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1. Definition:
Question tags are short forms of questions added after statements.

2. Formation:
a positive statement + negative tag
or
a negative statement + positive tag.

If there is an auxiliary verb in the statement, we use it to form the question tag.

Ex: I don’t need to finish this today, do I?

Sometimes there is no auxiliary verb already in the statement. For example, when:

the verb in the statement is present simple or past simple and is positive. Here we use don't, doesn't or didn't: Jenny eats cheese, doesn’t she?

the verb in the statement is ‘to be’ in the present simple or past simple: None of those customers were happy, were they?

the verb in the statement is a modal verb: They could hear me, couldn't they?

the main verb or auxiliary verb in the statement is ‘am’

=> the positive question tag is ‘am I?’. Ex: I'm never on time, am I?

=> the negative question tag is usually ‘aren't I?’ Ex: I'm going to get an email with the details, aren't I?

We use a positive tag with 'they' after ‘no one’ or ‘nobody’.

Ex: Nobody likes it, do they?

3. Usage:

Question tags are more common in speaking than writing.

Question tags are used when we expect the listener to agree with our statement.

A positive statement + negative tag. Ex: She’s a doctor, isn’t she?

A negative statement + positive tag. Ex: He isn’t here, is he?

We use modals in tags after imperative for requests or proposals.

Ex:
- Let’s go to Ann’s party, shall we?

- Give me the paper, could you?

- Don’t say anything, will you?

A positive statement + positive tag => confirm information, often after repeating what a previous speaker said. Ex: That’s your new car, is it?

4. Intonation:

+ If we are sure or almost sure that the listener will confirm that our statement is correct, we say the question tag with a falling intonation.

+ If we are a bit less sure, we say the question tag with a rising intonation.

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1. Questions inside questions (Embedded questions):
In English grammar, an embedded question is a question that appears in a declarative statement or in another question.
Ex:
a. "Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?" (Alice in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll)
b. Do you think something is wrong?

2. Statements used as questions:
We can use a statement as a yes/no question to ask for confirmation of something or to repeat what was just said, usually to express surprise.
Ex:

1. You want to stay here? ==> Is used to mean "Do you want to stay here?"

2. You guys spoke to anyone? ==> Is used to mean "Did you guys speak to anyone? You want to stay here? ==> Is used to mean "Do you want to stay here?"

3. Rhetorial questions:
Have a form of question, but can be used to assert something. We can use to establish a topic, or to hightlight a previous question before giving an answer.
Ex:
a. Mike is not here yet - Who cares? (I don't care) - Isn't he always late? (He is always late).
b. Do you remember the oil crisis?  We were sure then that cars would have to become smaller.

4. Reduced questions:
A reduced question is a type of question that is an incomplete sentence, not a full sentence.
They are often follow-up questions, using question words such as "Who?", "What?", "Which (one)?", "When?", "Why?", "Whose?", etc.
Ex:
a. Feeling okay? -  Tired? - Going out?
b. We must buy that piano. How? (I will find money).

5. Indirect questions:
- We use this type of question when we report what was asked.
Ex:
a. Why did you start the programme?
--> He asked her why she had started the programme.
b. How did you make that?
--> He asked her how she had made that.

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Negative words & Inversion after Negative words and phrases

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Negative words & Inversion after Negative words and phrases

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Negative words: no, none, nobody, no one, nothing, etc.
Besides using negative verbs(wasn't, haven't, etc.)to express negative concepts, we can also use positive verbs with negative words(as subjects)
Ex: No one likes her.
Note:
1.We use no before nouns and none instead of nouns.
Ex:  Didn't you bring any money with you?
-> I have no money./ I have none.
2.We don't use double negatives in one sentence.
Ex: I don't have no money.
3.We use none of before pronouns and determiners (the, those, our, etc.).
Ex: None of them recognized me.
*In informal situations, none is sometimes used with plural verbs.
Ex: None of them are working.
4.We can use no with both singular and plural nouns or a gerund to emphasize the negative. We can use this structure instead of a negative verb or as a shorthand for ‘is/are not allowed' in formal situations
Ex:
- One class doesn't have a teacher. -> One class has no teacher.
- No talking during the examination.
5.We use Don't + verb rather than No + gerund in informal situations.
Ex: Don't park there.
6. We can use no or not/n't any with comparative adjectives and adverbs.
Ex: These seats are no better than the others./These seats aren't any better than the others.
7.We use not rather than no in reduced negatives , before the indefinite article a/an  and before quantifiers such as all or a lot.
Ex:
- Do you want to keep these boxes or not? If not, I'll just throw them out.
- Not a single drop of milk was spilt.
- Not all Americans are rich.

