 7.2 | 14.7 | 23.6
Japan | 3.8 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.4
Rest of the world | 73.0 | 67.7 | 36.6 | 20.9 | 11.0

Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery

Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton; previously, it had primarily been consumed in subtropical regions where it was grown, with little raw cotton available for export. Consequently, prices of raw cotton rose. Some cotton had been grown in the West Indies, particularly in Hispaniola, but Haitian cotton production was halted by the Haitian Revolution in 1791. The invention of the cotton gin in 1792 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable, leading to the widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil. In 1791 world cotton production was estimated to be 490,000,000 pounds with U.S. production accounting to 2,000,000 pounds. By 1800, U.S. production was 35,000,000 pounds, of which 17,790,000 were exported. In 1945 the U.S. produced seven-eights of the 1,169,600,000 pounds of world production.[22]:150

The Americas, particularly the U.S., had labour shortages and high priced labour, which made slavery attractive. America's cotton plantations were highly efficient and profitable, and able to keep up with demand.[165] The U.S. Civil War created a "cotton famine" that led to increased production in other areas of the world, including new colonies in Africa.

Effect on environment

Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution, sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century.

The origins of the environmental movement lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste.[166] The first large-scale, modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain's Alkali Acts, passed in 1863, to regulate the deleterious air pollution (gaseous hydrochloric acid) given off by the Leblanc process, used to produce soda ash. An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution. The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded, culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke, grit, dust and fumes under supervision.

The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812–1820. The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers. The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits. They usually lost and modified the worst practices. The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish. Finally, Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity.[167] The industry reached the US around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits.[168]

In industrial cities local experts and reformers, especially after 1890, took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution, and initiating grass-roots movements to demand and achieve reforms.[169] Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution. The Coal Smoke Abatement Society was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental NGOs. It was founded by artist Sir William Blake Richmond, frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke. Although there were earlier pieces of legislation, the Public Health Act 1875 required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke. It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke. The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions, such as soot, ash, and gritty particles and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations.[170]

Nations and nationalism

In his 1983 book Nations and Nationalism, philosopher Ernest Gellner argues that the industrial revolution and economic modernization spurred the creation of nations.[171]

Industrialisation beyond Great Britain

Continental Europe

The Industrial Revolution in Continental Europe came later than in Great Britain. It started in Belgium and France, then spread to the German states by the middle of the 19th century. In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places. Typically the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities. By 1809, part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of Britain. Most European governments provided state funding to the new industries. In some cases (such as iron), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted.[172][173]

Austria-Hungary

Main article: Economy of Austria-Hungary

The Habsburg realms which became Austria-Hungary in 1867 included 23 million inhabitants in 1800, growing to 36 million by 1870. Nationally the per capita rate of industrial growth averaged about 3% between 1818 and 1870. However, there were strong regional differences. The railway system was built in the 1850-1873 period. Before they arrived transportation was very slow and expensive. In the Alpine and Bohemian (modern-day Czech Republic) regions, proto-industrialization began by 1750 and became the center of the first phases of the industrial revolution after 1800. The textile industry was the main factor, utilizing mechanization, steam engines, and the factory system. In the Czech lands, the "first mechanical loom followed in Varnsdorf in 1801,"[174] with the first steam engines appearing in Bohemia and Moravia just a few years later. The textile production flourished particularly in Prague[175] and Brno (German: Brünn), which was considered the 'Moravian Manchester'.[176] The Czech lands, especially Bohemia, became the center of industrialization due to its natural and human resources. The iron industry had developed in the Alpine regions after 1750, with smaller centers in Bohemia and Moravia. Hungary—the eastern half of the Dual Monarchy, was heavily rural with little industry before 1870.[177]

In 1791 Prague organized the first World's Fair/List of world's fairs, Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic). The first industrial exhibition was on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as a king of Bohemia, which took place in Clementinum, and therefore celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the Czech lands during that time period.[178]

Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.76% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).[179] However, in a comparison with Germany and Britain: the Austro-Hungarian economy as a whole still lagged considerably, as sustained modernization had begun much later.[180]

Belgium

Belgium was the second country in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe: Wallonia (French-speaking southern Belgium) took the lead. Starting in the middle of the 1820s, and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830, numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around Liège and Charleroi. The leader was a transplanted Englishman John Cockerill. His factories at Seraing integrated all stages of production, from engineering to the supply of raw materials, as early as 1825.[181][182]

Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion. Thanks to coal (the French word "houille" was coined in Wallonia),[183] the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain. But it is also pointed out by many researchers, with its Sillon industriel, 'Especially in the Haine, Sambre and Meuse valleys, between the Borinage and Liège...there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making...'.[184] Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830: "It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain."[185] "The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth-making town of Ghent."[186] Professor Michel De Coster stated: "The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world, in proportion to its population and its territory [...] But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal-mines, the blast furnaces, the iron and zinc factories, the wool industry, the glass industry, the weapons industry... were concentrated."[187] Many of the 19th century coal mines in Wallonia are now protected as World Heritage sites[188]

Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong Socialist party and strong trade-unions in a particular sociological landscape. At the left, the Sillon industriel, which runs from Mons in the west, to Verviers in the east (except part of North Flanders, in another period of the industrial revolution, after 1920). Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain, the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different. In 'Breaking stereotypes', Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say:

The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one, but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium. During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres [...] at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region (Flanders), with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent, remained one of the most urbanised in the world. By comparison, this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia, barely 10 per cent in most West European countries, 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in Britain. Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure, except in Ghent....Also, in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process, even though the proportion of city-dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910. Especially in the Haine, Sambre and Meuse valleys, between the Borinage and Liège, where there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making, urbanisation was fast. During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred, concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region. Nevertheless, industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres, but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal-mine or a factory. Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than, for instance, the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows.[189]

France

Main article: Economic history of France

The industrial revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries. Notably, most French historians argue France did not go through a clear take-off.[190] Instead, France's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries. However, some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy-Leboyer:

French Revolution and Napoleonic wars (1789–1815),

industrialisation, along with Britain (1815–1860),

economic slowdown (1860–1905),

renewal of the growth after 1905.

Germany

Main article: Economic history of Germany

Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories, Germany, which was unified in 1871, became dominant in the world's chemical industry in the late 19th century. At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical.[191]

Germany's political disunity—with three dozen states—and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines linked the major cities; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Lacking a technological base at first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain, but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain's. However, German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialisation, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and pulled ahead of France.[192]

Sweden

Main article: Economic history of Sweden

During the period 1790–1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements: an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates, new crops and farming tools and a commercialisation of farming, and a protoindustrialisation, with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter. This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s. Between 1815 and 1850, the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries. This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in Bergslagen, textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden and forestry in Norrland. Several important institutional changes took place in this period, such as free and mandatory schooling introduced in 1842 (as the first country in the world), the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846, and a stock company law in 1848.[193]

From 1850 to 1890, Sweden experienced its "first" Industrial Revolution with a veritable explosion in export, dominated by crops, wood and steel. Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873. Large infrastructural investments were made during this period, mainly in the expanding rail road network, which was financed in part by the government and in part by private enterprises.[194] From 1890 to 1930, new industries developed with their focus on the domestic market: mechanical engineering, power utilities, papermaking and textile.

Japan

Main articles: Meiji Restoration and Economic history of Japan

The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West. The government built railroads, improved roads, and inaugurated a land reform programme to prepare the country for further development. It inaugurated a new Western-based education system for all young people, sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe, and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan).

In 1871, a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the United States to learn western ways. The result was a deliberate state-led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up. The Bank of Japan, founded in 1882,[195] used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories. Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west.

Modern industry first appeared in textiles, including cotton and especially silk, which was based in home workshops in rural areas.[196]

United States

Main articles: American system of manufacturing, Interchangeable parts, Economic history of the United States, Technological and industrial history of the United States, and Industrial Revolution in the United States

See also: History of Lowell, Massachusetts

Slater's Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise, the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy.[197] The building of roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period.[198][199]

Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts, the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US. The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century.

Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill in the mid-1780s that used control mechanisms and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until flour was discharged into a wagon. This is considered to be the first modern materials handling system an important advance in the progress toward mass production.[39]

The United States originally used horse-powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling, but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s. As a result, industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States, which has fast-moving rivers. The newer water-powered production lines proved more economical than horse-drawn production. In the late 19th century steam-powered manufacturing overtook water-powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest.

Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the largest cotton mill of its era,[200] and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future. This mill was designed to use horse power, but the operators quickly learned that the horse-drawn platform was economically unstable, and had economic losses for years. Despite the losses, the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation, both in turning a large amount of cotton, but also developing the water-powered milling structure used in Slater's Mill.[201]

In 1793, Samuel Slater (1768–1835) founded the Slater Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in Derbyshire, England, and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789, hoping to make money with his knowledge. After founding Slater's Mill, he went on to own 13 textile mills.[202] Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1809, the third woollen mill established in the US (The first was in Hartford, Connecticut, and the second at Watertown, Massachusetts.) The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of "America's Hardest-Working River', the Blackstone. The Blackstone River and its tributaries, which cover more than 70 kilometres (45 mi) from Worcester, Massachusetts to Providence, Rhode Island, was the birthplace of America's Industrial Revolution. At its peak over 1,100 mills operated in this valley, including Slater's mill, and with it the earliest beginnings of America's Industrial and Technological Development.

Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell from Newburyport, Massachusetts memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810. Realising that the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America, on his return to the United States, he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company. Lowell and his partners built America's second cotton-to-cloth textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory. After his death in 1817, his associates built America's first planned factory town, which they named after him. This enterprise was capitalised in a public stock offering, one of the first uses of it in the United States. Lowell, Massachusetts, using nine kilometres (5
+1⁄2 miles) of canals and 7,500 kilowatts (10,000 horsepower) delivered by the Merrimack River, is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution. The short-lived utopia-like Waltham-Lowell system was formed, as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain. However, by 1850, especially following the Great Famine of Ireland, the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour.

A major U.S. contribution to industrialisation was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal. Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms. The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory. Techniques for precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in proper position, jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy. The milling machine, a fundamental machine tool, is believed to have been invented by Eli Whitney, who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program. Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe, invented by Thomas Blanchard. The Blanchard lathe, or pattern tracing lathe, was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks. The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardised and interchangeable parts became known as the American system of manufacturing.[39]

Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanised the shoe industry.[203] and the watch industry. The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the Waltham Watch Company, with the development of machine tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches.

Second Industrial Revolution

Main article: Second Industrial Revolution

Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany, 1868

Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a "Second Industrial Revolution", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality.[44][204] Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century.

Sir Henry Bessemer's Bessemer converter, the most important technique for making steel from the 1850s to the 1950s. Located in Sheffield (Steel City)

This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the chemical industries, petroleum (refining and distribution), and, in the 20th century, the automotive industry, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany.

The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation.

A new revolution began with electricity and electrification in the electrical industries. The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal-deprived northern Italy, beginning in the 1890s.

By the 1890s, industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests, as companies like U.S. Steel, General Electric, Standard Oil and Bayer AG joined the railroad and ship companies on the world's stock markets.

Causes

Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution.

The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate. Geographic factors include Britain's vast mineral resources. In addition to metal ores, Britain had the highest quality coal reserves known at the time, as well as abundant water power, highly productive agriculture, and numerous seaports and navigable waterways.[59]

Some historians believe the Industrial Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century, although feudalism began to break down after the Black Death of the mid 14th century, followed by other epidemics, until the population reached a low in the 14th century. This created labour shortages and led to falling food prices and a peak in real wages around 1500, after which population growth began reducing wages. Inflation caused by coinage debasement after 1540 followed by precious metals supply increasing from the Americas caused land rents (often long-term leases that transferred to heirs on death) to fall in real terms.[205]

The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the farmers who could no longer be self-sufficient in agriculture into cottage industry, for example weaving, and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories.[206] The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors, as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century.[207] A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth, thereby encouraging economic development.[208]

Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine.[209] However, recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional, supply-oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution.[210]

Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the Early Middle Ages, much earlier than most estimates.[211] He explains that the model for standardised mass production was the printing press and that "the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock". He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time-keeping, as well as the fact that medieval cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later, more physical, manifestations such as the steam engine.

