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Zoology is the scientific study of the animal kingdom. It encompasses an enormous variety of organisms, from small invertebrates such as earthworms to giant mammals such as blue whales. This discipline has many aspects of study, and zoologists can specialize in areas such as animal behaviour, physiology, anatomy, or taxonomy. Zoologists' research is critical to a number of environmental issues and the protection of Canada's animal species.

At a glance Imagine you have been up all night, anxiously sitting behind a thick Plexiglas window watching from a distance as a female polar bear gives birth to two cubs. You are a zoologist and your speciality is mammal behaviour, specifically the interaction between mothers and their young. You have been invited to the zoo to witness this special event as part of your research. You will watch the new mother closely: her behaviour in her first few hours with the cubs has a huge impact on their chances for survival. What you see tonight will help you in your study of breeding bears and with any luck give you insight into what scientists can do to keep wild populations growing. As a zoologist, you have been studying polar bears for years, but this is the first time you've witnessed the birth of cubs up close. Once the new additions are born, mother and cubs will need some time alone together, so you will observe their interactions using a remote camera hidden inside their micro-habitat. In the first few hours of life, you will watch very closely to make certain the mother does not reject the cubs, which can happen every so often. If she does, you will look for indications why and determine if there is something you can do to prevent this from happening to animals in captivity and in the wild. But most likely the mother bear will welcome her cubs and begin teaching them how to survive within minutes of their birth. This is what you want to see: how her behaviour teaches them how to feed, run, and swim, as well as other necessary survival skills. Your opportunity will teach zoologists a lot about bear behaviour and survival.

Job duties
Duties vary significantly from job to job, but the following list includes typical job duties one might encounter as a zoologist:

Investigate the relationships between animals and their environment.

Study the development, physiology, and function of animals.

Conduct surveys of animal populations and prepare reports for management agencies.

Supervise and coordinate the work of technical staff.

Collect, process, and prepare specimens for study.

Analyze data and experimental observations and evaluate study results.

Conduct research and literature reviews.

Prepare and publish scientific papers to report experimental results.

Work environment
Zoologists work in a variety of locations, including: In the office:

Doing paperwork and analyzing data for reporting

Communicating on the phone and in meetings with clients, government departments, colleagues, and experts in the field

Preparing articles and papers based on research findings

Researching new studies and advancements in zoology and conducting literature reviews

In the lab:

Processing and analyzing specimens

Conducting experiments

In the field:

Collecting specimens

Conducting experiments

Presenting research and experimental findings at conferences and public meetings

Where to work
There are a number of places zoologists can find employment. They include:

Federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal government departments

Colleges, universities, and research institutes

Environmental consulting firms

Other industries, for example pharmaceutical research, agriculture and food production, and biotechnology companies

Zoos

Not-for-profit and non-governmental organizations

Self-employed consultant

Education & requirements
If you are a high school student considering a career as a zoologist, you should have strong marks or an interest in:

Biology

English

Mathematics

Chemistry

Physics

In most cases, the minimum education requirement to work as a zoologist is a university undergraduate degree. A graduate degree is required for independent research. If you are a post-secondary student considering a career as a zoologist, the following programs are most applicable: Certification is not mandatory in order to work as a zoologist.
Skills

Environmental employers look for professionals who can combine technical knowledge with business skills. The ECO Academy can help you build the essential skills needed for a successful environmental career. Learn more

