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Please share your findings here.

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As the COVID-19 pandemic spread around the globe early in the spring of 2020, researchers began investigating how air pollution, which has been known for decades to have deleterious effects on human health, could be affecting this respiratory disease. Inspired by the work of a group of researchers in the US who reported in April that high levels of air pollution correlated to a higher risk of dying from COVID-19, Jos Lelieveld, an atmospheric chemist at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, and others widened their scope, looking at more areas of the world.

The danger of pollution to respiratory health comes from tiny emissions particles that are inhaled. Fine particulate matter is defined as anything smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM 2.5). The smaller the particles, the further down the respiratory system they can get, causing big problems by way of oxidative stress and an exuberant inflammatory response. Some particles can even trigger apoptosis. Short-term exposure to particle-laden air can cause acute irritation, leading to a cough, while long-term exposure is linked to chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), heart disease, and cancer.

A study published in Cardiovascular Research on October 26 claims that fine particulate matter has increased the risk of deaths from COVID-19 by 15 percent globally, with certain areas such as East Asia reaching a 27 percent increase. The Scientist talked to Lelieveld to learn more about the relationship between pollution and COVID-19.

TS: Why do these particles leave people more vulnerable to dying from COVID-19?

JL: You have long-term effects [when people are] exposed for basically a lifetime to air pollution and then they develop chronic diseases. . . . These diseases are also preconditions for severe development of COVID-19. . . . Many of the lung diseases like pneumonia, COPD, lung cancer, heart disease, strokes, [are] the sort of thing that are aggravated by air pollution. And these are the sorts of things that also make people die from COVID. A healthy, young subject who has not been developing chronic diseases typically does not die from COVID.

TS: What can someone who lives in a place with more air pollution do to reduce their exposure to these particles?

JL: We write in our paper that there is no remedy like vaccinations for air pollution, so the only remedy here is that you have to clean the air. You have to go to cleaner sources of fuels and cleaner fuels and cleaner energy use. And of course, this also helps the climate. There are many arguments to do this. . . . I'm convinced that climate change is a big problem for this planet. And what I'm hoping is that some of the people who think it's not an issue [that] carbon dioxide makes the world a bit warmer, maybe I can help convince them by showing that the same sources that create greenhouse gases are also creating pollutants that make you ill.

TS: Can you tell me how you collected your data and designed the study?

JL: We used the data from the paper attached to calculate PM 2.5 exposure-response functions, plus data from China collected for the SARS epidemic in 2003. We tested different types of these functions, leading to the same result. To characterize exposure, we used a combination of satellite data and an atmospheric model, the latter to compute the anthropogenic fraction of PM 2.5 and the contribution of fossil fuel use.

TS: Are there benchmarks of PM2.5 levels that correspond to low or high risk?

JL: There is a threshold of 2.4 µg/m3 below which the air is considered "clean", precluding health impacts.

TS: Are there certain fine particles that are worse than others?

JL: There are indications that combustion-related black and organic carbon particles are more toxic than most other particles. But this is not quantitatively known, hence it is common practice to assume that all fine particulates are equally toxic.

TS: How long do fine particles stay with a person after they leave a highly polluted area?

JL: The atmospheric lifetime of aerosol particles is about one week. Once inhaled and deposited in the lungs, the damage is done (much like smoking). The cumulative damage during many years of exposure causes or aggravates chronic cardiopulmonary diseases (much like smoking), which are preconditions that influence the severity of COVID-19 outcomes.
This interview was completed over the phone and via email. It has been edited for clarity and brevity.

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Q&A: Pollution Linked to 15 Percent Increase in COVID-19 Deaths

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As the COVID-19 pandemic spread around the globe early in the spring of 2020, researchers began investigating how air pollution, which has been known for decades to have deleterious effects on human health, could be affecting this respiratory disease.

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Please share your findings here.

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Please share your findings here.

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Please share your findings here.

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Please share your findings here.

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Air pollution caused by agriculture
- mainly in the form of ammonia (NH3)
- produce from fertilized fields and livestock waste

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Air Pollution especially on excessive carbon emission (Greenhouse gases) contribute to Urban Heat Island in the future.