The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them.[212] Internal tariffs were abolished by Henry VIII of England, they survived in Russia until 1753, 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain.

Governments' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system (the Statute of Monopolies in 1623) is considered an influential factor. The effects of patents, both good and ill, on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine, the key enabling technology. In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines, thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development. However, monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance, or even overbalance, the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors.[213] Watt's monopoly prevented other inventors, such as Richard Trevithick, William Murdoch, or Jonathan Hornblower, whom Boulton and Watt sued, from introducing improved steam engines, thereby retarding the spread of steam power.[214][215]

Causes in Europe

Main article: Great Divergence

Interior of the London Coal Exchange, c. 1808.
European 17th-century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported and enabled 18th-century industrial growth.

One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century, particularly China, India, and the Middle East (which pioneered in shipbuilding, textile production, water mills, and much more in the period between 750 and 1100[216]), or at other times like in Classical Antiquity[217] or the Middle Ages.[218] A recent account argued that Europeans have been characterized for thousands of years by a freedom-loving culture originating from the aristocratic societies of early Indo-European invaders.[219] Many historians, however, have challenged this explanation as being not only Eurocentric, but also ignoring historical context. In fact, before the Industrial Revolution, "there existed something of a global economic parity between the most advanced regions in the world economy."[220] These historians have suggested a number of other factors, including education, technological changes[221] (see Scientific Revolution in Europe), "modern" government, "modern" work attitudes, ecology, and culture.[222]

China was the world's most technologically advanced country for many centuries; however, China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the Age of Discovery, by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners. China was also a totalitarian society. China also heavily taxed transported goods.[223][224] Modern estimates of per capita income in Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in purchasing power parity (and Britain had a per capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars[225]) whereas China, by comparison, had only 450 dollars. India was essentially feudal, politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe.[226]

Historians such as David Landes and sociologists Max Weber and Rodney Stark credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred.[227][228] The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of Judaeo-Christianity and Greek thought. Conversely, Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius, Mencius, Han Feizi (Legalism), Lao Tzu (Taoism), and Buddha (Buddhism), resulting in very different worldviews.[229] Other factors include the considerable distance of China's coal deposits, though large, from its cities as well as the then unnavigable Yellow River that connects these deposits to the sea.[230]

Regarding India, the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said: "The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in Britain."[231] In contrast to China, India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the Mughal Empire, with the major ones in its aftermath including the Marathas, Sikhs, Bengal Subah, and Kingdom of Mysore. In addition, the economy was highly dependent on two sectors—agriculture of subsistence and cotton, and there appears to have been little technical innovation. It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by monarchs prior to the British take over.[citation needed]

Economic historian Joel Mokyr argued that political fragmentation (the presence of a large number of European states) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive, as entrepreneurs, innovators, ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities. This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced, large unitary empires such as China and India[contradictory] by providing "an insurance against economic and technological stagnation".[232] China had both a printing press and movable type, and India had similar levels of scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700, yet the Industrial Revolution would occur in Europe, not China or India. In Europe, political fragmentation was coupled with an "integrated market for ideas" where Europe's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin, had a shared intellectual basis in Europe's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters.[233]

In addition, Europe's monarchs desperately needed revenue, pushing them into alliances with their merchant classes. Small groups of merchants were granted monopolies and tax-collecting responsibilities in exchange for payments to the state. Located in a region "at the hub of the largest and most varied network of exchange in history,"[234] Europe advanced as the leader of the Industrial Revolution. In the Americas, Europeans found a windfall of silver, timber, fish, and maize, leading historian Peter Stearns to conclude that "Europe's Industrial Revolution stemmed in great part from Europe's ability to draw disproportionately on world resources."[235]

Modern capitalism originated in the Italian city-states around the end of the first millennium. The city-states were prosperous cities that were independent from feudal lords. They were largely republics whose governments were typically composed of merchants, manufacturers, members of guilds, bankers and financiers. The Italian city-states built a network of branch banks in leading western European cities and introduced double entry bookkeeping. Italian commerce was supported by schools that taught numeracy in financial calculations through abacus schools.[228]

Causes in Britain

As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies.

Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the Industrial Revolution.[236] Key factors fostering this environment were:

The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland[2]

There were no internal trade barriers, including between England and Scotland, or feudal tolls and tariffs, making Britain the "largest coherent market in Europe"[2]:46

The rule of law (enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts)[2]

A straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint-stock companies (corporations)[2]

Free market (capitalism)[2]

Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and Britain had the highest quality coal in Europe. Britain also had a large number of sites for water power.[2]

"An unprecedented explosion of new ideas, and new technological inventions, transformed our use of energy, creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country. Roads, railways and canals were built. Great cities appeared. Scores of factories and mills sprang up. Our landscape would never be the same again. It was a revolution that transformed not only the country, but the world itself."

– British historian Jeremy Black on the BBC's Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here.[125]

There were two main values that really drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain. These values were self-interest and an entrepreneurial spirit. Because of these interests, many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a consumer revolution.[125] These advancements also greatly benefitted the British society as a whole. Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions.[237]

The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that Great Britain had over other countries. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment. However, it has been pointed out that slave trade and West Indian plantations provided only 5% of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution.[238] Even though slavery accounted for so little, Caribbean-based demand accounted for 12% of Britain's industrial output.[239]

William Bell Scott Iron and Coal, 1855–60

Instead, the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies, particularly China and Russia. Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse, and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size (European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy[240]). Britain's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods. The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain's geographical position—an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe.

William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe, 1716, Sir James Thornhill. Enthroned in heaven with the Virtues behind them are the royals William III and Mary II who had taken the throne after the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689. William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where, unlike Britain, absolute monarchy stayed the normal form of power execution. Below William is the French king Louis XIV.[241]

Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed. It had a dense population for its small geographical size. Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available. There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England, the English Midlands, South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and water power resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry. Also, the damp, mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton, providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry.

The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688 following the Glorious Revolution, and British society's greater receptiveness to change (compared with other European countries) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution. Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement, and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism.[242] (This point is also made in Hilaire Belloc's The Servile State.)

The French philosopher Voltaire wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society, Letters on the English (1733), noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country's less religiously tolerant European neighbours. "Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London, a place more venerable than many courts of justice, where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind. There the Jew, the Mahometan [Muslim], and the Christian transact together, as though they all professed the same religion, and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts. There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist, and the Churchman depends on the Quaker's word. If one religion only were allowed in England, the Government would very possibly become arbitrary; if there were but two, the people would cut one another's throats; but as there are such a multitude, they all live happy and in peace."[243]

Britain's population grew 280% 1550–1820, while the rest of Western Europe grew 50–80%. Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750–1800. By 1800, only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain. This was only possible because coal, coke, imported cotton, brick and slate had replaced wood, charcoal, flax, peat and thatch. The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not. Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse's work was mechanised. A workhorse needs 1.2 to 2.0 ha (3 to 5 acres) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy.

In 1700, five-sixths of the coal mined worldwide was in Britain, while the Netherlands had none; so despite having Europe's best transport, lowest taxes, and most urbanised, well-paid, and literate population, it failed to industrialise. In the 18th century, it was the only European country whose cities and population shrank. Without coal, Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s.[244] Based on science and experimentation from the continent, the steam engine was developed specifically for pumping water out of mines, many of which in Britain had been mined to below the water table. Although extremely inefficient they were economical because they used unsaleable coal.[245] Iron rails were developed to transport coal, which was a major economic sector in Britain.

Economic historian Robert Allen has argued that high wages, cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur.[246] These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development, and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies.[246] However, two 2018 studies in The Economic History Review showed that wages were not particularly high in the British spinning sector or the construction sector, casting doubt on Allen's explanation.[247][248]

Transfer of knowledge

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A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery (c. 1766). Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances

Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means. Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached. A common method was for someone to make a study tour, gathering information where he could. During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before, all European countries and America engaged in study-touring; some nations, like Sweden and France, even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy. In other countries, notably Britain and America, this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods. Study tours were common then, as now, as was the keeping of travel diaries. Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods.

Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies, like the Lunar Society of Birmingham, in which members met to discuss 'natural philosophy' (i.e. science) and often its application to manufacturing. The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809, and it has been said of them, "They were, if you like, the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions, the Industrial Revolution".[249] Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions. For example, the London-based Royal Society of Arts published an illustrated volume of new inventions, as well as papers about them in its annual Transactions.

There were publications describing technology. Encyclopaedias such as Harris's Lexicon Technicum (1704) and Abraham Rees's Cyclopaedia (1802–1819) contain much of value. Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution, very well illustrated by fine engravings. Foreign printed sources such as the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers and Diderot's Encyclopédie explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates.

Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century, and many regularly included notice of the latest patents. Foreign periodicals, such as the Annales des Mines, published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours.

Protestant work ethic

Main article: Protestant work ethic

Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress, technology and hard work.[250] The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic (see Max Weber) and the particular status of the Baptists and the dissenting Protestant sects, such as the Quakers and Presbyterians that had flourished with the English Civil War. Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures.[251]

Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices, as well as education at England's only two universities at the time (although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland's four universities). When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican Church became mandatory due to the Test Act, they thereupon became active in banking, manufacturing and education. The Unitarians, in particular, were very involved in education, by running Dissenting Academies, where, in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow, much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences – areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies.

Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with the nature of the national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government, they were considered fellow Protestants, to a limited extent, by many in the middle class, such as traditional financiers or other businessmen. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century.

Criticisms

The Industrial revolution has been criticised for complete ecological collapse, causing mental illness, pollution and unnatural systems of organizing for humanity. Since the start of the industrial revolution people have criticised it by stating the Industrial Revolution turned humanity and nature into slaves and destroying the world.[252][253] It has also been criticised by valuing profits and corporate growth over life and wellbeing, multiple movements have arose philosophically against the Industrial revolution and include groups such as the Amish and Primitivism.[254]

Individualism humanism and industrial slavery

Main articles: Humanism and Individualism

Humanists, and individualists criticise the Industrial revolution for turning humans into Industrial slaves, that humans lack autonomy in a modern industrialised world. Critics of the Industrial revolution state that humanity is perpetually controlled by technology and commanded by technology such as the computer mandated work, and that any individual freedom is destroyed by industrialisation.

Primitivism

Main articles: Pre-industrial society, Anarcho-primitivism, and Primitivism

A primitive lifetyle living outside the Industrial Revoultion

Primitivism argues that the Industrial Revolution have created an un-natural frame of society and the world in which humans need to adapt to an un-natural urban landscape in which humans are perpetual cogs without personal autonomy.

Certain primitivists[according to whom?] argue for a return to pre-industrial society, while others[according to whom?] argue that technology such as modern medicine, and agriculture[disambiguation needed] are all positive for humanity assuming they controlled and serve humanity and have no effect on the natural environment.

Pollution and ecological collapse

Main article: Ecological collapse

A dog forced to eat trash due to pollution, the Industrial revolution has forced animals into harsh environments most are unable to survive in, leading to starvation and eventual extinction

The Industrial revolution has been criticised for leading to immense ecological and habitat destruction, certain studies state that over 95% of species have gone extinct since humanity became the dominant species on earth. It has also led to immense decrease in the biodiversity of life on earth. The Industrial revolution has been stated as is inherently unsustainable and will lead to eventual collapse of society, mass hunger, starvation, and resource scarcity.[255]

The Anthropocene

The Anthropocene is a proposed epoch or mass extinction coming from humanity (Anthro is the Greek root for humanity). Since the start of the Industrial revolution humanity has permanently changed the earth, such as immense decrease in biodiversity, and mass extinction caused by the Industrial revolution. The effects include permanent changes to the earth's atmosphere and soil, forests, the mass destruction of the Industrial revolution has led to catastrophic impacts on the earth. Most organisms are unable to adapt leading to mass extinction with the remaining undergoing evolutionary rescue, as a result of the Industrial revolution.

