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"How to Talk about Indigenous people", by Ossie Michelin.
Guiding Question:   What is the difference between the words, "indigenous" and "First Nations" and "aboriginal"?
Before this project gets underway,  let's clarify the vocabulary.

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"What does it take to break stereotypes about First Nations?", by Tamara Ainscow
Guiding Question:   In our society, what are the most common stereotypes about indigenous people"?

Taken from the Feb 15 edition of The Montreal Gazette, this Sixties Scoop survivor writes about how 3 stereotypes about First Nations people still persist today.

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As a Sixties Scoop survivor, I can attest to how latent and blatant discrimination can be toward First Nations people in Canada.

With an overwhelming sense of injustice being felt across the country in the wake of the verdict in Saskatchewan, Quebec's inquiry into relations between First Nations and six public services could not have come to Montreal at a better time.

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As a Sixties Scoop survivor, I can attest to how latent and blatant discrimination can be toward First Nations people in Canada. Adopted by a non-native family, I grew up on the West Island of Montreal. Because of the racism and stereotypes I was subjected to, my formative years were spent wishing I was a little white boy like my three older brothers and denying my First Nations heritage.

My First Nations' identity was, and continues to be at times, projected as three main stereotypes.

The first is that all First Nations people are stupid, drunk and lazy. Those who hold this stereotype talk to me like I'm "special," but not in a good way. Some can't hide their surprise when I can do basic math, and their eyes bug out upon hearing I have two BAs. At a job interview once, a woman peered down her nose, gave me a sniff and said "well, at least you dress nicely" in a tone dripping with disgust and condescension.

The second stereotype is that natives are spiritual beings, at one with nature. People who believe this tend to look at me with adoration, talk of how they love the First Nations and ask about ceremonies. They seem to think the First Nations have all the answers and can go do no wrong. These people cannot hide their disappointment when they learn I grew up in a homogeneously white suburb and don't practise any ceremonies or do traditional arts.

The third stereotype is that First Nations are primitive savages. People who believe this aren't comfortable being alone with me, keeping one eye on the door. And, it must be said that there are those who focus on the lewd aspect of this stereotype, imagining what First Nations women are like in the bedroom. They tend to look at me with a different kind of disrespect, salaciously, like I'm a sexual object.

Having lived in Manitoba, Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia and Quebec, I haven't met any First Nations person who embodies these stereotypes.

So, how many people does it take to create a stereotype?

Last year I engaged in dialogue with a Twitter user who commented that all government payout money would go toward drugs and alcohol. He revealed that he noticed a few First Nations people regularly drinking on a corner in Toronto and that's why he propagated the stereotype. It didn't matter that he probably regularly passed seven others who were on their way to school or work who neither drank nor did drugs.

Which raises the next question: What does it take to break a stereotype?

People constantly call on the First Nations to "get over it," yet the same people can't "get over" the stereotypes that underlie their racism. They forget that the First Nations narrative was written by those who hold the power, who used negative stereotypes to justify their actions. The idea that there was an "Indian problem" came of this. That the idea persists is evident by the comments of some social media users who lament that the early colonizers didn't kill off all the First Nations, as it would have solved the problem. But I don't believe the majority of Canadians support genocide, my experience is that the majority want the injustices against Indigenous people to end.

I see this inquiry as a concrete step toward reconciliation. At a time when many First Nations have lost hope it will happen in their lifetime, I empathize and hope being part of the dialogue will help effect positive change for the future.
Tamara Ainscow is a Montreal writer.

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Opinion: What does it take to break stereotypes about First Nations?

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As a Sixties Scoop survivor, I can attest to how latent and blatant discrimination can be toward First Nations people in Canada.

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"Stereotypes about Natives in Canada", by Wab Kinew
Guiding Question:   In our society, what are the most common stereotypes about indigenous people"?
Taken from the CBC show, The Strombo Show, Wab Kinew quickly debunks 5 common stereotypes.

