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How the subclasses of antibodies are important for staining.

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BBC news. (2004). Mad cow disease suspected in US. [ONLINE]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3841747.stm. [Accessed 26 October 2017].

BBC news. (2004). Cancer cells 'can live forever'. [ONLINE]. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3670495.stm. [Accessed 27 October 2017]

Goding, J (1996). Monoclonal Antibodies . 3rd ed. London: Academic Press. 352-399.

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Renshaw, S (2007). Immunohistochemistry. Bloxham: Scion. 6.

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Immunohistochemistry techniques used to diagnose bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

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BSE has been linked to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

An animal may have tested positive for mad cow disease in the US, the agricultural department has said.
Initial testing on the animal produced "inconclusive" results and it will now be retested, department officials said.

Since 1 June the US government has used rapid testing kits to spot potential disease carriers and officials say they often produce falsely positive results.

The first US case of the disease, also called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), was diagnosed six months ago.

Location unknown

"This is not at all unexpected. Screening tests are designed to be extremely sensitive," the USDA's chief veterinarian, John Clifford, said.

"The animal in question didn't enter the food chain," he added.

Officials have refused to say the age and location of the animal, or even whether it is a cow or bullock.

"Because the test may very well turn out to be negative, we're not going to disclose this information at this time," Mr Clifford said.

The animal's brain tissue will now be rechecked using more sophisticated immunohistochemistry tests at the USDA's laboratory in Ames, Iowa.

The results are expected in four to seven days, Mr Clifford said.

Export jeopardy?

The first case of BSE in the US was found in December 2003 in a dairy cow in Washington state, which experts believe was infected by contaminated animal feed from Canada.

The discovery triggered a cessation of virtually all foreign exports of US beef, but Mr Clifford was keen to downplay the effect this suspected case would have on purchasers.

"We don't think at this point in time this would affect trade with our trading partners," he said.

BSE has been linked to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), a disease that causes paralysis and death in humans.

The World Health Organization says 139 people have been diagnosed with CJD since it emerged in the UK nine years ago. Most of them have died.

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BBC NEWS | Americas | Mad cow disease suspected in US

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BSE has been linked to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease An animal may have tested positive for mad cow disease in the US, the agricultural department has said. Initial testing on the animal produced "inconclusive" results and it will now be retested, department officials said.

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The use of the immunohistochemistry technique to diagnose BSE.

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Antigen Retrieval Using Sodium Hydroxide for Prion Immunohistochemistry in Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Scrapie

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Formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections are usually used for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses in prion disea...

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How immunofluorescence has found the RAD51D molecule in cancer cells.

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Normal cells have a set lifespan

Scientists say a discovery about how cancer cells "live forever" could lead to new treatments.
Healthy cells have timers so they only live as long as they are needed.

Cancer cells do not have these timers and so can keep on replicating, say researchers from Cancer Research UK, writing in the journal Cell.

And they warn that if this 'timer' could be applied to healthy cells, slowing their ageing process, they could then become cancerous themselves.

Cancer cells are adept at slipping the constraints of the ageing process

Dr Robert Souhami, Cancer Research UK

Cell ageing is controlled by strips of DNA at the end of chromosomes.
These DNA strips, called telomeres, get shorter every time a cell divides until there is nothing left - and the cell knows it is time to die.

But cancer cells have ways of blocking the ageing process.

It was known that many use an enzyme called telomerase to rebuild their telomeres.

However, scientists knew this could not be the only mechanism, as cancer cells can achieve immortality without it.

'Shaking off shackles'

In this study, researchers at the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, used a technique called immunofluorescence to look at what various molecules in cancer cells were doing.

One particular molecule, called RAD51D, appeared repeatedly at the site of the telomeres, suggesting it was interacting in some way with the timer mechanism.

When researchers blocked the activity of RAD51D they found substantial damage to the telomeres and other parts of the genome - the telltale signs of accelerated ageing.

They suggest this shows that the molecule usually acts as a protective "cap" for the telomeres in cancer cells, preventing the normal telomere shortening.

This then slows the normal cell-ageing process and allows cancer cells to keep on growing and dividing eternally - ignoring the normal constraints on lifespan.

The team suggest the finding could provide a new route for attacking up to 10% of tumours.

Dr Madalena Tarsounas, who led the study, said: "Cancer has an amazing ability to shake off the shackles of ageing and death, which is one of the reasons why it can be so hard to treat.

"Understanding how cancer cells remain eternally young has been a key focus of research for more than a decade, so it's particularly exciting to have made such a striking discovery."

She added: "We have found evidence of a completely new mechanism for stopping the clock on a cancer cell's timer and preventing its lifespan from ticking down.

"It raises the possibility of starting the clock again and making cancer cells susceptible to death once more."

She added: "As well as opening the way to new types of treatment for cancer, our study has shed light on the complex but intriguing processes which control how and when we get old."

Cell balance

Pamela Goldberg, Chief Executive of Breast Cancer Campaign, says: "By avoiding one of the normally inescapable cell mechanisms, cell death, cancer cells are able to have unique control in the human body.

"This research has discovered an important element which appears to be essential in sidestepping this cell death process and if we can in some way control this we may be able to stop the growth and spread of cancer cells."

Professor Robert Souhami, of Cancer Research UK, added: "Ageing, at least at a cellular level, isn't just a question of running out of steam but a carefully planned process to keep the number of old and new cells in balance.

"Cancer cells are adept at slipping the constraints of the ageing process, but this highly significant study points to ways of making them mortal, and vulnerable, once more."

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BBC NEWS | Health | Cancer cells 'can live forever'

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Normal cells have a set lifespan Scientists say a discovery about how cancer cells "live forever" could lead to new treatments. Healthy cells have timers so they only live as long as they are needed. Cancer cells do not have these timers and so can keep on replicating, say researchers from Cancer Research UK, writing in the journal Cell.

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The use of fluorochromes to detect antigens and how they can be used for fluorescent microscopy.

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Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.

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How immunofluorescence aids in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases.

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Verschiedene rheumatische Erkrankungen sind durch die Existenz von Autoantikörpern als Zeichen einer gestörten Selbsttoleranz charakterisiert. Der Nachweis dieser Autoantikörper stellt daher in der Di