What is Air Pollution?
Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air—pollutants which are detrimental to human health and the planet as a whole. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), each year air pollution is responsible for nearly seven million deaths around the globe. Nine out of ten human beings currently breathe air that exceeds the WHO’s guideline limits for pollutants, with those living in low- and middle-income countries suffering the most.

What is Urban Heat Island?
An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference is usually larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the Hot and cold weather. The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces.

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As the Earth becomes more and more urbanized, there is an increasing use of artificial lighting in our cities. But why is this bad for our environment?

Light Pollution

It is defined as any adverse effect of man-made lights.

It is the presence of unwanted, inappropriate, or excessive artificial lighting.

It is a form of waste energy that can cause adverse effects and degrade environmental quality.

Light Pollution & Climate Change

With fossil fuels still the main source of global electricity production, the unnecessary use of light at night also contributes to air pollution and climate change.

Since for the illumination at night, huge amounts of electricity are used, this leads to a high level of CO2 emissions and other harmful gases.

According to Pavan Kumar, a scientist at the Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, "More than 12 million tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere each year due to extreme nighttime light."

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Polluted water all around the world. Most produces poisonous and greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming activities that have a significant impact on climate change.

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Air is the source of respiration to all living things. It contains the substance for our sustainability of life. That is why the Pollution in the Air is highly dangerous not only to the health of the dwellers but also to the environment.
“Air pollution in the form of carbon dioxide and methane raises the earth’s temperature,” Walke says.

Air Pollution because of Greenhouse Effect.

By trapping the earth’s heat in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases lead to warmer temperatures, which in turn lead to the hallmarks of climate change: rising sea levels, more extreme weather, heat-related deaths, and the increased transmission of infectious diseases. “Carbon dioxide comes from combusting fossil fuels, and methane comes from natural and industrial sources, including large amounts that are released during oil and gas drilling,” Walke says. “We emit far larger amounts of carbon dioxide, but methane is significantly more potent, so it’s also very destructive.” Another class of greenhouse gases, hydroflourocarbons (HFCs), are thousands of times more powerful than carbon dioxide in their ability to trap heat. In October 2016 more than 140 countries reached an agreement to reduce the use of these chemicals—which are found in air conditioners and refrigerators—and develop greener alternatives over time. According to David Doniger, senior strategic director of NRDC’s Climate and Clean Energy program, “the agreed-to HFC phasedown will avoid the equivalent of more than 80 billion tons of carbon dioxide over the next 35 years.”

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The impact of green space and air pollution that affect the society.

Create public awareness through Low Carbon Society (LCS) program.

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The Impact of Plastic Pollution into the Environment

What is plastic pollution?

Plastic pollution is caused by the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. It can be categorized in primary plastics, such as cigarette butts and bottle caps, or secondary plastics, resulting from the degradation of the primary ones. It can also be defined by its size, from microplastics - small particles (<5 mm) of plastic dispersed in the environment - to macroplastics.

The world's growing production of plastics - about 100 million tonnes annually - is not just clogging landfill sites and threatening our oceans and marine life; it's accelerating climate change.

Plastic is one of the most persistent pollutants on Earth. It's made to last - and it does, often for 400 years or more. And at every step in its lifecycle, even long after it has been discarded, plastic creates greenhouse gas emissions that are contributing to the warming of our world.

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Air Pollution

Air pollution is when noxious gases and chemicals get suspended in air.

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Please share your findings here.

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Air Pollution
mobile sources
– such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains
stationary sources
– such as power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities, and factories
area sources
– such as agricultural areas, cities, and wood burning fireplaces
natural sources
– such as wind-blown dust, wildfires, and volcanoes

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Noise pollution effect the quality of life

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Why?
Because there are activities that triggered the rapidness of the pollution.

The top global main causes of water pollution :
- Industrial Waste
*Many industrial sites generate waste in the form of dangerous chemicals and pollutants, and while some are controlled, others lack suitable waste management systems.
*Industrial waste is occasionally thrown into surrounding freshwater systems.

- Marine Dumping
*it involves dumping trash into ocean seas. Household rubbish is still collected and dumped into oceans by many countries throughout the world.

- Sewage and Wastewater
*Each household's sewage and wastewater is dumped into the sea along with fresh water. The germs and bacteria discovered in that wastewater cause disease in humans and animals alike, and hence are a source of health problems.