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Wab Kinew on the Stereotypes about Natives in Canada

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"Truth and Reconciliation Commission final report points to 'growing crisis' for indigenous youth", by Susanna Mas of CBC News

Guiding Question:   Explain the Truth and Reconciliation Report ... the one we see in the above editorial cartoon?

Published in December, 2015, this article explains the shocking Truth and Reconciliation Report, as well as the travelling 6-year commission that produced the report.

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​The Truth and Reconciliation Commission will make public on Tuesday its final report documenting the history and legacy of Canada's residential school system, raising serious concerns for current and future generations of First Nations, Inuit and Métis children.

The final report, titled Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future, is the culmination of thousands of hours of heart-wrenching testimony heard in more than 300 communities over a span of six years, from more than 6,000 indigenous women and men who were abused and lived to tell their stories.

"The survivors showed great courage, conviction, and trust in sharing their stories, which, collected here, are now a part of a permanent historical record, never to be forgotten or ignored," writes Justice Murray Sinclair, the chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, in the final report obtained by CBC News.

A summary report released by the commission in June made 94 recommendations, including changes to policies and programs.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, who will be present when Sinclair unveils the final report in Ottawa on Tuesday, has committed to implementing all the recommendations, including the adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and a national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women and girls.

The government announced last week the first phase in a process that would lead to a much-awaited inquiry.

3,200 recorded deaths

The commission heard testimony of the effects that over 100 years of mistreatment had on 150,000 First Nations, Inuit and Métis children. It is a moving and tragic historical account of what happened to indigenous children, many of whom were physically and sexually abused in residential schools.

What's more, the commission found records showing that 3,200 indigenous children died from tuberculosis, malnutrition and other diseases resulting from poor living conditions.

In an exclusive interview with CBC News Network's Power & Politics, Sinclair said he estimates the number of children who died to be much higher because burial records are "so poor."

"I'm absolutely convinced the number is much higher, perhaps as much as five to 10 times as high as that," Sinclair told host Rosemary Barton.

'Staggering' legacy

The final report also paints a grim picture of "the growing crisis" of indigenous youth over-represented in Canada's prisons and child welfare system.

"The legacy of residential schools and government actions towards indigenous people over the years since Confederation is staggering. Every social condition measurable in Canadian society places aboriginal people at the most disadvantaged position of all people in the country," Sinclair told CBC News.

The legacy can be seen in the myths, misunderstandings, and lack of empathy many Canadians openly display about indigenous people, their history, and their place in society. - Justice Murray Sinclair, chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission

"They have the highest unemployment rate, the biggest gap in income earnings, the number of aboriginal children in care, the number of aboriginal people who are incarcerated, the health problems and the health illnesses, the life expectancy rates are the lowest in the country, housing is poor, water supplies are poor - just the social living conditions that aboriginal people face are attributable to the way that they've been treated and mistreated by governments over the years and by society."

Sinclair said much of it is directly traced back to the experience of indigenous children in residential schools.

The commission also found:

Fewer than 50 former residential school staff members were convicted for sexually or physically abusing indigenous students - an "insignificant" number, according to the report, given the 37,951 claims filed for compensation from survivors as of Jan. 31, 2015.

The harm done to Métis children who attended residential schools "was substantial," but Métis as a people were excluded from the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. Part of the reconciliation process will have to address and rectify "this damage."

"Removed from their families and home communities," Sinclair said in the final report, "seven generations of aboriginal children were denied their identity through a systematic and concerted effort to extinguish their culture, language and spirit."

"It is clear that residential schools were a key component of a Canadian government policy of cultural genocide."

"The legacy can be seen in the myths, misunderstandings, and lack of empathy many Canadians openly display about indigenous people, their history, and their place in society," said Sinclair.

While the final report marks "one of the darkest, most troubling chapters in our nation's history," it also turns the page on a new chapter in the relationship between indigenous and non-indigenous Canadians.

"Reconciliation will not be easy and it will take time, but to make it happen, we must believe it should happen," said Sinclair.

