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Twin Studies
Tom Bouchard supports the argument of nature, focuses on identical twins reared apart. Twins reared together are more likely to become their own person than twins reared apart.
- similar brainwaves, behaviors, heart rates, religious ability, mannerisms
Gone to the Dogs
module 36 notes

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Egocentrism: the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view; see only their perspective, hard to think from others view
Theory of mind: ideas about your own and others' mental states, feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors this might predict
Stranger Anxiety: about 4 months

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Stage 2: preoperational, lack of conservation

Concrete Operational
Conservation: the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects//same water no matter the container
- kids take everything literally

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Parent Child Relationships
- Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)

a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

- Self Concept

a sense of one's identity and personal worth

Psychosocal development by Erikson
1st year: trust vs mistrust
2nd year: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3-5 years: initiative vs guilt
6-puberty: competence vs. inferiority
teen-20s: identity vs. role confusion
20s-40s: intimacy vs isolation
40s-60s: generativity vs. stagnation
late60s-death: integrity vs. despair

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Parenting Styles
Authoritarian-do not discuss, set rules, dad in fresh prince of bel-air
Permissive-mom in mean girls, friends with kids, but kids don't respect them
Authoritarian-the parents in the sit-com who shut down her daughter and make fun of her
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
- the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Mary Ainsworth and Attachment
- secure vs. insecure attachments
- secure attachment to mom, comforted when she comes back
- insecure attachment is when the baby doesn't care even if the mom leaves
Harry Harlow and Attachment
- comfort/cuddles vs. nutrient/food
- rhesus monkeys that stat with cloth mother instead of food wire mother

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At what age do we first...
- laugh: 2 months
- pedal a tricycle: 2 years
- sit without support: 6 months
- feel ashamed: 2 years
- walk unassisted: 12 months
- stand on one foot for 10 seconds: 4.5 years (because of sports)
- recognize and smile at mother or father: 4 to 5 months (get stranger anxiety after this point)
- kick a ball forward: 20 months
- think about things that cannot be seen: 1 year
- make two-word sentences: 20 to 22 months
Language Learning
Chomsky: universal grammar and language acquisition device, child is born with ability to learn language
Skinner: shaping of grammar by reinforcement of other stimuli, child is a blank slate with knowledge gained by experience
Cross-sectional vs longitudinal research
Cross-sectional: done on many subjects of different ages at the same time

advantages: inexpensive, short time, avoid attrition(drop-out) rate

disadvantages: different age groups aren't necessarily alike, subjects of same chronological age might not be same maturation age, a lot of confounding variables

Longitudinal: done on one group of subjects over many years

advantages: detailed info about subjects, studies developmental changes in depth

disadvantages: high attrition rate, expensive

Prenatal development, Newborn reflexes
- rooting: when stroked, turn to suckle
- swallowing: no acid refluxes
- sucking: but everything in their mouth, sanitize stuff
- babinski: stroke the bottom of the foot, toes curl; disappears at 2
- stepping: when they are picked up, lift up their feet
- moro "startle": when they are dropped, they reach out; disappears at 5 months
- prefer human voices and faces even though their eyes are not developed enough to distinguish features
Infancy+childhood, Cognitive development
- cognition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
- schema: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets info
Sensorimotor Piaget
- assimilation: interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas (smelling flowers/smelling bushes)
- accommodation: adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info
- object permanence: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
- baby mathematics: shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer, recognize quantity

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Language
Phonemes: smallest units of language, letters and their sounds, change phoneme, change meaning; ex: c-a-t
Morphemes: smallest units that have meaning; ex: A, I, pre, ed, un
Grammar: rules that help us communicates
Semantics: helps us get meaning from words; a cat is a feline animal, it purrs (?)
Syntax: rules for combining words; word order, commas, periods
Stages
Babbling: 3-4 months
One word stage: 1-2 years
Two word stage: 2.5, two word sentences
Theories
Benjamin Whorf: linguistic relativity, language determines the way we think
BF Skinner: language is learned through association and reinforcement; praise for speaking
Noam Chomsky: Universal Grammar Theory
Words to Know
Menopause - when the ovaries stop producing hormones; have hot flashes; no more babies
Epigenetic Effect - how genes are influenced by the environment and that may change behavior and lifestyle
Scaffolding - when parents or teacher give  a kid a way or the knowledge to solve a problem, Vygotsky's theory
More Knowledgeable Other/ZPD - ZPD what a person can and can't do, MKO is the other person who helps them do what they can't
Family Self - the feeling that children and parents change for each other
"Storm and stress" - theory of adolescence, when they're experiencing turmoil
Carol Gilligan - a theory based off of Kohlberg, women centered, how they are more subjugated, think about the group more
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross - studied near-death and the mind, theory of the five-stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

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Lawrence Kohlberg - Moral Development
Preconventional: morality of self interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards (rules for oneself)
Conventional: morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval (rules of society)
Postconventional: morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles, rules are relative (not everyone gets here, MLK, understand there needs to be change to help everyone)