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Some of the images in this video are not my original images. I do not claim them to be my own.

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its the basic structure of cells

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Ideas about cell structure have changed considerably over the years. Early biologists saw cells as simple membranous sacs containing fluid and a few floating particles. Today's biologists know that cells are infinitely more complex than this.

There are many different types, sizes, and shapes of cells in the body. For descriptive purposes, the concept of a "generalized cell" is introduced. It includes features from all cell types. A cell consists of three parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called organelles.

Cell membrane

Every cell in the body is enclosed by a cell ( Plasma) membrane. The cell membrane separates the material outside the cell, extracellular, from the material inside the cell, intracellular. It maintains the integrity of a cell and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell. All materials within a cell must have access to the cell membrane (the cell's boundary) for the needed exchange.

The cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules. Proteins in the cell membrane provide structural support, form channels for passage of materials, act as receptor sites, function as carrier molecules, and provide identification markers.

Nucleus and Nucleolus

The nucleus, formed by a nuclear membrane around a fluid nucleoplasm, is the control center of the cell. Threads of chromatin in the nucleus contain deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA), the genetic material of the cell. The nucleolus is a dense region of ribonucleic acid ( RNA) in the nucleus and is the site of ribosome formation. The nucleus determines how the cell will function, as well as the basic structure of that cell.

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell. Within the cytoplasm, materials move by diffusion, a physical process that can work only for short distances.

Cytoplasmic organelles

Cytoplasmic organelles are "little organs" that are suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell. Each type of organelle has a definite structure and a specific role in the function of the cell. Examples of cytoplasmic organelles are mitochondrion, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

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Ideas about cell structure have changed considerably over the years. Early biologists saw cells as simple membranous sacs containing fluid and a few floating particles. Today's biologists know that cells are infinitely more complex than this. There are many different types, sizes, and shapes of cells in the body.

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When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals. But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells.A two-kingdom system was no longer useful.

Today the system of classification includes six kingdoms.

Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria .

How are organism placed into their kingdoms?

· Cell type, complex or simple

· Their ability to make food

· The number of cells in their body

You are probably quite familiar with the members of this kingdom as it contains all the plants that you have come to know - flowering plants, mosses, and ferns.Plants are all multicellular and consist of complex cells.

In addition plants are autotrophs, organisms that make their own food.

With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom.Plant species range from the tiny green mosses togianttrees.

Without plants, life on Earth would not exist!Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth.Wow!

The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over1 million known species.

Sumatran Tiger-Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Felidae, Genus Pathera, Species tigris

All animals consist of many complex cells. They are also heterotrophs.
Members of the animal kingdom are found in the most diverse environments in the world.

In 1983, scientists tool samples from a spot deep in the where hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form the Earth's interior.To their surprise they discovered unicellular(one cell)organisms in the samples. These organisms are today classified in the kingdom, Pacific Ocean Archaebacteria.

Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments.

Finding Archaebacteria: The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park , USA , were among the first places Archaebacteria were discovered. The biologists pictured above are immersing microscope slides in the boiling pool onto which some archaebacteria might be captured for study.

Like archaebacteria, Most bacteria are in the eubacteria are complex and single celled. EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with.

Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different.

Most eubacteria are helpful.Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt.However, these eubacteria, Streptococci pictured above, can give you strep throat!

Mushrooms, mold and mildew are all examples of organisms in the kingdom fungi.

Most fungi are multicellular andconsists of many complex cells.
Fun Facts about Fungi

Some fungi taste great and others can kill you!

Fungi are organisms that biologists once confused with plants, however, unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food.Most obtain their food from parts of plants that are decaying in the soil.

Slime molds and algae are protists.

Sometimes they are called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another.Protistsinclude all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, notanimals, not plants and not fungi.

Most protists are unicellular. You may be wondering why those protists are not classified in the Archaebacteria or Eubacteria kingdoms.

It is because, unlike bacteria, protists are complex cells.

These delicate looking diatoms are classified in the protist kingdom.

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When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals. But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells.A two-kingdom system was no longer useful. Today the system of classification includes six kingdoms. Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria .