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Picture of what both of them thought.  I WANTED TO ADD THIS BECAUSE IT SEEMED IMPORTANT AND SHOCKING THAT SCIENCE HAS BEEN AROUND SINCE THAT TIME. 

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400 - 384 B.C.E - Democritus and Aristotle 

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400 - 384 B.C.E - Democritus and Aristotle 

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First ( not scientists) people/ philosophers that didn't only rely on religion. They were the first philosophers that more or less talked in a more scientific way. They had ideas on what matter was composed of. Aristotle developed his theory ( shown in the picture above.) from around 484 to 322 B.C.E, while Democritus developed his theory in around 400 B.C.E.

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This is John Dalton who did all of this hypothesis in the beginning of the 19th Century

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19th Century ( 1802)  - John Dalton - Atomic Theory of Matter

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19th Century ( 1802)  - John Dalton - Atomic Theory of Matter

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He built an atomic model called the " Atomic Theory of Matter."  In this theory, he said that each type of matter is made out of one type of atom. He also said that each type of atom could be put into a group called an element and that every atom of a given element was identical. Another hypothesis said by Dalton, was that atoms could not be created, divided into smaller parts, or destroyed.

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He was the one who made the discovery of the Electron. 

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1897 - J.J Thompson - Discovery of the Electron

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1897 - J.J Thompson - Discovery of the Electron

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Thompson used a vacuum tube with metal plates at both ends and an electrical source for his experiment. This allowed him to find out that a beam would form between two plates; the cathode and the anode. When putting a magnet near the beam, he observed that it caused it to bend, meaning that the particles of the beam were electrically charged. Thompson also discovered that the cathode rays were made of negatively charged particles, that were later called electrons. He stated that negatively charged electrons must be stuck all throughout a positively charged area.

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He answered question about past atom discoveries and made hypothesis of his own. 

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1909 - Ernest Rutherford - Answering Discovery Questions - Nucleus and Protons. 

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1909 - Ernest Rutherford - Answering Discovery Questions - Nucleus and Protons. 

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He and his team beamed positively charged alpha particles at a sheet of really thin gold foil. They noticed that because so many particles could pass through the thin gold foil, the gold atoms must be made of mostly empty space. They also observed that some particles did actually bounce off, so after checking his hypothesis, he stated that a gold atom must have some very small, positively charged mass. He named this mass, the nucleus. He gave the name protons, to the positively charged nucleus particles, and said that the electrons were scattered in empty space around the nucleus.

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He was given lots of prizes because of his accomplishments. He discovered neutrons. 

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James Chadwick ( Rutherford's student) Discovery of Neutrons. 

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James Chadwick ( Rutherford's student) Discovery of Neutrons. 

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He was a student of Rutherford and found new particles in the nucleus that weren't affected by an electric field at all. The Alpha particles in the experiment had knocked them loose. He called these uncharged particles neutrons.

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His model is the one that has been most used by scientists, and because of new discoveries, this model has been slowly changing. 

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Early 20th Century - Niels Bohr - More Atom Information

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Early 20th Century - Niels Bohr - More Atom Information

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Bohr discovered that electrons are arranged in energy levels. The lower energy levels are closer to the nucleus and can hold just a few electrons, while the higher energy levels are farther away and can hold more electrons. Nowadays, lots of scientists rely upon and have refined the " Bohr Model."

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Models will keep changing as the years pass. 

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There have been also lots of other teams of scientists that have made corrections and new discoveries of atoms and matter are discovered all the time. To conclude, scientific discoveries are still going to be accomplished today, and for a long time.