-Agriculture
*Farmers frequently use pesticides and chemicals, which leach into the groundwater and endanger animals, plants, and humans. *When it rains, the chemicals mingle with the precipitation, which then pours into rivers and streams, which eventually filter into the ocean, polluting the water even more.

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Please share your findings here.

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Polluted water

It affects marine life

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بحث-عن-تلوث-المياه

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Waste pollution contributing to climate change
-        Organic and inorganic waste that you produce is also a huge contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions.

-        Greenhouse gas emissions – Manufacturing, transporting and using the product

-        Methane emissions- through organic waste decomposing

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- due to rapid urbanization and industrialization
-  more people is moving to urban area
- demand is increasing to support food security
- agriculture plays a significant role in economic growth (contributed 7.1 per cent in GDP)

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The reason why is:
+ Due to lack of the green spaces and green buffer in urban area.
+ The types and criteria of vegetation that are low carbon sequestration rate.
+ Small urban park that can reduced urban heat island effects.

Lack of green spaces leads to higher air temperatures and more ground level ozone, with fewer trees and plants to clean the air and provide oxygen.

Through helping to cool urban areas and mitigate the urban heat island effect, green spaces also help address air pollution by reducing the formation of photochemical ozone. Shade provided by urban trees also reduces energy demand, indirectly contributing to improved air quality.

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Q/ Climate change its causes and effects? The climate is changing and we worldwide are exposedto its effects, forexample:

A1-High temperatures

Rising sea levels

Increased droughts, floods and forest fires

More severe weather events pose furtherchallenges.

Causes of climate change

The Earth's climate is affected by human and natural factors outside the climate system, these factorsare:

Natural factors

Changes in sea currents

Changes in solar radiation

Natural activity such as volcanic activity

Human factors

Depletion of the ozone layer due to the use of chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Increases in greenhouse gas concentration rates (in the atmosphere), mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels that lock up heat in our atmosphere

Use of forests and wetlands for agricultural, residential and industrial purposes

Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas emissionsare:

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Methane (CH4)

Nitrogen oxide (N2O)

Each of these compounds significantly affects the earth's temperature by trapping heat in the atmosphere and causing global temperatures to rise. Although life and coexistence on Earth can be achieved with natural impacts, excessive increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can lead to a radical change in ourecosystem.

Nine with 97% of climate scientists now agree that human activity is the cause of rising temperatures over the past 250years.

Humans have caused a huge increase in the volume of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels,including:

Coal

Natural gas

Oil

The biggest problem is the speed at which greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere are increasing.

share your findings here.

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Air pollution that causes smog affects dolphins and makes them suffer from black lung diseases.

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Why:

1.     If organic waste decomposes without oxygen it will produce methane – a powerful greenhouse gas that has 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2).

2.     Waste can starts when you are shopping.- (Transport, plastic usage, product packaging, leftover)

3.     inorganic waste use natural resources such as water, fuel, metal, timber in their production and this results in the emission of greenhouse gases

4.     Waste management (transportation, incineration, etc.) is a huge contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.

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Factory: production of product (food, daily necessity)

Transportation: transporting product, waste management, shopping

User:  produce excessive waste (organic and inorganic waste)

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Anytime throughout our live. Either get worse seasonally or anytime throughout the year. due to urban rapid growth.

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Where usually Air pollution occurs?

1. Outdoor Air Pollution
Air pollution is most common in large cities where emissions from many different sources are concentrated. Sometimes, mountains or tall buildings prevent air pollution from spreading out. This air pollution often appears as a cloud making the air murky. It is called smog. The word "smog" comes from combining the words "smoke" and "fog."

Large cities in poor and developing nations tend to have more air pollution than cities in developed nations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), some of the worlds most polluted cities are Karachi, Pakistan; New Delhi, India; Beijing, China; Lima, Peru; and Cairo, Egypt. However, many developed nations also have air pollution problems. Los Angeles, California, is nicknamed Smog City.

2. Indoor Air Pollution
Air pollution is usually thought of as smoke from large factories or exhaust from vehicles. But there are many types of indoor air pollution as well.

Heating a house by burning substances such as kerosene, wood, and coal can contaminate the air inside the house. Ash and smoke make breathing difficult, and they can stick to walls, food, and clothing.

Naturally-occurring radon gas, a cancer-causing material, can also build up in homes. Radon is released through the surface of the Earth. Inexpensive systems installed by professionals can reduce radon levels.

Some construction materials, including insulation, are also dangerous to people's health. In addition, ventilation, or air movement, in homes and rooms can lead to the spread of toxic mold. A single colony of mold may exist in a damp, cool place in a house, such as between walls. The mold's spores enter the air and spread throughout the house. People can become sick from breathing in the spores.

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“Most air pollution comes from energy use and production,” says John Walke, director of the Clean Air Project, part of the Climate and Clean Energy program at NRDC.

“Burning fossil fuels releases gases and chemicals into the air.”

Causes of Greenhouse gases:
1. Industrial sectors waste.
2. Residential or Domestic Sector.
3. Construction works.
4. Living Things respiration system.

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Who responsible for the water pollution?
- Humans are the primary cause of water pollution, which occurs in a variety of ways:
*by dumping industrial waste; by temperature rises, which cause water to change its composition by reducing oxygen
*by deforestation, which causes sediments and bacteria to appear beneath the soil and thus contaminate groundwater.

Who affected by the water pollution?
- Wildlife (biodiversity, aquatic ecosystem)
- Human (food security, illness/disease)

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While the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals call for universal access to water and sanitation by 2030, the international organization claims that water scarcity is growing and that by 2050, more than half of the world's population will be living in water-stressed areas.

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As sewage and wastewater has become one of the popular cause of the pollution, Reuters photographers used drones to take spectacular images and video of polluted waterways throughout the world in the run-up to the United Nations' World Water Day on March 22 this year.

-A discarded sofa is seen beached in the Tiete river in Sao Paulo, Brazil's largest metropolis, where hundreds of tonnes of untreated sewage and rubbish are dumped every day.

-Sewage running into the Euphrates in Najaf, Iraq,

-Residential trash blocking the Citarum river in Bandung, Indonesia.

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1. Deforestation. Decrease in forest areas across the world that are lost for other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization, or mining activities. Greatly accelerated by human activities since 1960, deforestation has been negatively affecting natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and the climate. The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization estimates the annual rate of deforestation to be around 1.3 million km² per decade.
2. Weak soil fertility. Negatively affect crop yields.

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Soil erosion led by Land Pollution

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Soil Erosion causes by:
1. Human activities  due to agricultural demands, mining or even urbanization.
2. Agrochemicals with excessive use of phosphoric chemicals ends up causing an imbalance of microorganisms in the soil moisture, stimulating the growth of harmful bacteria which leads weak soil strength.

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This will occur the worst when the rapid deforestation applied on the certain area at the same time. Along with the monsoon season, the land will most likely collapse which can leads to flooding.

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Forest. The most precious thing on earth that provides all the goods for all living things. The area that most likely nurture our cycle of living. The place where the trees grip our earth to hold the land still.

Plus, this is particularly occur at places with the highest risk of erosion, such as watersheds in Indonesia, India, the Philippines and more.

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Why ?

Negligence is the main cause. In fact, it is estimated that 80% of marine litter comes from land. This pollution comes mainly from household waste, which is poorly recycled, dumped in landfills or abandoned in nature. This waste is carried by the winds, pushed by the rains into sewers, streams, rivers, and finally in the oceans. Natural disasters such as floods must be considered as other causes of plastic pollution as well.

Almost all plastic is derived from materials (like ethylene and propylene) made from fossil fuels (mostly oil and gas). The process of extracting and transporting those fuels, then manufacturing plastic creates billions of tones of greenhouse gases. For example, 4% of the world's annual petroleum production is diverted to making plastic, and another 4% gets burned in the refining process.

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Its happens every single day- production, consumption, transportation

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Where:

It could possibly happen just in front of you, the food that you eat, the product that you use, the car that you used to move from place to another place.

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caused by:
+ heavily fertilized fields
+ livestock waste

who is affected?
+ elderly residents
+ children with uncontrolled asthma
+ lead to chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer and other diseases

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Caused by Who?