Related Careers

Agriculture specialist

Aquaculturist

Biological technician

Biotechnologist

Conservation biologist

Conservation officer

Ecologist

Entomologist

Environmental scientist

Fisheries specialist

Fisheries technician

Marine biologist

Microbiologist

Naturalist

Ornithologist

Wetland biologist

Wildlife biologist

Wildlife technician

Role Model

Douglas Morris
When I was young I spent a lot of my time outdoors. I was always interested in ecology and I grew up hoping that I could help to advance our ecological and evolutionary knowledge. My university education started in the early 1970s and resulted in a Ph.D. by the end of the decade. I moved into a university position as an assistant professor and continued my research in ecology. For the last twenty years I have been involved with several universities, both in Canada and internationally. My research into evolutionary ecology has focussed on the ecological and evolutionary implications of habitat selection, with small mammals as the primary study organisms. I view this research from a "big picture" perspective and try not to restrict my understanding to any particular group of species. The editor and referees of an important scientific journal recognized the value of my early theories and empirical work, and this helped to solidify my interest in habitat selection. Since that time I have expanded my basic theories and answered many questions about habitat's role in ecology and evolution, and its use by wild species. I enjoy spending time in the field and encourage students to participate in the fieldwork. This hands-on activity allows us to gain insights into ecology and evolutionary biology that we would otherwise lack. Often my thinking is stimulated by fieldwork and by experiences at our various field sites. My teaching role goes hand-in-hand with my research. I am able to refine my understanding of nature, and pass on that understanding to new generations of ecologists. Fieldwork is one important way that I keep myself grounded in what is important and practical. I stay up-to-date with current information by reading journals, reviewing manuscripts, developing theory, teaching students and networking with colleagues. The Internet allows me to connect, and share ideas, with other scientists around the world. I also attend the annual meeting of The Canadian Society of Zoologists plus one major international conference each year. There are numerous employment possibilities associated with the growing government and societal emphasis on environmental issues. In the academic setting, advancement through salary increases is associated with achievement. Beyond the full professor level, advancement is mainly through the administrative stream. From a personal perspective, in the future I intend to learn more about the adaptive behaviour of animals as indicators of environmental stress. My goal is to be more active internationally, and to demonstrate how to solve problems in conservation with the knowledge we have gained, and continue to gain, in two decades of field research on small mammals. If you are considering the life of a university zoology or ecology professor you will require education in mathematics as well as a graduate degree in biology. The discipline needs people who can look at problems from a broad perspective. It is best to be more interested in the problems themselves rather than in particular animal or plant species. People with a broad background and experience in international conservation projects will have an advantage. Environmental positions are available from coast to coast but many are located in Ottawa and provincial capitals. My day-to-day activities vary with the season. During the fall and winter I concentrate on teaching and I interact with students, other faculty members and administrators. In the summer months I enjoy being active in fieldwork at our Arctic, southern Alberta, northern and southern Ontario sites. I have the opportunity to work with many different biologists, foresters and government agencies. The hours I work per week are officially thirty-five but are often eighty or more, especially in fieldwork season. The other duties that go with teaching and fieldwork are statistical analyses, computer simulations, handling wild animals, use of a variety of capture and safety equipment, writing, reviewing manuscripts and grant applications, organizing seminars and symposia, and administration. Research and teaching new generations of students to think about ecology, evolution and conservation are mutually rewarding. I am fortunate, and thankful, to enjoy the freedom to think in new and creative ways. This freedom of thought allows me to contribute innovative solutions to environmental problems.

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Zoology is the scientific study of the animal kingdom. It encompasses an enormous variety of organisms, from small invertebrates such as earthworms to giant mammals such as blue whales. This discipline has many aspects of study, and zoologists can specialize in areas such as animal behaviour, physiology, anatomy, or taxonomy.

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If you're considering pursuing one of the many careers with animals , then it's well worth knowing first about the varied benefits of working with animals. From equine sciences through to veterinary nurses, dog trainers to pet hydrotherapists, there is something for everyone when it comes to varied jobs with animals.

Making a difference

When you help an animal to get better after an accident or illness, change behaviours through training, prepare an animal for re-homing or provide a wellness service such as a walk or groom, you are performing a valuable service that really makes a difference. And although animals may not be able to talk, those who work with them have a special rapport and are aware of the appreciation that their animal patients feel for their efforts! Working with animals also engages your brain. The scope is tremendous, with everything from zoo courses through to dog first aid courses, animal hydrotherapy courses or

Flexibility

There is a huge range of jobs available when you work with pets and many of them are flexible, with opportunities to work for yourself, work part-time or even to work overseas. This means that you can enjoy a rich and rewarding career when you choose jobs with animals.

Professional training

Demand animal nursing assistant courses on offer. This sets you up for a rewarding, fulfilling and varied career path.

Some areas of the sector are particularly high in demand. For example, the animal charity sector is greatly in need of skilled and qualified workers across a variety of roles. This means that you will be able to train for a career in which you have a high chance of gaining reliable work, something that isn't always the case in a lot of other professions.

Sociable and varied

As well as working with animals directly, roles in this field allow you meet and engage with lots of different people too. Your days will also be varied and interesting - and most people in animal-related careers say that no two days are ever the same!

