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Democritus was born in c. 460 BC Abdera, Thrace, died c. 370 BC (aged around 90). Democritus was born into a noble family in about 460 BC in the Ancient Greek city of Abdera, he lived there his whole life.

The ancient Greek philosopher Democritus believed that atoms were made up of atoms, which he believed were in constant motion in a void, collided with each other, and rebounded or stuck together.

Democritus called his discovery this because he believed that the atom was unbreakable into smaller parts. To initially find the atom, Democritus conducted a simple experiment that can still be done today. What he did was take a simple seashell and break it in half.

Interesting Fact: While Democritus went largely unnoticed in Greece due to his work being more scientific than philosophic, his work attracted the attention of Aristotle.

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Max Planck, born April 23, 1858, Kiel, Schleswig [Germany], died October 4, 1947, Göttingen, Germany. He lived in Germany his whole life.

His work contributed significantly to the understanding of atomic and subatomic processes.  Planck's work in thermodynamics led to the formulations of his quantum theory.

Max Planck’s experimental observations on the wavelength distribution of the energy emitted by a black body as a function of temperature were at variance with the predictions of classical physics. Planck was able to deduce the relationship between energy and the frequency of radiation.

Interesting Facts: Max Planck was a gifted musician and composer, he decided to study physics and entered the University of Munich in 1874.

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Marie Curie was born November 7, 1867, Warsaw, Congress Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire, died July 4, 1934, near Sallanches, France. Marie Curie lived her life mostly in Poland.

Marie Curie is credited with discovering the radioactive elements polonium and radium. She coined the term radioactivity for the spontaneous emission of ionizing, penetrating rays by certain atoms. In 1898 French physicists Pierre and Marie Curie discovered the elements in uranium ore miners.

Marie Curie experimented with a uranium-rich ore called pitchblende and found that even with the uranium removed, pitchblende emitted rays that were stronger than those emitted by pure uranium. She suspected that this suggested the presence of an undiscovered element.

Interesting Fact: Marie Curie was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry.

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Robert Millikan, born March 22, 1868, in Morrison, Illinois, U.S., died December 19, 1953, in San Marino, California. Robert lived his whole life in the U.S.

Robert Millikan proved that an electron's electric charge was a constant quantity for all electrons (1910), and demonstrated the atomic structure of electricity (1912).

Robert Millikan’s experiment he did was The Oil-Drop Experiment, which entailed observing tiny electrically charged droplets of oil located between two parallel metal surfaces, forming the plates of a capacitor.

Interesting Fact: Robert Milikan went on to win the Nobel Prize for physics for his work on the photoelectric effect and measuring the charge of the electron.

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Ernest Rutherford was born August 30, 1871, Spring Grove, New Zealand, died October 19, 1937, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. He lived in New Zealand his whole life.

In 1916, Ernest Rutherford discovered that there are two types of radiation coming from uranium. He found that the atom consists mostly of empty space, with its mass concentrated in a central positively charged nucleus.

Ernest Rutherford's experiment used was the Gold Foil Experiment, which was when he shot a beam of alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil, a few of the particles were deflected. He concluded that a tiny, dense nucleus was causing the deflections.

Interesting Fact: While Ernest Rutherford was in college at Canterbury (University of New Zealand), he invented a new type of radio receiver and was awarded a research fellowship.

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Albert Einstein, born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Württemberg, Germany, died April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, the U.S. He mostly lived in Princeton, New Jersey.

Einstein also in 1905 mathematically proved the existence of atoms, and thus helped revolutionize all the sciences through the use of statistics and probability.

In 1827, the English botanist Robert Brown noticed that pollen seeds suspended in the water moved in an irregular "swarming" motion. Einstein then reasoned that if tiny but visible particles were suspended in a liquid, the invisible atoms in the liquid would bombard the suspended particles and cause them to jiggle.

Interesting Fact: He changed to the study of botany and made botanical expeditions into the Scottish highlands.

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Niels Bohr was born October 7, 1885, in Copenhagen, Denmark, died November 18, 1962, in Copenhagen. Niels Bohr spent his whole life in Copenhagen.

Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom in which the electron was able to occupy only certain orbits around the nucleus.

Neil Bohr’s experiment he ran was to test that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another.

Interesting Fact: Neil Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.

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Erwin Schrodinger was born August 12, 1887, in Vienna, Austria, died January 4, 1961, in Vienna. He lived his whole life in Austria.

In 1926 Erwin Schrödinger formulated a wave equation that accurately calculated the energy levels of electrons in atoms.

Erwin Schrödinger’s experiments he ran were to test the Electron Cloud and Wave Mechanics to discover the Electron cloud through Electromagnetic tests.

Interesting Fact: Erwin Schrödinger was an Austrian theoretical physicist who contributed to the wave theory of matter and to other fundamentals of quantum mechanics. He shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics with British physicist P.A.M. Dirac.

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Louis De Broglie, born August 15, 1892, Dieppe, France, died March 19, 1987, Louveciennes. He spent his whole life in France.

In 1924 Louis de Broglie introduced the idea that particles, such as electrons, could be described not only as particles but also as waves.

De Broglie's proposal answered a question that had been raised by calculations of the motion of electrons within the atom. Experiments had indicated that the electron must move around a nucleus and that, for reasons then obscure, there are restrictions on its motion.

Interesting Facts: Louis de Broglie's theory that any moving particle or object had an associated wave led to the creation of the new field of wave mechanics and earned him a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929.

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James Chadwick was born October 20, 1891, in Manchester, England, died July 24, 1974, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire. James Chadwick was in England his whole life.

In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron,  bombarded beryllium atoms with alpha particles. Unknown radiation was produced. This radiation was composed of particles with a neutral electrical charge and the approximate mass of a proton.

James Chadwick's experiments ran to discover the Neutron was him bombarding beryllium atoms with alpha particles. Unknown radiation was produced. Chadwick interpreted this radiation as being composed of particles with a neutral electrical charge and the approximate mass of a proton. This particle became known as the neutron.

Interesting Fact: In 1935 Chadwick was appointed to a chair in physics at the University of Liverpool. In 1940 he was part of the MAUD Committee, which was to assess the feasibility of the atomic bomb.

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