Permanent changes in the distribution of organisms from human influence will become identifiable in the geologic record. Researchers have documented the movement of many species into regions formerly too cold for them, often at rates faster than initially expected.[256] This has occurred in part as a result of changing climate, but also in response to farming and fishing, and to the accidental introduction of non-native species to new areas through global travel.[257] The ecosystem of the entire Black Sea may have changed during the last 2000 years as a result of nutrient and silica input from eroding deforested lands along the Danube River.[258]

Opposition from Romanticism

Main article: Romanticism

During the Industrial Revolution, an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed, associated with the Romantic movement. Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialization, urbanization and the wretchedness of the working classes.[259] Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. The movement stressed the importance of "nature" in art and language, in contrast to "monstrous" machines and factories; the "Dark satanic mills" of Blake's poem "And did those feet in ancient time".[260] Mary Shelley's Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two-edged. French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry.[261]

See also

General

Automation

Capitalist mode of production

Carboniferous period

Chinese industrialization

Deindustrialization

Digital Revolution

Division of labour

Dual revolution

Economic history of the United Kingdom

Fourth Industrial Revolution

History of capitalism

Hydraulics

Industrial Age

Industrial society

Information revolution

Laissez-faire

Law of the handicap of a head start – Dialectics of progress

Machine Age

Petroleum Revolution

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Science and invention in Birmingham

Steam

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution, a good description of the early industrial revolution

Footnotes

1. ^ A transnational corporation differs from a traditional multinational corporation in that it does not identify itself with one national home. While traditional multinational corporations are national companies with foreign subsidiaries, transnational corporations spread out their operations in many countries sustaining high levels of local responsiveness. An example of a transnational corporation is the Royal Dutch Shell corporation whose headquarters may be in The Hague (Netherlands) but its registered office and main executive body is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. Another example of a transnational corporation is Nestlé who employ senior executives from many countries and try to make decisions from a global perspective rather than from one centralized headquarters. While the VOC established its main administrative center, as the second headquarters, in Batavia (Dutch East Indies, 1610–1800), the company's global headquarters was in Amsterdam (Dutch Republic). Also, the company had important operations elsewhere.

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Further reading

Ashton, Thomas S. (1948). "The Industrial Revolution (1760–1830)". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017.

Artzrouni, Marc (1990). "Mathematical Investigations of the Escape from the Malthusian Trap". Mathematical Population Studies. 2 (4): 269–87. doi:10.1080/08898489009525313. PMID 12283330.

Berlanstein, Lenard R., ed. (1992). The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe. London and New York: Routledge.

Bernstein, Peter L. (1998). Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk (Reprint ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 135–193. ISBN 978-0471295631.

Chambliss, William J. (editor), Problems of Industrial Society, Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, 1973. ISBN 978-0-201-00958-3

Chernow, Ron (2004). Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143034759. online

Cipolla, Carlo M. The Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 3: The Industrial Revolution (1973)

Cipolla, Carlo M. The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of industrial societies vol 4 part 1 (1973) covers France, Germany, Britain, Habsburg Empire (Austria), Italy, and Low Countries. online

Cipolla, Carlo M. The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of industrial societies (1973) vol 4 part 2 covers topics online

Clapham, J.H. (1930) An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820–1850 (2nd ed. 1930) online

Clapham, J.H. The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815–1914 (1921) online, a famous classic, filled with details.

Clark, Gregory (2007). A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12135-2.

Crafts, Nicholas. "The first industrial revolution: Resolving the slow growth/rapid industrialization paradox." Journal of the European Economic Association 3.2-3 (2005): 525–534. online

Craig, John (1953). The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–316. ASIN B0000CIHG7.

Daunton, M.J. (1995). "Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700–1850". Oxford University Press.

Davies, Glyn (1997) [1994]. A History of Money: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Reprint ed.). Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 283–353, 464–485. ISBN 978-0708313510.

Dunham, Arthur Louis (1955). "The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815–1848". New York: Exposition Press.

Gatrell, Peter (2004). "Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution". The Economic History Review. 57 (4): 794. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_21.x.

Green, Constance Mclaughlin. (1939) Holyoke Massachusetts A Case History Of The Industrial Revolution In America online

Griffin, Emma (2010). Short History of the British Industrial Revolution. Palgrave.

Greenspan, Alan; Wooldridge, Adrian (2018). Capitalism in America: A History. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 29–59. ISBN 978-0735222441.

Haber, Ludwig Fritz (1958). The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century: A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America.

Haber, Ludwig Fritz (1971). The Chemical Industry: 1900–1930: International Growth and Technological Change.

Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-08198-6.

Jacob, Margaret C. (1997). "Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West". Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kindleberger, Charles Poor (1993). A Financial History of Western Europe. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-507738-4.

Kisch, Herbert (1989). "From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts". Oxford University Press.

Kornblith, Gary. The Industrial Revolution in America (1997)

Kynaston, David (2017). Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 50–142. ISBN 978-1408868560.

Landes, David S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge; New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-09418-4.

Maddison, Angus (2003). "The World Economy: Historical Statistics". Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Mantoux, Paul (1961) [1928]. The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century (First English translation 1928 ed.).

Martin, Frederick (1876). The History of Lloyd's and of Marine Insurance in Great Britain. London: Macmillan and Company. pp. 161–374. ISBN 978-0341781240.

McGraw, Thomas K. (2012). The Founders of Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674066922.

McNeil, Ian, ed. (1990). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14792-7.

Milward, Alan S. and S.B. Saul. The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914 (1977)

Milward, Alan S. and S.B. Saul. The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870 (1973)

Mokyr, Joel (1999). "The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective". Missing or empty |url= (help)

Olson, James S. Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America (2001)

Pollard, Sidney (1981). "Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760–1970". Oxford University Press.

Rappleye, Charles (2010). Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1416570912.

Rider, Christine, ed. Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1920 (2 vol. 2007)

Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916). English and American Tool Builders. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. LCCN 16011753.. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (LCCN 27-24075); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7).

Smelser, Neil J. (1959). "Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry". University of Chicago Press.

Staley, David J. ed. Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology (3 vol 2011), 2000pp

Stearns, Peter N. (1998). "The Industrial Revolution in World History". Westview Press.

Smil, Vaclav (1994). "Energy in World History". Westview Press.

Snooks, G.D. (2000). "Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary?". London: Routledge.

Szostak, Rick (1991). "The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France". Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

Timbs, John (1860). Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts: A Book for Old and Young. Harper & Brothers.

Toynbee, Arnold (1884). Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England. ISBN 978-1-4191-2952-0. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.

Uglow, Jenny (2002). "The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730–1810". London: Faber and Faber.

Usher, Abbott Payson (1920). "An Introduction to the Industrial History of England". University of Michigan Press.

‌Zmolek, Michael Andrew. Rethinking the industrial revolution: five centuries of transition from agrarian to industrial capitalism in England (2013)

Historiography

Cannadine, David. "The Present and the Past in the English Industrial Revolution 1880-1980". Past & Present, no. 103, (1984), pp. 131–172. online

Hawke, Gary. "Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution" in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault, eds. The Industrial Revolution and British Society (1993) pp. 54–78

McCloskey, Deirdre (2004). "Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson)". Times Higher Education Supplement. 15 (January). Retrieved 12 February 2016.

More, Charles (2000). "Understanding the Industrial Revolution". London: Routledge.

Wrigley, E. Anthony. "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49.01 (2018): 9–42.

External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Industrial revolution. | Wikiquote has quotations related to: Industrial Revolution | Wikiversity quiz on this Industrial Revolution article

Industrial Revolution at Curlie

Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution

BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution

National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities

Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution – Articles, Video, Pictures, and Facts

"The Day the World Took Off" Six-part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."