Inversion after Negative words and phrases: We use inversion after negative adverbs such as never or nowhere when they are placed in front of position for emphasis.
1.We put the subject after an auxiliary verb (be, do, have) or a modal.
Ex: I have never heard such nonsense. -> Never have I heard such nonsense.
2.We also use inversion after negative phrases with no and not in front position.
Ex:
- The children weren't in danger at any time. -> At no time were the children in danger.

- I didn't realize what she meant until later. Not until later did I realize what she meant.
3.Inversion is typically used in formal or literary English, but we can also use it in informal replies, after neither, nor and no way.
Ex: I don't understand. ~ Neither do I.

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*Word order in negatives:

- With auxiliaries: be, have and modals → form negatives with not/n’t.

+ In formal situations: using full form.
→Ex: Dogs are not allowed in city parks.

+ In informal situations:

·Contracting not → Ex: They aren’t listening.

·Contracting the auxiliary → Ex: We’re not ready yet.

·Contracting the modal → Ex: He’ll not go unless you ask him.

- With other verbs → form negatives with do + not/n’t + V-inf.
Ex: It doesn’t help us.

*Note: Negative forms of do are not used with modal verbs.

Ex:  I can’t swim. (I don’t can swim.)

- In sentences with infinitives and gerunds → not + inf./gerund.

Ex: He pretended not to see us.
- Using no before nouns. → Ex: We’ll have no money for rent. (NOT We’ll no have money for rent.)

- Using negative adverbs such as no longer or never before verbs. → Ex: They will never be free. (NOT They will be never free.)
*Word order in questions:

- With auxiliaries be, have and modals → form questions by auxiliary/modal + S + Vmain
Ex: Why must you leave? (NOT Why you must leave?)

- With other verbs → form questions with do + S + V inf..

Ex: What does she want?

- Yes/no questions → form with be, do, have or modal + S + V inf. and get Yes or No as an answer.

Ex: Have you got a minute?
- Using yes/no questions joined by or to offer a choice between two possible answers.

Ex: Would you like something hot or something cold to drink?
- Wh-questions begin with wh-words (question words) to ask for specific information.
Ex: How much does it cost?
- When using what or who as subject → what/who + main verb (not do).

Ex: Who used my computer? (NOT Who did use my computer?)

- Similar uses of whose and which with nouns

Ex: Whose phone is ringing?

* Negative questions:

- Negative yes/no questions usually begin with negative forms of be, do, have or a modal.

Ex: Doesn’t he speak any English?

- In negative wh–questions → wh-words + negative forms.

Ex: Why didn’t you go? (NOT Why you didn’t go?)

- To answer negative yes/no questions → use Yes to say the positive is true and No to say the negative is true.

Ex: Aren’t they French?

→ Yes. (=They are French.)

→ No. (=They aren’t French.)
- Putting negative adverbs such as never and emphatic not after the subject (not the auxiliary) in negative questions.

Ex: Have you never eaten meat?

Did he not understand the text? (NOT Did not he understand the text?)

- Negative yes/no questions are used to ask for confirmation/express surprise.

Ex: Haven’t we already paid for the ticket?

- Questions beginning with Why don’t you…? or Why not…? are used for offers/suggestions.

Ex: Why not have the party on Saturday instead of Friday?

Note: There is no subject after Why not…?  (NOT Why not you have the party on Saturday?)

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Question words
What and which: used before nouns or as pronouns
Ex: What/Which car do you want? – What/Which do you want?
+ Use what: when there is an unlimited number of possible answers
Ex: What are you doing? / What’s her phone number?
·  Use which: when there is a limited number of possible answers
Ex: Which is your phone number? / There are two colors for this curtain. Which would you prefer?
·We use which ( not what ) before one or ones
Ex: Which one do you like?
· We use which of (not what of) before determiners ( the, this, my, etc. ) and pronouns when we ask about things or people in a limited set.
Ex: Which of these books are yours?
Ex: Which of them is your brother?
Question words with preposition and adverbs
· Wh-questions can be used to ask about the objects of prepositions. We usually put the prepositions at the end of a wh-question. In formal uses, the preposition is sometimes put at the beginning.
Ex: Which kind of material will the students be provided with? (Normal)
With which of kind of material will the students be provided? (Formal)
· We must use whom after a preposition
Ex: To whom did you give the money?
· In some wh-questions, the preposition is always at the end, but in some other cases, it is used at the beginning
Ex: What are you doing that for? – What does she look like?
Since when have you been doing your homework?
·  We usually put adverbs after wh-words, but we can use some adverbs before wh-words
Ex: When exactly did you leave the town?
Exactly when did you leave the town?
· Wh-words with ever( such as wherever, whoever, whatever ) are used to expressed surprise of disbelief.
Ex: However did she do it? - Whenever did you call me? – Whatever do you mean?