Reforming child welfare system

The high number of incarcerated indigenous youth and "the even more dramatic overrepresentation" of indigenous children in the care of child-welfare agencies are connected, the report found, and are in part explained by the way indigenous people were treated in residential schools.

There are more than 300 child-welfare agencies in Canada operating under provincial and territorial jurisdiction.

"Proof of the effectiveness of First Nations child and family service agencies is still preliminary," said the commission, "but anecdotal evidence and case studies suggest that First Nation agencies are more effective than non-aboriginal agencies in providing service to First Nation clients."

While indigenous people now have "considerable" control of child-welfare services, according to the commission, funding is still lacking for many aboriginal agencies.

The final report notes that Canada's "child-welfare crisis" has not gone unnoticed by the international community.

In 2012, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed to Canada its concern about the frequent removal of children in Canada from families as a "first resort" in cases of neglect, financial hardship, or disability, the report said.

The commission urged on all levels of government - federal, provincial, territorial, and aboriginal - to work together to reform Canada's justice and child welfare systems.

Indigenous and Northern Affairs Minister Carolyn Bennett said in a speech to First Nations gathered in Gatineau., Que., last week that the government has begun working on and seeking support for an "overhaul" of the country's child welfare system.

Bennett reiterated her government's commitment after her first formal meeting with the families of missing and murdered indigenous women in Ottawa on Friday.

"There is a real problem of ripping children from their families, from their communities, and that we need to look at this system very seriously," she said.

"We have to start with the children - protect the children - that's what child welfare is supposed to be."

"These children need protection ... and we will try to get this system fixed."

"We hope to get to work on that early in the new year," Bennett said.

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Truth and Reconciliation final report points to 'growing crisis' for indigenous youth | CBC News

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​The Truth and Reconciliation Commission will make public on Tuesday its final report documenting the history and legacy of Canada's residential school system, raising serious concerns for current and future generations of First Nations, Inuit and Métis children.

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Guiding Question:   Why was Gord Downie named the 2016 Newsmaker of the Year"?
From the CBC website, a one-on-one interview with entertainment reporter David Friend that explains WHY Gord Downie was named 2016 Newsmaker of the Year.

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How Gord Downie came to be named the Canadian Press Newsmaker of the Year

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Canadian Press entrainment reporter David Friend joins CBC News Network's Natasha Fatah to explain why Gord Downie was given the title.

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Document 4b:   News Article and 2 video clips   

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Document 4b:   News Article and 2 video clips   

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"Tragically Hip's Gord Downie calls out to Trudeau during tour finale"
Guiding Question:   How did Gord Downie publicly and passionately "call out" PM Justin Trudeau during his final concert?
From the CBC website, an article and 2 videos that capture the excitement surrounding the final Tragically Hip concert in August, 2016, and Downie's unexpected "calling out" to PM Trudeau to take immediate action on the problems in aboriginal communities today.

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The Tragically Hip paid tribute to all of Canada as the band wrapped up their 15-stop tour in Kingston, Ont., with lead singer Gord Downie including a shout-out to the prime minister, who was in the audience.

The concert opened Saturday night with flag-waving fans singing O Canada. For other fans, there were viewing parties held at locations across the country.

Between songs, Downie acknowledged Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. He called on the prime minister to take action on behalf of Canada's Indigenous people, and then said he expected Trudeau would have plenty of time to do it.

"He's going to be looking good for about at least 12 more years. I don't know if they let you go beyond that. But he'll do it," Downie told concert-goers.

Trudeau could be seen in the audience, nodding and mouthing "thank you."

He declined to address Downie's comments about him, but said, "It was an extraordinary opportunity for everyone in Kingston, but indeed across the country, to celebrate an iconic Canadian and an extraordinary band. It was a great and moving night and I was extremely privileged to be part of it."

Shortly before the show started, the prime minister's photographer posted an image on Twitter of Trudeau embracing Downie.