The major cause of plastic pollution is by humans themselves who is not considerate enough in thinking the impacts of plastic to environment and dump the industrial or their personal plastic waste into the water which causes the climate change.

Effects Who?

ON THE ENVIRONMENT

This plastic debris represents a chemical pollution in several ways. They contain compounds that can be chemically transferred to organisms during ingestion. Some of these molecules are potentially toxic and can accumulate in the body. Besides, plastic bags also affect the growth of crops, by hindering the process of photosynthesis in agricultural fields.

ON ANIMALS

The most direct effect of plastic pollution is the imprisonment of animals in nets or large debris. It is a cause of significant mortality of marine mammals, turtles and birds. A second direct effect is ingestion, that concerns the entire food chain of the marine ecosystem.

ON HUMANS

Because of the chemical additives used during plastic production, plastics have potentially harmful effects on human health. Indeed, exposure to toxic chemicals coming out of plastic can cause cancers, birth defects, impaired immunity and other health problems.

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+ Especially in urban area and industrial agriculture area that grow fast
+ country that have significant agriculture products

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Plastic pollution is most visible in developing Asian and African nations, where garbage collection systems are often inefficient or nonexistent. But the developed world, especially in countries with low recycling rates, also has trouble properly collecting discarded plastics.

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Globally, in this year alone, researchers estimate that the production and incineration of plastic will pump more than 850 million tones of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. By 2050, those emissions could rise to 2.8 billion tones. Alarmingly, at least 8 million tones of discarded plastic also enters our oceans each year, and plastic pollution at sea is on course to double by 2030. Plastic has even been found in the deepest place on Earth.

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Caused by:
+ Human activities.
Human activities such as illegal logging, rapid development, elevated highway and so on to create a city but neglected the needs of green space and its function as well. And some of trees are cut down to satisfy human needs but in the end affected the human's health.

+ Bad quality air.
Air pollution is caused by solid and liquid particles and certain gases that are suspended in the air. These particles and gases can come from car and truck exhaust, factories, dust, pollen, mold spores, volcanoes and wildfires.

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The severe lockdown interventions implemented first in China,7 and gradually in the rest of the world, have resulted in an abrupt decrease in anthropogenic emissions in the atmosphere, leading to substantially improved air quality in highly polluted areas of China and Europe (figure 1; appendix p 2), with unprecedented societal implications.

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It happens when creating a new development city or a new building. And it may lead to some issues such as urban heat island and polluted city.

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Usually occurs in urban areas due to the lack of green areas that less apply this LCS program in their city.

Higher temperatures in the city can lead to increased discomfort, respiratory difficulties, heat cramps, exhaustion, non-fatal heat stroke, and heat related mortality, especially during heat waves among the society.

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Light Pollution is one of the many effects of urbanization.

The main causes of light pollution are:

1. Poor Planning
The placement of signage and street lights is planned by engineers, and if they do not take into account the effect placement has on the surrounding environment, they can create glare, light trespass and light clutter.

2. Irresponsible Use
You may love Christmas lights, but leaving them on all night is a form of pollution, as is leaving a room with the lights still on or setting the timers on streetlamps and not adjusting the timer for the season. Not actively choosing to minimize energy waste is a huge source of light pollution.

3. Overpopulation
That is really a zoning issue. Too many businesses or too many residences, grouped in one area can cause light pollution of many kinds.

4. Excessive Use of Light
One significant cause of light pollution is the excessive use of electric light. Electricity has become quite cheap over time; therefore, people do not care too much about their electricity consumption. This leads to an over-consumption of electricity and also in excessive use of light, especially at nighttime.

5. Smog and Clouds
Smog and clouds can reflect the light emitted by cities and thus make the surrounding environment look much brighter, causing light pollution.

6. Lights From Cars and Other Motor Vehicles
Cars and other vehicles contribute to the problem of light pollution, especially at nighttime. The lights of vehicles shine quite bright in areas without many other light sources.

7. Streetlamps, Light From Houses and Garage Lamps
Streetlamps that are built too near to houses may also cause light pollution and may affect people. Due to poor street planning, this may impact people’s sleep in an adverse manner. Garage lamps can be an additional source of light pollution, reaching nearby houses and affecting people when a neighbor turns on the garage lamp at nighttime.