In summary, there is a fantastic range of compelling reasons to become accredited in the animal care related field of your interest and to prepare yourself for an exciting, rewarding and meaningful career that will really make a difference. Find out more on our website.

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If you're considering pursuing one of the many careers with animals , then it's well worth knowing first about the varied benefits of working with animals. From equine sciences through to veterinary nurses, dog trainers to pet hydrotherapists, there is something for everyone when it comes to varied jobs with animals.

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Zoologists are biologists who study a variety of animal species. Those studies can include researching animal behaviors and characteristics, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoologists may be involved in research, animal management, or education.

Zoologists may specialize in a branch of the field that is concerned with a related group of animals, such as mammalogy (mammals), herpetology (reptiles), ichthyology (fish), or ornithology (birds). Zoologists may also specialize even further by concentrating on the study of a single species.

Zoologist Duties & Responsibilities

The duties of a zoologist generally include the following:

Designing and conducting research projects and studies of animals

Studying the characteristics of animals and their behaviors

Collecting and analyzing biological data and specimens

Writing papers, reports, and articles that explain research findings

Ensuring animal welfare through various initiatives

Educating the public on animal welfare and wildlife conservation

Promoting conservation efforts

Assisting with captive breeding programs

Zoologists often work in conjunction with zookeepers, veterinarians, marine biologists, and wildlife biologists to properly manage animal populations in captivity and in the wild. Zoologists may also take on keeper and curator roles in some zoological parks.

Zoologist Salary

The salary for zoologists may vary based on factors such as the type of employment, level of education completed, and duties required by their specific position. Zoologists with graduate degrees or with specialized knowledge tend to earn higher salaries in the field.

Median Annual Salary: $62,290

Top 10% Annual Salary: $99,700

Bottom 10% Annual Salary: $39,620

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017

Education, Training, & Certification

Zoologists must have at least a bachelor's degree to enter the profession. Graduate-level degrees, such as a master's or a Ph.D., are generally preferred and often required for advanced research or teaching positions.

The major for an aspiring zoologist is usually biology, zoology, or a closely related field. Many undergraduates earn their initial bachelor's degree in biology before focusing on zoology during their graduate-level studies.

Courses in biology, anatomy and physiology, chemistry, physics, statistics, communications, and computer technology are required for the pursuit of any degree in the biological sciences.

Zoologists may also need to take additional courses in animal science, veterinary science, animal behavior, animal husbandry, and ecology to complete their degree requirements.

Zoologist Skills & Competencies

Zoologists need the following traits in order to perform their duties:

Communication skills: Zoologists must be able to write effective research papers and reports. They also need to communicate verbally and in writing with the public, policymakers, and other stakeholders.

Observation skills: It's critical to notice slight changes in an animal's behavior or appearance and observe a variety of elements in animals' surroundings.

Critical-thinking skills: Zoologists must be able to draw conclusions from experiments, research results, and scientific observations.

Problem-solving abilities: Zoologists must find solutions to help protect animals and wildlife from possible threats.

Comfort with technology: Being tech savvy is a plus because zoologists often use highly specialized scientific equipment and data management software during the course of their research activities.

Job Outlook

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment for wildlife biologists and zoologists will grow slightly more than the average, at 8 percent through the year 2026 compared to 7 percent for all occupations. Zoologists holding graduate degrees will have the greatest number of career options, especially in research and academia.

Professional Associations for Zoologists

Work Environment

Employment opportunities for zoologists are present with zoological parks, aquariums, marine parks, state or federal governmental agencies, laboratories, educational institutions, museums, publications, environmental conservation groups, and consulting companies.

Enjoying the outdoors is a must for this career path. Zoologists may work outdoors in varying weather conditions and extreme temperatures while conducting research or management activities.

Work Schedule

Most zoologists work full-time, and they may work long or irregular hours, especially when working in the field.

Comparing Similar Jobs

People who are interested in becoming zoologists may also be interested in the following careers, listed with their median annual salaries:

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017

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Zoologist Job Description: Salary, Skills, & More

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A zoologist is a biologist who studies a variety of animal species. Get a job description, salary information, and more in this career profile.

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Health and Wellness SHSM Nutrition Certification