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WikipediaFra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædiSpring til navigationSpring til søgningWikipediaWikipediaURL-adresse	https://www.wikipedia.orgSidens type	Wiki, Non-profitSprog	287 forskelligeRegistrering	Ikke påkrævetEjer(e)	Wikimedia FoundationSkabt af	Jimbo Wales, Larry SangerLanceret	15. januar 2001Slogan	The free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.Indtægter	Donationer[vis]SkærmbilledevdrConfusion colour.svg Ikke at forveksle med asteroiden (274301) WikipediaWikipedia monument. Słubice, Polen 2014.Wikipedia er en internetencyklopædi, der forekommer i flere sprogversioner, udelukkende med frit indhold og ingen reklamer (selvom donationer accepteres), baseret på et åbent samarbejde igennem en model, hvor brugere kan redigere ved hjælp af internet-baserede applikationer som webbrowsere, kaldet wiki. Det er det største og mest populære generelle referenceværk på internettet,[1][2][3] og i april 2019 var det blandt de mest populære hjemmesider ifølge Alexa rangeringsystem.[4] Wikipedia ejes og drives af Wikimedia Foundation, en almennyttig organisation der drives ved hjælp af donationer for at kunne være uafhængig.[5][6][7][8]Wikipedia blev lanceret den 15. januar 2001 af Jimmy Wales og Larry Sanger.[9] Sanger fandt på navnet,[10] [11] som en portmanteau af wiki (det hawaiianske ord for "hurtig"[12]) og "encyclopedia". Oprindeligt var det udelukkende en engelsksproget encyklopædi, men andre sprogversioner blev hurtigt udviklet.Pr. tirsdag den 10. august 2021 har den engelsksprogede Wikipedia 6.354.214 artikler, 120.632 aktive bidragydere og 1.086 administratorer.[13] Det er dermed den sprogversion af Wikipedia med flest artikler. Tilsammen har de over 300 sprogversioner af hjemmesiden mere end 40 millioner artikler på 301 forskellige sprog[14] og i februar 2014 nåede siden 18 milliarder sidevisninger og næsten 500 millioner unikke besøgende om måneden.[15]I 2005 udgav Nature en artikel, hvor 42 artikler om forskellige videnskabelige emner blev sammenlignet fra Encyclopædia Britannica og Wikipedia, hvor man fandt, at Wikipedias niveau af præcision og rigtighed nærmede sig Britannicas,[16] selvom kritikere har foreslået, at hvis man havde udvalgt en tilfældig gruppe blandt alle artikler eller havde fokuseret på samfundsvidenskab eller omstridte sociale problemer.[17][18] Det efterfølgende år skrev Time magazine at den åbne dørs politik tillod at hvem som helst kunne redigere, og at det gjorde det til den bedste encyklopædi i verden, og det hyldede Jimmy Wales' vision.[19]Wikipedia er blevet kritiseret for at udvise systematisk bias, for at fremstille en blanding af "sandheder, halve sandheder og nogle løgne",[20] og for at være genstand for manipulation og spin i forbindelse med kontroversielle emner.[21] I 2017 annoncerede Facebook at siden ville hjælpe læsere med at detektere fake news ved at foreslå links til relaterede Wikipedia-artikler. YouTube annoncerede lignende planer i 2018.[22]Den danske udgave blev påbegyndt den 1. februar 2002. Den danske Wikipedia har 268.483 artikler pr. 10. august 2021.Indholdsfortegnelse1	Bærende principper2	Software og hardware3	Mobil adgang til Wikipedia4	Brugerhierarki5	Popularitet6	Kilder/referencer7	Eksterne henvisningerBærende principperDe tre bærende principper på Wikipedia, der tilsammen definerer dens niche på World Wide Web er:Den er, eller sigter på at blive, primært en encyklopædi.Den er en wiki, det vil sige den kan redigeres af hvem som helst.Den er med åbent indhold under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported.Wikipedia støttes af Richard M. Stallman og Free Software Foundation. Stallman påpegede brugbarheden af en "fri universel encyklopædi" før Wikipedia blev startet.Software og hardwareNogle Wikipedia-servere i Florida, USAOprindeligt startede Wikipedia med at køre på UseModWiki, skrevet af Clifford Adams.Den 26. januar 2002 skiftede den engelske Wikipedia program fra UseModWiki til PHP og MySQL.Den 25. september 2002 skiftede den danske Wikipedia over til samme program.Projektet kører på mange dedikerede servere, der er placeret i Florida, USA og tre andre steder i verden. Disse servere er ansvarlige for Wikipedia på alle sprog og for postlisterne. Wikipedia modtager mellem 2000-7000 sidevisninger per sekund. Over 200 servere er blevet sat op for i fællesskab at kunne håndtere den enorme mængde trafik.Mobil adgang til WikipediaMobile enheder kan tilgå de mobile udgaver af Wikipedia. Den første mobile udgave formateret til WAP (wapedia.mobi) har eksisteret siden 2004 – og siden 2009 til andre mobile enheder inkl. iPod, Android-enheder, og Kindle (da.m.wikipedia.org og en.m.wikipedia.org).BrugerhierarkiAlle der er koblet til Internettet kan læse og skrive i Wikipedias artikler. Bidrag angives med IP-adressen. Personer der har lyst til at bidrage med mere, kan oprette sig som brugere. Dette er gratis og har en del fordele – primært overskuelighed. Enkelte kontroversielle artikler kan være semibeskyttet; dvs. låst for bidrag fra IP-adresser. Alle kan bekæmpe vandalisme og brugere der er blevet erfarne indenfor wikiprocedurerne kan vælges til administratorer. Administratorer kan slette artikler, blokere brugere og beskytte artikler. Der er p.t. 24 administratorer på den danske WikipediaSe også	Se også: Wikipedia:Administratorer.Brugere oprettes som administratorer af bureaukrater (Bureaucrats) der også kan ændre brugernavne.Se også	Se også: Wikipedia:Bureaukrater.Administratorer kan få taget deres rettigheder, hvis de udøver magtmisbrug. Det gøres af forvaltere (Stewards). Forvaltere vælges en gang om året ved demokratiske afstemninger.Se også	Se også: meta:Stewards.Wikipedias styrke er blandt andet at udnytte diverse brugeres evner. Nogle ved en masse om et emne, men formulerer sig dårligt. Andre aner intet om emnet, men kan rette stavefejl, tegnsætning o.lign. Nogle brugere har kæpheste, som at bekæmpe dåsedansk og patruljerer da.wikipedia.org regelmæssigt.Erfarne brugere kan wikificere nye brugeres bidrag – indsætte hyperlinks, billeder, links til andre sprog, kategorier mm.PopularitetSammenlignet med andre sites på dansk er den danske Wikipedia godt besøgt og lå december 2013 på en 20. plads.[23] I november 2013 var der omkring 40,4 millioner sidevisninger, eller 56.000 sidevisninger i timen.[24]Sammenlignet med andre sites besøgt fra Danmark, er Wikipedia (alle sprogversioner medtaget) også godt besøgt og lå december 2013 på en 6. plads.[25]Den danske Wikipedia er ikke repræsenteret på FDIMs statistik (viser kun sites under .dk), men hvad sidevisninger angår, lå dansk Wikipedia i oktober 2013 mellem 12. og 13.-pladsen, mellem politiken.dk og jp.dk [26]Kilder/referencer^ Bill Tancer (1. maj 2007). "Look Who's Using Wikipedia". Time. Hentet 1. december 2007. The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the US, Wikipedia is No. 1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category. Cf. Bill Tancer (Global Manager, Hitwise), "Wikipedia, Search and School Homework" Arkiveret 25. marts 2012 hos Wayback Machine, Hitwise, March 1, 2007.^ Alex Woodson (8. juli 2007). "Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news". Reuters. Hentet 16. december 2007. Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.^ "comScore MMX Ranks Top 50 US Web Properties for August 2012". comScore. 12. september 2012. Hentet 6. februar 2013.^ "Wikipedia.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors". www.alexa.com (engelsk). Hentet 9. oktober 2018.^ Dewey, Caitlin (2. december 2015). "Wikipedia has a ton of money. So why is it begging you to donate yours?". The Washington Post. Hentet 10. april 2019.^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights – BBC News". BBC. 10. maj 2010. Hentet 28. juni 2016.^ Vogel, Peter S. (10. oktober 2012). "The Mysterious Workings of Wikis: Who Owns What?". Ecommerce Times. Hentet 28. juni 2016.^ Mullin, Joe (10. januar 2014). "Wikimedia Foundation employee ousted over paid editing". Ars Technica. Hentet 28. juni 2016.^ Shin, Annys (5. januar 2017). "Wikipedia was born in 2001. And the world got a bit truthier.". The Washington Post. Hentet 22. marts 2019.^ Mike Miliard (1. marts 2008). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?". Salt Lake City Weekly. Hentet 18. december 2008.^ Sidener, Jonathan (9. oktober 2006). "Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Arkiveret fra originalen 11. november 2016. Hentet 5. maj 2009.^ "Wiki". Hawaiian Dictionary (Revised and enlarged udgave). University of Hawaii Press. 1986.^ List of Wikipedias (engelsk)^ "Wikipedia cofounder Jimmy Wales on 60 Minutes". CBS News. Hentet 6. april 2015.^ Cohen, Noam (9. februar 2014). "Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen". The New York Times.^ Jim Giles (december 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head". Nature. 438 (7070): 900-901. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..900G. PMID 16355180. doi:10.1038/438900a.(abonnement nødvendigt) Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:"Wikipedia survives research test". BBC News. 15. december 2005.^ Reagle, pp. 165–166.^ Orlowski, Andrew (16. december 2005). "Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though". The Register. Hentet 25. februar 2019.^ "The 2006 Time 100". Time. 8. maj 2006. Hentet 11. november 2017.^ Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010) Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge Arkiveret 9. september 2016 hos Wayback Machine, History News Network Retrieved October 21, 2014^ J. Petrilli, Michael (Spring 2008/Vol. 8, No. 2) Wikipedia or Wickedpedia? Arkiveret 21. november 2016 hos Wayback Machine, Education Next Retrieved October 22, 2014^ Cohen, Noam (7. april 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet". The Washington Post. Arkiveret fra originalen 14. juni 2018.^ alexa.com: Top Sites. Sites in this category and its subcategories ordered by popularity. Top > World > Dansk (august 2009 lå da.wikipedia.org med mere end 183.000 artikler på en 20. plads)^ stats.wikimedia.org^ alexa.com: Top Sites in Denmark. The top 100 sites in Denmark (I december 2013 lå wikipedia.org på en 6. plads)^ fdim.dk: ToplistenEksterne henvisningerCommons-logo.svgWikimedia Commons har medier relateret til:WikipediaWikipedias flersproglige forsideJo Brand (2007). "Verden i følge Wikipedia forandrer sig fra dag til dag.". Bibliotekspressen. 3: 10-14.ted.com: Talks Jimmy Wales: How a ragtag band created WikipediaVideo om brug af Wikipedia fra Crash Course

# data[].attributes.subject
WikipediaFra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædiSpring til navigationSpring til søgningWikipediaWikipediaURL-adresse	https://www.wikipedia.orgSidens type	Wiki, Non-profitSprog	287 forskelligeRegistrering	Ikke påkrævetEjer(e)	Wikimedia FoundationSkabt af	Jimbo Wales, Larry SangerLanceret	15. januar 2001Slogan	The free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.Indtægter	Donationer[vis]SkærmbilledevdrConfusion colour.svg Ikke at forveksle med asteroiden (274301) WikipediaWikipedia monument. Słubice, Polen 2014.Wikipedia er en internetencyklopædi, der forekommer i flere sprogversioner, udelukkende med frit indhold og ingen reklamer (selvom donationer accepteres), baseret på et åbent samarbejde igennem en model, hvor brugere kan redigere ved hjælp af internet-baserede applikationer som webbrowsere, kaldet wiki. Det er det største og mest populære generelle referenceværk på internettet,[1][2][3] og i april 2019 var det blandt de mest populære hjemmesider ifølge Alexa rangeringsystem.[4] Wikipedia ejes og drives af Wikimedia Foundation, en almennyttig organisation der drives ved hjælp af donationer for at kunne være uafhængig.[5][6][7][8]Wikipedia blev lanceret den 15. januar 2001 af Jimmy Wales og Larry Sanger.[9] Sanger fandt på navnet,[10] [11] som en portmanteau af wiki (det hawaiianske ord for "hurtig"[12]) og "encyclopedia". Oprindeligt var det udelukkende en engelsksproget encyklopædi, men andre sprogversioner blev hurtigt udviklet.Pr. tirsdag den 10. august 2021 har den engelsksprogede Wikipedia 6.354.214 artikler, 120.632 aktive bidragydere og 1.086 administratorer.[13] Det er dermed den sprogversion af Wikipedia med flest artikler. Tilsammen har de over 300 sprogversioner af hjemmesiden mere end 40 millioner artikler på 301 forskellige sprog[14] og i februar 2014 nåede siden 18 milliarder sidevisninger og næsten 500 millioner unikke besøgende om måneden.[15]I 2005 udgav Nature en artikel, hvor 42 artikler om forskellige videnskabelige emner blev sammenlignet fra Encyclopædia Britannica og Wikipedia, hvor man fandt, at Wikipedias niveau af præcision og rigtighed nærmede sig Britannicas,[16] selvom kritikere har foreslået, at hvis man havde udvalgt en tilfældig gruppe blandt alle artikler eller havde fokuseret på samfundsvidenskab eller omstridte sociale problemer.[17][18] Det efterfølgende år skrev Time magazine at den åbne dørs politik tillod at hvem som helst kunne redigere, og at det gjorde det til den bedste encyklopædi i verden, og det hyldede Jimmy Wales' vision.[19]Wikipedia er blevet kritiseret for at udvise systematisk bias, for at fremstille en blanding af "sandheder, halve sandheder og nogle løgne",[20] og for at være genstand for manipulation og spin i forbindelse med kontroversielle emner.[21] I 2017 annoncerede Facebook at siden ville hjælpe læsere med at detektere fake news ved at foreslå links til relaterede Wikipedia-artikler. YouTube annoncerede lignende planer i 2018.[22]Den danske udgave blev påbegyndt den 1. februar 2002. Den danske Wikipedia har 268.483 artikler pr. 10. august 2021.Indholdsfortegnelse1	Bærende principper2	Software og hardware3	Mobil adgang til Wikipedia4	Brugerhierarki5	Popularitet6	Kilder/referencer7	Eksterne henvisningerBærende principperDe tre bærende principper på Wikipedia, der tilsammen definerer dens niche på World Wide Web er:Den er, eller sigter på at blive, primært en encyklopædi.Den er en wiki, det vil sige den kan redigeres af hvem som helst.Den er med åbent indhold under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported.Wikipedia støttes af Richard M. Stallman og Free Software Foundation. Stallman påpegede brugbarheden af en "fri universel encyklopædi" før Wikipedia blev startet.Software og hardwareNogle Wikipedia-servere i Florida, USAOprindeligt startede Wikipedia med at køre på UseModWiki, skrevet af Clifford Adams.Den 26. januar 2002 skiftede den engelske Wikipedia program fra UseModWiki til PHP og MySQL.Den 25. september 2002 skiftede den danske Wikipedia over til samme program.Projektet kører på mange dedikerede servere, der er placeret i Florida, USA og tre andre steder i verden. Disse servere er ansvarlige for Wikipedia på alle sprog og for postlisterne. Wikipedia modtager mellem 2000-7000 sidevisninger per sekund. Over 200 servere er blevet sat op for i fællesskab at kunne håndtere den enorme mængde trafik.Mobil adgang til WikipediaMobile enheder kan tilgå de mobile udgaver af Wikipedia. Den første mobile udgave formateret til WAP (wapedia.mobi) har eksisteret siden 2004 – og siden 2009 til andre mobile enheder inkl. iPod, Android-enheder, og Kindle (da.m.wikipedia.org og en.m.wikipedia.org).BrugerhierarkiAlle der er koblet til Internettet kan læse og skrive i Wikipedias artikler. Bidrag angives med IP-adressen. Personer der har lyst til at bidrage med mere, kan oprette sig som brugere. Dette er gratis og har en del fordele – primært overskuelighed. Enkelte kontroversielle artikler kan være semibeskyttet; dvs. låst for bidrag fra IP-adresser. Alle kan bekæmpe vandalisme og brugere der er blevet erfarne indenfor wikiprocedurerne kan vælges til administratorer. Administratorer kan slette artikler, blokere brugere og beskytte artikler. Der er p.t. 24 administratorer på den danske WikipediaSe også	Se også: Wikipedia:Administratorer.Brugere oprettes som administratorer af bureaukrater (Bureaucrats) der også kan ændre brugernavne.Se også	Se også: Wikipedia:Bureaukrater.Administratorer kan få taget deres rettigheder, hvis de udøver magtmisbrug. Det gøres af forvaltere (Stewards). Forvaltere vælges en gang om året ved demokratiske afstemninger.Se også	Se også: meta:Stewards.Wikipedias styrke er blandt andet at udnytte diverse brugeres evner. Nogle ved en masse om et emne, men formulerer sig dårligt. Andre aner intet om emnet, men kan rette stavefejl, tegnsætning o.lign. Nogle brugere har kæpheste, som at bekæmpe dåsedansk og patruljerer da.wikipedia.org regelmæssigt.Erfarne brugere kan wikificere nye brugeres bidrag – indsætte hyperlinks, billeder, links til andre sprog, kategorier mm.PopularitetSammenlignet med andre sites på dansk er den danske Wikipedia godt besøgt og lå december 2013 på en 20. plads.[23] I november 2013 var der omkring 40,4 millioner sidevisninger, eller 56.000 sidevisninger i timen.[24]Sammenlignet med andre sites besøgt fra Danmark, er Wikipedia (alle sprogversioner medtaget) også godt besøgt og lå december 2013 på en 6. plads.[25]Den danske Wikipedia er ikke repræsenteret på FDIMs statistik (viser kun sites under .dk), men hvad sidevisninger angår, lå dansk Wikipedia i oktober 2013 mellem 12. og 13.-pladsen, mellem politiken.dk og jp.dk [26]Kilder/referencer^ Bill Tancer (1. maj 2007). "Look Who's Using Wikipedia". Time. Hentet 1. december 2007. The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the US, Wikipedia is No. 1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category. Cf. Bill Tancer (Global Manager, Hitwise), "Wikipedia, Search and School Homework" Arkiveret 25. marts 2012 hos Wayback Machine, Hitwise, March 1, 2007.^ Alex Woodson (8. juli 2007). "Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news". Reuters. Hentet 16. december 2007. Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.^ "comScore MMX Ranks Top 50 US Web Properties for August 2012". comScore. 12. september 2012. Hentet 6. februar 2013.^ "Wikipedia.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors". www.alexa.com (engelsk). Hentet 9. oktober 2018.^ Dewey, Caitlin (2. december 2015). "Wikipedia has a ton of money. So why is it begging you to donate yours?". The Washington Post. Hentet 10. april 2019.^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights – BBC News". BBC. 10. maj 2010. Hentet 28. juni 2016.^ Vogel, Peter S. (10. oktober 2012). "The Mysterious Workings of Wikis: Who Owns What?". Ecommerce Times. Hentet 28. juni 2016.^ Mullin, Joe (10. januar 2014). "Wikimedia Foundation employee ousted over paid editing". Ars Technica. Hentet 28. juni 2016.^ Shin, Annys (5. januar 2017). "Wikipedia was born in 2001. And the world got a bit truthier.". The Washington Post. Hentet 22. marts 2019.^ Mike Miliard (1. marts 2008). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?". Salt Lake City Weekly. Hentet 18. december 2008.^ Sidener, Jonathan (9. oktober 2006). "Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Arkiveret fra originalen 11. november 2016. Hentet 5. maj 2009.^ "Wiki". Hawaiian Dictionary (Revised and enlarged udgave). University of Hawaii Press. 1986.^ List of Wikipedias (engelsk)^ "Wikipedia cofounder Jimmy Wales on 60 Minutes". CBS News. Hentet 6. april 2015.^ Cohen, Noam (9. februar 2014). "Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen". The New York Times.^ Jim Giles (december 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head". Nature. 438 (7070): 900-901. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..900G. PMID 16355180. doi:10.1038/438900a.(abonnement nødvendigt) Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:"Wikipedia survives research test". BBC News. 15. december 2005.^ Reagle, pp. 165–166.^ Orlowski, Andrew (16. december 2005). "Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though". The Register. Hentet 25. februar 2019.^ "The 2006 Time 100". Time. 8. maj 2006. Hentet 11. november 2017.^ Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010) Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge Arkiveret 9. september 2016 hos Wayback Machine, History News Network Retrieved October 21, 2014^ J. Petrilli, Michael (Spring 2008/Vol. 8, No. 2) Wikipedia or Wickedpedia? Arkiveret 21. november 2016 hos Wayback Machine, Education Next Retrieved October 22, 2014^ Cohen, Noam (7. april 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet". The Washington Post. Arkiveret fra originalen 14. juni 2018.^ alexa.com: Top Sites. Sites in this category and its subcategories ordered by popularity. Top > World > Dansk (august 2009 lå da.wikipedia.org med mere end 183.000 artikler på en 20. plads)^ stats.wikimedia.org^ alexa.com: Top Sites in Denmark. The top 100 sites in Denmark (I december 2013 lå wikipedia.org på en 6. plads)^ fdim.dk: ToplistenEksterne henvisningerCommons-logo.svgWikimedia Commons har medier relateret til:WikipediaWikipedias flersproglige forsideJo Brand (2007). "Verden i følge Wikipedia forandrer sig fra dag til dag.". Bibliotekspressen. 3: 10-14.ted.com: Talks Jimmy Wales: How a ragtag band created WikipediaVideo om brug af Wikipedia fra Crash Course