8. Nighttime-lighting

All kinds of nighttime-lighting can affect people in an adverse way, and therefore cause light pollution. A good example would be the illuminated advertising spaces at nighttime that may cause light pollution to the surrounding houses.

9. Downtown Areas

Since downtown areas with skyscrapers usually are quite illuminated, they emit an enormous amount of light. Since many of the lights will stay on 24/7 for traffic but also for commercial purposes, they contribute to light pollution in a significant way.

Source: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/types-causes-and-effects-of-light-pollution.php#Causes_of_Light_Pollution

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Light pollution is unique as it is caused by man only. There is no comparable natural form of pollution like there is with carbon dioxide.

1. Effects on People
The wrong kind of light, or too much light has been proven to have adverse health effects and decreases the quality of life. Humans living on Earth possess a particular circadian rhythm programmed in their DNA, requiring a regular pattern of light during the day and dark during the night. When these natural circadian rhythms get disrupted, it can have an adverse impact on health and cause cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, and insomnia.

2. Effects on Animals
Lights can attract or repel animals and insects. Most animal life functions on a diurnal or nocturnal system that is thrown out of sync by light pollution. This can place entire species in danger. The effect of light pollution falls severely on regions that had previously been untouched by humans. Animals in these areas may react quite sensitively to the changes in their natural environment. They may move to other places with lower light pollution, or unwanted species get attracted to human areas.

3. Effect on the Earth and Ecosystem
The Earth’s ecosystem is dependent on cycles of natural light. Since these ecosystems are usually quite sensitive to changes in their environment, they may not be able to adapt to new artificial conditions developed from human-made light pollution. Skyglow alone can cause a loss in growth protection as the reflected light off the atmosphere will prevent the natural UV rays from reaching the Earth. This disrupts growth and decay cycles that our food, air and water supply is dependent on.

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Noise pollution and Climate change.
In an urban area, noise pollution was the main issue on how it impacts the place's comfort.
but, it will affect climate change?

In others' perspectives, noise pollution also comes from a private vehicles, construction work, noise from industrial and huge transportation. All these things will come out with air pollution, waste pollution, and energy pollution.

Thus, all this pollution come from the human activity that doesn't have any limitation. The pollution control can be done if all these activities have been reduced to a minimum of numbers

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Without proper planning, light pollution is expected to increase and worsen over the years as the world rapidly becomes more urbanized.

"Light pollution is increasing globally, in both developed and developing countries. Most of the data on the growth of light pollution comes from a handful of weather satellite images and computer modeling using population trends. An examination of North American light emissions shows a roughly six percent annual increase from 1947 to 2000 (Cinzano & Elvidge, 2003). This may be a conservative estimate, as measurements over smaller areas and shorter time spans show annual increases of eight percent for Las Vegas, Nevada (NPS measurements, 2002–2008), and 10 percent in northern Italy (Cinzano, 2000). These increases exceed the population growth rate, indicating that the increase in light pollution is primarily due to a multplication of two factors—more light emitted per capita and a greater percentage of uplight from light fixtures."

Source: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nightskies/growth.htm

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Light Pollution is happening in all highly urbanized areas.

The exceptions to this rapid light pollution growth rate include Eastern Europe, which suffered economic hardship and government collapse in the 1990s, and areas where lighting regulations have been created and enforced, such as Tucson, Arizona, portions of Northern Italy (Falchi, 2011), and Flagstaff, Arizona (NPS measurements, 2002–2012).

Though the light pollution trend has been sobering and future predictions for dark skies are bleak, there are clear examples where efforts to protect and restore dark skies have been successful.

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These issues come from:

Human behavior that priority to have a private vehicle on the road."Use public transport =)"

Industrial activity that focused on come out with a product that doesn't consider about the surrounding environment

construction work that doesn't have a limitation on energy waste that also impact the environment

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These all the activities happened when all the humans always thinking about their own money and profit without considering what the future will experience the environment.

The selfish people will lead to selfish space that only think about their own happiness

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All these activities happen everywhere, especially in an urban area.
Human that takes advantage of their wealth without considering about the precious environment surrounding. The people always race themselves to show the mightiness of themself.
It's actually a selfish thing!