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Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure.[1][2] An example of this range of meanings is that the love of a mother differs from the love of a spouse, which differs from the love of food. Most commonly, love refers to a feeling of strong attraction and emotional attachment.[3]

Love is considered to be both positive and negative, with its virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection, as "the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another" and its vice representing human moral flaw, akin to vanity, selfishness, amour-propre, and egotism, as potentially leading people into a type of mania, obsessiveness or codependency.[4][5] It may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, one's self or animals.[6] In its various forms, love acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.[7] Love has been postulated to be a function that keeps human beings together against menaces and to facilitate the continuation of the species.[8]

Ancient Greek philosophers identified six forms of love: essentially, familial love (in Greek, Storge), friendly love or platonic love (Philia), romantic love (Eros), self-love (Philautia), guest love (Xenia) and divine love (Agape). Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of love: unrequited love, empty love, companionate love, consummate love, infatuated love, self-love, and courtly love. Numerous cultures have also distinguished Ren, Yuanfen, Mamihlapinatapai, Cafuné, Kama, Bhakti, Mettā, Ishq, Chesed, Amore, Charity, Saudade (and other variants or symbioses of these states), as culturally unique words, definitions, or expressions of love in regards to a specified "moments" currently lacking in the English language.[9][10][11]

Scientific research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades. The color wheel theory of love defines three primary, three secondary and nine tertiary love styles, describing them in terms of the traditional color wheel. The triangular theory of love suggests "intimacy, passion and commitment" are core components of love. Love has additional religious or spiritual meaning. This diversity of uses and meanings combined with the complexity of the feelings involved makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, compared to other emotional states.

Contents

1Definitions

2Impersonal

3Interpersonal

3.1Biological basis

3.2Psychological basis

3.3Evolutionary basis

3.4Adaptive benefit

3.5Comparison of scientific models

4Cultural views

4.1Ancient Greek

4.2Ancient Roman (Latin)

4.3Chinese and other Sinic

4.4Japanese

4.5Indian

4.6Persian

5Religious views

5.1Abrahamic

5.2Indian

6Political views

6.1Free love

7Philosophical views

8See also

9References

10Sources

11Further reading

12External links

Definitions

Romeo and Juliet, depicted as they part on the balcony in Act III, 1867 by Ford Madox Brown

The word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as "love"; one example is the plurality of Greek words for "love" which includes agape and eros.[12] Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus doubly impede the establishment of a universal definition.[13]

Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't love (antonyms of "love"). Love as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like) is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy). As a less-sexual and more-emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust. As an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with friendship, although the word love is often applied to close friendships or platonic love. (Further possible ambiguities come with usages "girlfriend", "boyfriend", "just good friends").

Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250–900 AD, of Huastec origin). Museum of Anthropology in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

Abstractly discussed, love usually refers to an experience one person feels for another. Love often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing (cf. vulnerability and care theory of love), including oneself (cf. narcissism). In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.[14]

The complex and abstract nature of love often reduces discourse of love to a thought-terminating cliché. Several common proverbs regard love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love". St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as "to will the good of another."[15] Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to relative value.[citation needed] Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."[16] Meher Baba stated that in love there is a "feeling of unity" and an "active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love."[17] Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as "unconditional selflessness".[18]

Impersonal

People can be said to love an object, principle, or goal to which they are deeply committed and greatly value. For example, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be born not of interpersonal love but impersonal love, altruism, and strong spiritual or political convictions.[19] People can also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia.[20] A common principle that people say they love is life itself.

Interpersonal

Relationships
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Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a much more potent sentiment than a simple liking for a person. Unrequited love refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with Interpersonal relationships.[19] Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as erotomania. Throughout history, philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the 20th century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding the concept of love.

Biological basis

Main article: Biological basis of love

Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hunger or thirst.[21] Helen Fisher, an anthropologist and human behavior researcher, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust is the feeling of sexual desire; romantic attraction determines what partners mates find attractive and pursue, conserving time and energy by choosing; and attachment involves sharing a home, parental duties, mutual defense, and in humans involves feelings of safety and security.[22] Three distinct neural circuitries, including neurotransmitters, and three behavioral patterns, are associated with these three romantic styles.[22]

Pair of Lovers. 1480–1485

Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including the neurotransmitter hormones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, the same compounds released by amphetamine, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.[23]

Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin to a greater degree than short-term relationships have.[23] Enzo Emanuele and coworkers reported the protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these return to previous levels after one year.[24]

Psychological basis

Further information: Human bonding

Grandmother and grandchild in Sri Lanka

Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. Non-love does not include any of these components. Liking only includes intimacy. Infatuated love only includes passion. Empty love only includes commitment. Romantic love includes both intimacy and passion. Companionate love includes intimacy and commitment. Fatuous love includes passion and commitment. Lastly, consummate love includes all three components.[25] American psychologist Zick Rubin sought to define love by psychometrics in the 1970s. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.[26][27]

Following developments in electrical theories such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract". Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.[28] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities. Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another," and simple narcissism.[29] In combination, love is an activity, not simply a feeling.

Psychologist Erich Fromm maintained in his book The Art of Loving that love is not merely a feeling but is also actions, and that in fact, the "feeling" of love is superficial in comparison to one's commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time.[19] In this sense, Fromm held that love is ultimately not a feeling at all, but rather is a commitment to, and adherence to, loving actions towards another, oneself, or many others, over a sustained duration.[19] Fromm also described love as a conscious choice that in its early stages might originate as an involuntary feeling, but which then later no longer depends on those feelings, but rather depends only on conscious commitment.[19]

Evolutionary basis

Wall of Love on Montmartre in Paris: "I love you" in 250 languages, by calligraphist Fédéric Baron and artist Claire Kito (2000)

Evolutionary psychology has attempted to provide various reasons for love as a survival tool. Humans are dependent on parental help for a large portion of their lifespans compared to other mammals. Love has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote parental support of children for this extended time period. Furthermore, researchers as early as Charles Darwin himself identified unique features of human love compared to other mammals and credit love as a major factor for creating social support systems that enabled the development and expansion of the human species.[30] Another factor may be that sexually transmitted diseases can cause, among other effects, permanently reduced fertility, injury to the fetus, and increase complications during childbirth. This would favor monogamous relationships over polygamy.[31]

Adaptive benefit

Interpersonal love between a male and a female is considered to provide an evolutionary adaptive benefit since it facilitates mating and sexual reproduction.[32] However, some organisms can reproduce asexually without mating. Thus understanding of the adaptive benefit of interpersonal love depends on understanding the adaptive benefit of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction. Michod[32] has reviewed evidence that love, and consequently sexual reproduction, provides two major adaptive advantages. First, love leading to sexual reproduction facilitates repair of damages in the DNA that is passed from parent to progeny (during meiosis, a key stage of the sexual process). Second, a gene in either parent may contain a harmful mutation, but in the progeny produced by sex reproduction, expression of a harmful mutation introduced by one parent is likely to be masked by expression of the unaffected homologous gene from the other parent.[32]

Comparison of scientific models

Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, similar to hunger or thirst.[21] Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. Certainly, love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin), neurotrophins (such as NGF), and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love: sexual attraction and attachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal.

Cultural views

Ancient Greek

See also: Greek words for love

Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by Lysippus depicting Eros, the Greek personification of romantic love

Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word "love" is used. Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love: kinship or familiarity (in Greek, storge), friendship and/or platonic desire (philia), sexual and/or romantic desire (eros), and self-emptying or divine love (agape).[33][34] Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love.[35] However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo having the same meaning as phileo.

Agape (ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern-day Greek. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. It generally refers to a "pure," ideal type of love, rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated as "love of the soul."[36]

Eros (ἔρως érōs) (from the Greek deity Eros) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word erota means in love. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "love of the body".[36]

Philia (φιλία philía), a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept addressed and developed by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics Book VIII.[37] It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean "love of the mind."

Storge (στοργή storgē) is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.

Xenia (ξενία xenía), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology—in particular, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.

Ancient Roman (Latin)

The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word "love." amō is the basic verb meaning I love, with the infinitive amare ("to love") as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans—a lover, amator, "professional lover," often with the accessory notion of lechery—and amica, "girlfriend" in the English sense, often being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is amor (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the City, Rome—in Latin: Roma—can be viewed as an anagram for amor, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times),[38] which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces amicus—"friend"—and amicitia, "friendship" (often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "influence"). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.

Latin sometimes uses amāre where English would simply say to like. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by the terms placere or delectāre, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus. Diligere often has the notion "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning of "diligence" or "carefulness," and has little semantic overlap with the verb. Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, observantia, often denote "esteem" or "affection." Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable love"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.

Chinese and other Sinic

愛 (Mandarin: ài), the traditional Chinese character for love contains a heart (心) in the middle.

Two philosophical underpinnings of love exist in the Chinese tradition, one from Confucianism which emphasized actions and duty while the other came from Mohism which championed a universal love. A core concept to Confucianism is 仁 (Ren, "benevolent love"), which focuses on duty, action and attitude in a relationship rather than love itself. In Confucianism, one displays benevolent love by performing actions such as filial piety from children, kindness from parents, loyalty to the king and so forth.

The concept of 愛 (Mandarin: ài) was developed by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (兼愛, jiān'ài). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation; not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai (愛) was adopted to refer to a passionate, caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment.

In Mandarin Chinese, 愛 (ài) is often used as the equivalent of the Western concept of love. 愛 (ài) is used as both a verb (e.g. 我愛你, Wǒ ài nǐ, or "I love you") and a noun (such as 愛情 àiqíng, or "romantic love"). However, due to the influence of Confucian 仁 (rén), the phrase 我愛你 (Wǒ ài nǐ, I love you) carries with it a very specific sense of responsibility, commitment and loyalty. Instead of frequently saying "I love you" as in some Western societies, the Chinese are more likely to express feelings of affection in a more casual way. Consequently, "I like you" (我喜欢你, Wǒ xǐhuan nǐ) is a more common way of expressing affection in Mandarin; it is more playful and less serious.[39] This is also true in Japanese (suki da, 好きだ).

Japanese

The Japanese language uses three words to convey the English equivalent of "love". Because "love" covers a wide range of emotions and behavioral phenomena, there are nuances distinguishing the three terms.[40][41] The term ai (愛), which is often associated with maternal love[40] or selfless love,[41] originally referred to beauty and was often used in religious context. Following the Meiji Restoration 1868, the term became associated with "love" in order to translate Western literature. Prior to Western influence, the term koi (恋 or 孤悲) generally represented romantic love, and was often the subject of the popular Man'yōshū Japanese poetry collection.[40] Koi describes a longing for a member of the opposite sex and is typically interpreted as selfish and wanting.[41] The term's origins come from the concept of lonely solitude as a result of separation from a loved one. Though modern usage of koi focuses on sexual love and infatuation, the Manyō used the term to cover a wider range of situations, including tenderness, benevolence, and material desire.[40] The third term, ren'ai (恋愛), is a more modern construction that combines the kanji characters for both ai and koi, though its usage more closely resembles that of koi in the form of romantic love.[40][41]

Indian

The love stories of the Hindu deities Krishna and Radha have influenced the Indian culture and arts. Above: Radha Madhavam by Raja Ravi Varma.

In contemporary literature, the Sanskrit words for love is "sneha". Other terms such as Priya refers to innocent love, Prema refers to spiritual love, and Kama refers usually to sexual desire.[42][43] However, the term also refers to any sensory enjoyment, emotional attraction and aesthetic pleasure such as from arts, dance, music, painting, sculpture and nature.[44][45]

The concept of kama is found in some of the earliest known verses in Vedas. For example, Book 10 of Rig Veda describes the creation of the universe from nothing by the great heat. There in hymn 129, it states:

कामस्तदग्रे समवर्तताधि मनसो रेतः परथमं यदासीत |
सतो बन्धुमसति निरविन्दन हर्दि परतीष्याकवयो मनीषा ||[46]

Thereafter rose Desire in the beginning, Desire the primal seed and germ of Spirit,
Sages who searched with their heart's thought discovered the existent's kinship in the non-existent.

— Rig Veda, ~ 15th century BC[47]

Persian

The children of Adam are limbs of one body
Having been created of one essence.
When the calamity of time afflicts one limb
The other limbs cannot remain at rest.
If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others
You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man".

Sa'di, Gulistan

Rumi, Hafiz and Sa'di are icons of the passion and love that the Persian culture and language present.[citation needed] The Persian word for love is Ishq, which is derived from Arabic language; however, it is considered by most to be too stalwart a term for interpersonal love and is more commonly substituted for "doost dashtan" ("liking").[citation needed] In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by love and all is for love, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life.[citation needed]

Religious views

Main article: Religious views on love

Abrahamic

Robert Indiana's 1977 Love sculpture spelling ahava

Judaism

See also: Jewish views on love

In Hebrew, אהבה (ahava) is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love between God and God's creations. Chesed, often translated as loving-kindness, is used to describe many forms of love between human beings.

The commandment to love other people is given in the Torah, which states, "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus 19:18). The Torah's commandment to love God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5) is taken by the Mishnah (a central text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). Rabbinic literature differs as to how this love can be developed, e.g., by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature.

As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9). Rabbi David Wolpe writes that "...love is not only about the feelings of the lover...It is when one person believes in another person and shows it." He further states that "...love...is a feeling that expresses itself in action. What we really feel is reflected in what we do."[48] The biblical book Song of Solomon is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading, reads like a love song. The 20th-century rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, Vol. 1).

Christianity

Love and not a one-way street in romanticism

The Christian understanding is that love comes from God. The love of man and woman—eros in Greek—and the unselfish love of others (agape), are often contrasted as "descending" and "ascending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.[49]

There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles.

Agape: In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.[36]

Phileo: Also used in the New Testament, phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love."

Two other words for love in the Greek language, eros (sexual love) and storge (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Testament.[36]

Christians believe that to Love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Love your neighbor as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of the Jewish Torah, according to Jesus; cf. Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 28–34). Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt."

The Apostle Paul glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poetic interpretation in 1 Corinthians, he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres." (1 Cor. 13:4–7, NIV)

The Apostle John wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him." (John 3:16–17, NIV) John also wrote, "Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love." (1 John 4:7–8, NIV)

Saint Augustine says that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, "I was in love with love." Finally, he does fall in love and is loved back, by God. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as "jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention." According to Saint Augustine, to love God is "to attain the peace which is yours." (Saint Augustine's Confessions)

Augustine regards the duplex commandment of love in Matthew 22 as the heart of Christian faith and the interpretation of the Bible. After the review of Christian doctrine, Augustine treats the problem of love in terms of use and enjoyment until the end of Book I of De Doctrina Christiana (1.22.21–1.40.44;).[50]

Christian theologians see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Influential Christian theologian C. S. Lewis wrote a book called The Four Loves. Benedict XVI named his first encyclical God is love. He said that a human being, created in the image of God, who is love, is able to practice love; to give himself to God and others (agape) and by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation (eros). This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such as Teresa of Calcutta and the Blessed Virgin Mary and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them.[49]

Pope Francis taught that "True love is both loving and letting oneself be loved...what is important in love is not our loving, but allowing ourselves to be loved by God."[51] And so, in the analysis of a Catholic theologian, for Pope Francis, "the key to love...is not our activity. It is the activity of the greatest, and the source, of all the powers in the universe: God's."[52]

In Christianity the practical definition of love is summarised by St. Thomas Aquinas, who defined love as "to will the good of another," or to desire for another to succeed.[15] This is an explanation of the Christian need to love others, including their enemies. As Thomas Aquinas explains, Christian love is motivated by the need to see others succeed in life, to be good people.

Regarding love for enemies, Jesus is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew chapter five:

"You have heard that it was said, 'Love your neighbor and hate your enemy.' But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that? Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect." – Matthew 5: 43–48.

Do not forget to love with forgiveness, Christ saved an adulterous woman from those who would stone her. A world of wronged hypocrites needs forgiving love. Mosaic Law would hold Deuteronomy 22:22-24 "If a man is found lying with a woman married to a husband, then both of them shall die—the man that lay with the woman, and the woman; so you shall put away the evil from Israel. If a young woman who is a virgin is betrothed to a husband, and a man finds her in the city and lies with her, then you shall bring them both out to the gate of that city, and you shall stone them to death with stones, the young woman because she did not cry out in the city, and the man because he humbled his neighbor's wife; so you shall put away the evil from among you."[53][circular reference]

Tertullian wrote regarding love for enemies: "Our individual, extraordinary, and perfect goodness consists in loving our enemies. To love one's friends is common practice, to love one's enemies only among Christians."[54]

Islam

In Islam, one of the 99 names of God is Al-Wadūd, which means "The Loving"

Love encompasses the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold faith. Amongst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud, or "the Loving One," which is found in Surah [Quran 11:90] as well as Surah [Quran 85:14]. God is also referenced at the beginning of every chapter in the Qur'an as Ar-Rahman and Ar-Rahim, or the "Most Compassionate" and the "Most Merciful", indicating that nobody is more loving, compassionate and benevolent than God. The Qur'an refers to God as being "full of loving kindness."

The Qur'an exhorts Muslim believers to treat all people, those who have not persecuted them, with birr or "deep kindness" as stated in Surah [Quran 6:8-9]. Birr is also used by the Qur'an in describing the love and kindness that children must show to their parents.

Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism in the Islamic tradition. Practitioners of Sufism believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at himself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love.[55] God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms, which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved, with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through love, humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their love of God; hence, the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music.

Bahá'í Faith

In his Paris Talks, `Abdu'l-Bahá described four types of love: the love that flows from God to human beings; the love that flows from human beings to God; the love of God towards the Self or Identity of God; and the love of human beings for human beings.[56]

Indian

Buddhism

In Buddhism, Kāma is sensuous, sexual love. It is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, since it is selfish. Karuṇā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment. Adveṣa and mettā are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare.

The Bodhisattva ideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish, altruistic love for all sentient beings.

Hinduism

Main articles: Kama and Kama Sutra

Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure.[1][2] An example of this range of meanings is that the love of a mother differs from the love of a spouse, which differs from the love of food. Most commonly, love refers to a feeling of strong attraction and emotional attachment.[3]

Love is considered to be both positive and negative, with its virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection, as "the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another" and its vice representing human moral flaw, akin to vanity, selfishness, amour-propre, and egotism, as potentially leading people into a type of mania, obsessiveness or codependency.[4][5] It may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, one's self or animals.[6] In its various forms, love acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.[7] Love has been postulated to be a function that keeps human beings together against menaces and to facilitate the continuation of the species.[8]

Ancient Greek philosophers identified six forms of love: essentially, familial love (in Greek, Storge), friendly love or platonic love (Philia), romantic love (Eros), self-love (Philautia), guest love (Xenia) and divine love (Agape). Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of love: unrequited love, empty love, companionate love, consummate love, infatuated love, self-love, and courtly love. Numerous cultures have also distinguished Ren, Yuanfen, Mamihlapinatapai, Cafuné, Kama, Bhakti, Mettā, Ishq, Chesed, Amore, Charity, Saudade (and other variants or symbioses of these states), as culturally unique words, definitions, or expressions of love in regards to a specified "moments" currently lacking in the English language.[9][10][11]

Scientific research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades. The color wheel theory of love defines three primary, three secondary and nine tertiary love styles, describing them in terms of the traditional color wheel. The triangular theory of love suggests "intimacy, passion and commitment" are core components of love. Love has additional religious or spiritual meaning. This diversity of uses and meanings combined with the complexity of the feelings involved makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, compared to other emotional states.

Contents

1Definitions

2Impersonal

3Interpersonal

3.1Biological basis

3.2Psychological basis

3.3Evolutionary basis

3.4Adaptive benefit

3.5Comparison of scientific models

4Cultural views

4.1Ancient Greek

4.2Ancient Roman (Latin)

4.3Chinese and other Sinic

4.4Japanese

4.5Indian

4.6Persian

5Religious views

5.1Abrahamic

5.2Indian

6Political views

6.1Free love

7Philosophical views

8See also

9References

10Sources

11Further reading

12External links

Definitions

Romeo and Juliet, depicted as they part on the balcony in Act III, 1867 by Ford Madox Brown

The word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as "love"; one example is the plurality of Greek words for "love" which includes agape and eros.[12] Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus doubly impede the establishment of a universal definition.[13]

Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't love (antonyms of "love"). Love as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like) is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy). As a less-sexual and more-emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust. As an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with friendship, although the word love is often applied to close friendships or platonic love. (Further possible ambiguities come with usages "girlfriend", "boyfriend", "just good friends").

Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250–900 AD, of Huastec origin). Museum of Anthropology in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

Abstractly discussed, love usually refers to an experience one person feels for another. Love often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing (cf. vulnerability and care theory of love), including oneself (cf. narcissism). In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.[14]

The complex and abstract nature of love often reduces discourse of love to a thought-terminating cliché. Several common proverbs regard love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love". St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as "to will the good of another."[15] Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to relative value.[citation needed] Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."[16] Meher Baba stated that in love there is a "feeling of unity" and an "active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love."[17] Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as "unconditional selflessness".[18]

Impersonal

People can be said to love an object, principle, or goal to which they are deeply committed and greatly value. For example, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be born not of interpersonal love but impersonal love, altruism, and strong spiritual or political convictions.[19] People can also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia.[20] A common principle that people say they love is life itself.

Interpersonal

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Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a much more potent sentiment than a simple liking for a person. Unrequited love refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with Interpersonal relationships.[19] Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as erotomania. Throughout history, philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the 20th century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding the concept of love.

Biological basis

Main article: Biological basis of love

Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hunger or thirst.[21] Helen Fisher, an anthropologist and human behavior researcher, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust is the feeling of sexual desire; romantic attraction determines what partners mates find attractive and pursue, conserving time and energy by choosing; and attachment involves sharing a home, parental duties, mutual defense, and in humans involves feelings of safety and security.[22] Three distinct neural circuitries, including neurotransmitters, and three behavioral patterns, are associated with these three romantic styles.[22]

Pair of Lovers. 1480–1485

Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including the neurotransmitter hormones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, the same compounds released by amphetamine, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.[23]

Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin to a greater degree than short-term relationships have.[23] Enzo Emanuele and coworkers reported the protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these return to previous levels after one year.[24]

Psychological basis

Further information: Human bonding

Grandmother and grandchild in Sri Lanka

Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. Non-love does not include any of these components. Liking only includes intimacy. Infatuated love only includes passion. Empty love only includes commitment. Romantic love includes both intimacy and passion. Companionate love includes intimacy and commitment. Fatuous love includes passion and commitment. Lastly, consummate love includes all three components.[25] American psychologist Zick Rubin sought to define love by psychometrics in the 1970s. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.[26][27]

Following developments in electrical theories such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract". Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.[28] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities. Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another," and simple narcissism.[29] In combination, love is an activity, not simply a feeling.

Psychologist Erich Fromm maintained in his book The Art of Loving that love is not merely a feeling but is also actions, and that in fact, the "feeling" of love is superficial in comparison to one's commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time.[19] In this sense, Fromm held that love is ultimately not a feeling at all, but rather is a commitment to, and adherence to, loving actions towards another, oneself, or many others, over a sustained duration.[19] Fromm also described love as a conscious choice that in its early stages might originate as an involuntary feeling, but which then later no longer depends on those feelings, but rather depends only on conscious commitment.[19]

Evolutionary basis

Wall of Love on Montmartre in Paris: "I love you" in 250 languages, by calligraphist Fédéric Baron and artist Claire Kito (2000)

Evolutionary psychology has attempted to provide various reasons for love as a survival tool. Humans are dependent on parental help for a large portion of their lifespans compared to other mammals. Love has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote parental support of children for this extended time period. Furthermore, researchers as early as Charles Darwin himself identified unique features of human love compared to other mammals and credit love as a major factor for creating social support systems that enabled the development and expansion of the human species.[30] Another factor may be that sexually transmitted diseases can cause, among other effects, permanently reduced fertility, injury to the fetus, and increase complications during childbirth. This would favor monogamous relationships over polygamy.[31]

Adaptive benefit

Interpersonal love between a male and a female is considered to provide an evolutionary adaptive benefit since it facilitates mating and sexual reproduction.[32] However, some organisms can reproduce asexually without mating. Thus understanding of the adaptive benefit of interpersonal love depends on understanding the adaptive benefit of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction. Michod[32] has reviewed evidence that love, and consequently sexual reproduction, provides two major adaptive advantages. First, love leading to sexual reproduction facilitates repair of damages in the DNA that is passed from parent to progeny (during meiosis, a key stage of the sexual process). Second, a gene in either parent may contain a harmful mutation, but in the progeny produced by sex reproduction, expression of a harmful mutation introduced by one parent is likely to be masked by expression of the unaffected homologous gene from the other parent.[32]

Comparison of scientific models

Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, similar to hunger or thirst.[21] Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. Certainly, love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin), neurotrophins (such as NGF), and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love: sexual attraction and attachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal.

Cultural views

Ancient Greek

See also: Greek words for love

Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by Lysippus depicting Eros, the Greek personification of romantic love

Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word "love" is used. Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love: kinship or familiarity (in Greek, storge), friendship and/or platonic desire (philia), sexual and/or romantic desire (eros), and self-emptying or divine love (agape).[33][34] Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love.[35] However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo having the same meaning as phileo.

Agape (ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern-day Greek. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. It generally refers to a "pure," ideal type of love, rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated as "love of the soul."[36]

Eros (ἔρως érōs) (from the Greek deity Eros) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word erota means in love. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "love of the body".[36]

Philia (φιλία philía), a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept addressed and developed by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics Book VIII.[37] It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean "love of the mind."

Storge (στοργή storgē) is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.

Xenia (ξενία xenía), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology—in particular, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.

Ancient Roman (Latin)

The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word "love." amō is the basic verb meaning I love, with the infinitive amare ("to love") as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans—a lover, amator, "professional lover," often with the accessory notion of lechery—and amica, "girlfriend" in the English sense, often being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is amor (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the City, Rome—in Latin: Roma—can be viewed as an anagram for amor, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times),[38] which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces amicus—"friend"—and amicitia, "friendship" (often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "influence"). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.

Latin sometimes uses amāre where English would simply say to like. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by the terms placere or delectāre, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus. Diligere often has the notion "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning of "diligence" or "carefulness," and has little semantic overlap with the verb. Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, observantia, often denote "esteem" or "affection." Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable love"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.

Chinese and other Sinic

愛 (Mandarin: ài), the traditional Chinese character for love contains a heart (心) in the middle.

Two philosophical underpinnings of love exist in the Chinese tradition, one from Confucianism which emphasized actions and duty while the other came from Mohism which championed a universal love. A core concept to Confucianism is 仁 (Ren, "benevolent love"), which focuses on duty, action and attitude in a relationship rather than love itself. In Confucianism, one displays benevolent love by performing actions such as filial piety from children, kindness from parents, loyalty to the king and so forth.

The concept of 愛 (Mandarin: ài) was developed by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (兼愛, jiān'ài). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation; not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai (愛) was adopted to refer to a passionate, caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment.

In Mandarin Chinese, 愛 (ài) is often used as the equivalent of the Western concept of love. 愛 (ài) is used as both a verb (e.g. 我愛你, Wǒ ài nǐ, or "I love you") and a noun (such as 愛情 àiqíng, or "romantic love"). However, due to the influence of Confucian 仁 (rén), the phrase 我愛你 (Wǒ ài nǐ, I love you) carries with it a very specific sense of responsibility, commitment and loyalty. Instead of frequently saying "I love you" as in some Western societies, the Chinese are more likely to express feelings of affection in a more casual way. Consequently, "I like you" (我喜欢你, Wǒ xǐhuan nǐ) is a more common way of expressing affection in Mandarin; it is more playful and less serious.[39] This is also true in Japanese (suki da, 好きだ).

Japanese

The Japanese language uses three words to convey the English equivalent of "love". Because "love" covers a wide range of emotions and behavioral phenomena, there are nuances distinguishing the three terms.[40][41] The term ai (愛), which is often associated with maternal love[40] or selfless love,[41] originally referred to beauty and was often used in religious context. Following the Meiji Restoration 1868, the term became associated with "love" in order to translate Western literature. Prior to Western influence, the term koi (恋 or 孤悲) generally represented romantic love, and was often the subject of the popular Man'yōshū Japanese poetry collection.[40] Koi describes a longing for a member of the opposite sex and is typically interpreted as selfish and wanting.[41] The term's origins come from the concept of lonely solitude as a result of separation from a loved one. Though modern usage of koi focuses on sexual love and infatuation, the Manyō used the term to cover a wider range of situations, including tenderness, benevolence, and material desire.[40] The third term, ren'ai (恋愛), is a more modern construction that combines the kanji characters for both ai and koi, though its usage more closely resembles that of koi in the form of romantic love.[40][41]

Indian

The love stories of the Hindu deities Krishna and Radha have influenced the Indian culture and arts. Above: Radha Madhavam by Raja Ravi Varma.

In contemporary literature, the Sanskrit words for love is "sneha". Other terms such as Priya refers to innocent love, Prema refers to spiritual love, and Kama refers usually to sexual desire.[42][43] However, the term also refers to any sensory enjoyment, emotional attraction and aesthetic pleasure such as from arts, dance, music, painting, sculpture and nature.[44][45]

The concept of kama is found in some of the earliest known verses in Vedas. For example, Book 10 of Rig Veda describes the creation of the universe from nothing by the great heat. There in hymn 129, it states:

कामस्तदग्रे समवर्तताधि मनसो रेतः परथमं यदासीत |
सतो बन्धुमसति निरविन्दन हर्दि परतीष्याकवयो मनीषा ||[46]

Thereafter rose Desire in the beginning, Desire the primal seed and germ of Spirit,
Sages who searched with their heart's thought discovered the existent's kinship in the non-existent.

— Rig Veda, ~ 15th century BC[47]

Persian

The children of Adam are limbs of one body
Having been created of one essence.
When the calamity of time afflicts one limb
The other limbs cannot remain at rest.
If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others
You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man".

Sa'di, Gulistan

Rumi, Hafiz and Sa'di are icons of the passion and love that the Persian culture and language present.[citation needed] The Persian word for love is Ishq, which is derived from Arabic language; however, it is considered by most to be too stalwart a term for interpersonal love and is more commonly substituted for "doost dashtan" ("liking").[citation needed] In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by love and all is for love, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life.[citation needed]

Religious views

Main article: Religious views on love

Abrahamic

Robert Indiana's 1977 Love sculpture spelling ahava

Judaism

See also: Jewish views on love

In Hebrew, אהבה (ahava) is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love between God and God's creations. Chesed, often translated as loving-kindness, is used to describe many forms of love between human beings.

The commandment to love other people is given in the Torah, which states, "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus 19:18). The Torah's commandment to love God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5) is taken by the Mishnah (a central text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). Rabbinic literature differs as to how this love can be developed, e.g., by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature.

As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9). Rabbi David Wolpe writes that "...love is not only about the feelings of the lover...It is when one person believes in another person and shows it." He further states that "...love...is a feeling that expresses itself in action. What we really feel is reflected in what we do."[48] The biblical book Song of Solomon is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading, reads like a love song. The 20th-century rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, Vol. 1).

Christianity

Love and not a one-way street in romanticism

The Christian understanding is that love comes from God. The love of man and woman—eros in Greek—and the unselfish love of others (agape), are often contrasted as "descending" and "ascending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.[49]

There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles.

Agape: In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.[36]

Phileo: Also used in the New Testament, phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love."

Two other words for love in the Greek language, eros (sexual love) and storge (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Testament.[36]

Christians believe that to Love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Love your neighbor as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of the Jewish Torah, according to Jesus; cf. Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 28–34). Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt."

The Apostle Paul glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poetic interpretation in 1 Corinthians, he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres." (1 Cor. 13:4–7, NIV)

The Apostle John wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him." (John 3:16–17, NIV) John also wrote, "Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love." (1 John 4:7–8, NIV)

Saint Augustine says that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, "I was in love with love." Finally, he does fall in love and is loved back, by God. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as "jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention." According to Saint Augustine, to love God is "to attain the peace which is yours." (Saint Augustine's Confessions)

Augustine regards the duplex commandment of love in Matthew 22 as the heart of Christian faith and the interpretation of the Bible. After the review of Christian doctrine, Augustine treats the problem of love in terms of use and enjoyment until the end of Book I of De Doctrina Christiana (1.22.21–1.40.44;).[50]

Christian theologians see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Influential Christian theologian C. S. Lewis wrote a book called The Four Loves. Benedict XVI named his first encyclical God is love. He said that a human being, created in the image of God, who is love, is able to practice love; to give himself to God and others (agape) and by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation (eros). This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such as Teresa of Calcutta and the Blessed Virgin Mary and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them.[49]

Pope Francis taught that "True love is both loving and letting oneself be loved...what is important in love is not our loving, but allowing ourselves to be loved by God."[51] And so, in the analysis of a Catholic theologian, for Pope Francis, "the key to love...is not our activity. It is the activity of the greatest, and the source, of all the powers in the universe: God's."[52]

In Christianity the practical definition of love is summarised by St. Thomas Aquinas, who defined love as "to will the good of another," or to desire for another to succeed.[15] This is an explanation of the Christian need to love others, including their enemies. As Thomas Aquinas explains, Christian love is motivated by the need to see others succeed in life, to be good people.

Regarding love for enemies, Jesus is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew chapter five:

"You have heard that it was said, 'Love your neighbor and hate your enemy.' But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that? Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect." – Matthew 5: 43–48.

Do not forget to love with forgiveness, Christ saved an adulterous woman from those who would stone her. A world of wronged hypocrites needs forgiving love. Mosaic Law would hold Deuteronomy 22:22-24 "If a man is found lying with a woman married to a husband, then both of them shall die—the man that lay with the woman, and the woman; so you shall put away the evil from Israel. If a young woman who is a virgin is betrothed to a husband, and a man finds her in the city and lies with her, then you shall bring them both out to the gate of that city, and you shall stone them to death with stones, the young woman because she did not cry out in the city, and the man because he humbled his neighbor's wife; so you shall put away the evil from among you."[53][circular reference]

Tertullian wrote regarding love for enemies: "Our individual, extraordinary, and perfect goodness consists in loving our enemies. To love one's friends is common practice, to love one's enemies only among Christians."[54]

Islam

In Islam, one of the 99 names of God is Al-Wadūd, which means "The Loving"

Love encompasses the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold faith. Amongst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud, or "the Loving One," which is found in Surah [Quran 11:90] as well as Surah [Quran 85:14]. God is also referenced at the beginning of every chapter in the Qur'an as Ar-Rahman and Ar-Rahim, or the "Most Compassionate" and the "Most Merciful", indicating that nobody is more loving, compassionate and benevolent than God. The Qur'an refers to God as being "full of loving kindness."

The Qur'an exhorts Muslim believers to treat all people, those who have not persecuted them, with birr or "deep kindness" as stated in Surah [Quran 6:8-9]. Birr is also used by the Qur'an in describing the love and kindness that children must show to their parents.

Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism in the Islamic tradition. Practitioners of Sufism believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at himself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love.[55] God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms, which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved, with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through love, humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their love of God; hence, the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music.

Bahá'í Faith

In his Paris Talks, `Abdu'l-Bahá described four types of love: the love that flows from God to human beings; the love that flows from human beings to God; the love of God towards the Self or Identity of God; and the love of human beings for human beings.[56]

Indian

Buddhism

In Buddhism, Kāma is sensuous, sexual love. It is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, since it is selfish. Karuṇā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment. Adveṣa and mettā are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare.

The Bodhisattva ideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish, altruistic love for all sentient beings.

Hinduism

Main articles: Kama and Kama Sutra

Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of Chennakesava Temple, Belur

In Hinduism, kāma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kamadeva. For many Hindu schools, it is the third end (Kama) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of sugar cane and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a great parrot. He is usually accompanied by his consort Rati and his companion Vasanta, lord of the spring season. Stone images of Kamadeva and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chennakeshava temple at Belur, in Karnataka, India. Maara is another name for kāma.

In contrast to kāma, prema – or prem – refers to elevated love. Karuna is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term, meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." A person who practices bhakti is called a bhakta. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of bhakti, which can be found in the Bhagavata Purana and works by Tulsidas. The philosophical work Narada Bhakti Sutras, written by an unknown author (presumed to be Narada), distinguishes eleven forms of love.

In certain Vaishnava sects within Hinduism, attaining unadulterated, unconditional and incessant love for Godhead is considered the foremost goal of life. Gaudiya Vaishnavas who worship Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the cause of all causes consider Love for Godhead (Prema) to act in two ways: sambhoga and vipralambha (union and separation)—two opposites.[57]

In the condition of separation, there is an acute yearning for being with the beloved and in the condition of union, there is supreme happiness and nectarean. Gaudiya Vaishnavas consider that Krishna-prema (Love for Godhead) is not fire but that it still burns away one's material desires. They consider that Kṛṣṇa-prema is not a weapon, but it still pierces the heart. It is not water, but it washes away everything—one's pride, religious rules, and one's shyness. Krishna-prema is considered to make one drown in the ocean of transcendental ecstasy and pleasure. The love of Radha, a cowherd girl, for Krishna is often cited as the supreme example of love for Godhead by Gaudiya Vaishnavas. Radha is considered to be the internal potency of Krishna, and is the supreme lover of Godhead. Her example of love is considered to be beyond the understanding of material realm as it surpasses any form of selfish love or lust that is visible in the material world. The reciprocal love between Radha (the supreme lover) and Krishna (God as the Supremely Loved) is the subject of many poetic compositions in India such as the Gita Govinda and Hari Bhakti Shuddhodhaya.

In the Bhakti tradition within Hinduism, it is believed that execution of devotional service to God leads to the development of Love for God (taiche bhakti-phale krsne prema upajaya), and as love for God increases in the heart, the more one becomes free from material contamination (krishna-prema asvada haile, bhava nasa paya). Being perfectly in love with God or Krishna makes one perfectly free from material contamination. and this is the ultimate way of salvation or liberation. In this tradition, salvation or liberation is considered inferior to love, and just an incidental by-product. Being absorbed in Love for God is considered to be the perfection of life.[58]

Political views

Free love

Main article: Free love

The term "free love" has been used[59] to describe a social movement that rejects marriage, which is seen as a form of social bondage. The Free Love movement's initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, birth control, and adultery. It claimed that such issues were the concern of the people involved, and no one else.[60]

Many people in the early 19th century believed that marriage was an important aspect of life to "fulfill earthly human happiness." Middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. This mentality created a vision of strongly defined gender roles, which provoked the advancement of the free love movement as a contrast.[61]

The term "sex radical" has been used interchangeably with the term "free lover".[citation needed] By whatever name, advocates had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.[62] These are also beliefs of Feminism.[63]

Philosophical views

Main article: Philosophy of love

The philosophy of love is a field of social philosophy and ethics that attempts to explain the nature of love.[64] The philosophical investigation of love includes the tasks of distinguishing between the various kinds of personal love, asking if and how love is or can be justified, asking what the value of love is, and what impact love has on the autonomy of both the lover and the beloved.[63]

Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of Chennakesava Temple, Belur

In Hinduism, kāma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kamadeva. For many Hindu schools, it is the third end (Kama) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of sugar cane and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a great parrot. He is usually accompanied by his consort Rati and his companion Vasanta, lord of the spring season. Stone images of Kamadeva and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chennakeshava temple at Belur, in Karnataka, India. Maara is another name for kāma.

In contrast to kāma, prema – or prem – refers to elevated love. Karuna is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term, meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." A person who practices bhakti is called a bhakta. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of bhakti, which can be found in the Bhagavata Purana and works by Tulsidas. The philosophical work Narada Bhakti Sutras, written by an unknown author (presumed to be Narada), distinguishes eleven forms of love.

In certain Vaishnava sects within Hinduism, attaining unadulterated, unconditional and incessant love for Godhead is considered the foremost goal of life. Gaudiya Vaishnavas who worship Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the cause of all causes consider Love for Godhead (Prema) to act in two ways: sambhoga and vipralambha (union and separation)—two opposites.[57]

In the condition of separation, there is an acute yearning for being with the beloved and in the condition of union, there is supreme happiness and nectarean. Gaudiya Vaishnavas consider that Krishna-prema (Love for Godhead) is not fire but that it still burns away one's material desires. They consider that Kṛṣṇa-prema is not a weapon, but it still pierces the heart. It is not water, but it washes away everything—one's pride, religious rules, and one's shyness. Krishna-prema is considered to make one drown in the ocean of transcendental ecstasy and pleasure. The love of Radha, a cowherd girl, for Krishna is often cited as the supreme example of love for Godhead by Gaudiya Vaishnavas. Radha is considered to be the internal potency of Krishna, and is the supreme lover of Godhead. Her example of love is considered to be beyond the understanding of material realm as it surpasses any form of selfish love or lust that is visible in the material world. The reciprocal love between Radha (the supreme lover) and Krishna (God as the Supremely Loved) is the subject of many poetic compositions in India such as the Gita Govinda and Hari Bhakti Shuddhodhaya.

In the Bhakti tradition within Hinduism, it is believed that execution of devotional service to God leads to the development of Love for God (taiche bhakti-phale krsne prema upajaya), and as love for God increases in the heart, the more one becomes free from material contamination (krishna-prema asvada haile, bhava nasa paya). Being perfectly in love with God or Krishna makes one perfectly free from material contamination. and this is the ultimate way of salvation or liberation. In this tradition, salvation or liberation is considered inferior to love, and just an incidental by-product. Being absorbed in Love for God is considered to be the perfection of life.[58]

Political views

Free love

Main article: Free love

The term "free love" has been used[59] to describe a social movement that rejects marriage, which is seen as a form of social bondage. The Free Love movement's initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, birth control, and adultery. It claimed that such issues were the concern of the people involved, and no one else.[60]

Many people in the early 19th century believed that marriage was an important aspect of life to "fulfill earthly human happiness." Middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. This mentality created a vision of strongly defined gender roles, which provoked the advancement of the free love movement as a contrast.[61]

The term "sex radical" has been used interchangeably with the term "free lover".[citation needed] By whatever name, advocates had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.[62] These are also beliefs of Feminism.[63]

Philosophical views

Main article: Philosophy of love

The philosophy of love is a field of social philosophy and ethics that attempts to explain the nature of love.[64] The philosophical investigation of love includes the tasks of distinguishing between the various kinds of personal love, asking if and how love is or can be justified, asking what the value of love is, and what impact love has on the autonomy of both the lover and the beloved.[63]

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