PM <a href="https://twitter.com/JustinTrudeau">@JustinTrudeau</a> and Gord before the show <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/manmachinepoemtour?src=hash">#manmachinepoemtour</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/tragicallyhip?src=hash">#tragicallyhip</a> <a href="https://t.co/GAKygevYVz">pic.twitter.com/GAKygevYVz</a>
&mdash; @AdamScotti

While he waited for the band to take the stage in the Rogers K-Rock Centre, Trudeau spoke briefly with the CBC's Ron MacLean, who is still in Rio for the Olympics, about The Tragically Hip.

Trudeau said he was wishing all week that he was in Rio for the Games, "but tonight I'm glad I'm in Kingston instead."

Trudeau said he had mixed feelings about the show, because it was both a chance to say goodbye and to celebrate Downie, who is battling terminal brain cancer.

Trudeau spoke about becoming a fan of the Hip in university and at one point wishing the band would make it big internationally, though now he's glad they've remained a Canadian staple, saying they are "an inevitable and essential part of what we are and who we are as a country."

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Tragically Hip's Gord Downie uses Kingston show to call for action on Indigenous issues | CBC News

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The Tragically Hip paid tribute to all of Canada as the band wrapped up their 15-stop tour in Kingston, Ont., with lead singer Gord Downie including a shout-out to the prime minister, who was in the audience. The concert opened Saturday night with flag-waving fans singing O Canada.

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Document 4c:  News article & various tweets

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Document 4c:  News article & various tweets

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"Trained our Entire Lives to Ignore: Downie's call to action for Indigenous people in the North"
Guiding Question:   What was the public impact of Gord Downie's short speeches during his final concert?
From the CBC website, a focused explanation of what Gord Downie said during his final concert that reignited the national movement towards Truth and Reconciliation.

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People across the country are praising Tragically Hip frontman Gord Downie for using his televised concert in Kingston, Ont., to campaign for Canada's North.

He also showed his esteem for Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and called on the crowd to hold the PM to account.

"We're in good hands, folks. Real good hands," Downie said on Saturday, as the camera showed Trudeau in the crowd at the Rogers K-Rock Centre, clad in a Hip T-shirt. "He cares about the people way up north. That we were trained our entire lives to ignore."

Downie took two separate opportunities to address the need for decolonization.

He called on the prime minister to address Canada's historical mistreatment of its Indigenous people and to "get 'er done." He also asked the audience to hold Trudeau to account and commit to acknowledging and fixing the problems.

"What's going on up there ain't good. It may be worse than it's ever been," Downie said.

"You know, Prime Minister Trudeau's got me. His work with First Nations. He's got everybody. He's going to take us where we need to go."

The fact Downie spent time addressing the issue rather than something more expected - raising money for cancer research - touched many across the country.

And it turns out, it wasn't only Canada watching Saturday's concert.

According to CBC's Piya Chattopadhyay, an hour into the show at least 120,000 people were streaming the concert online, including people from Trinidad and Tobago, Kuwait, Laos, Bangladesh, the Philippines, India, Australia, Japan and Mexico.

Fans were also watching in the States:

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'Trained our entire lives to ignore': Gord Downie's call to action for Indigenous in the North | CBC News

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People across the country are praising Tragically Hip frontman Gord Downie for using his televised concert in Kingston, Ont., to campaign for Canada's North. He also showed his esteem for Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and called on the crowd to hold the PM to account. "We're in good hands, folks.

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Document 5a:  Selections from encyclopedia articles

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Document 5a:  Selections from encyclopedia articles

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"Struggling to Escape a Legacy of Oppression"  and  "The Cycle of Disadvantage"
Guiding Question:   Explain (with supporting statistics) the crippling social problems facing Indigenous people in Canada, as well as how these problems fit into a "Cycle of Disadvantage".
From both the Canadian Encyclopedia and socialjustice.org, various selections of information-based texts about the difficult living conditions in the North.
The issues are divided into 6 categories:
1.  Poverty and inequality
2.  Health Care
3.  Employment
4.  Education
5.  Housing
6.  Justice

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"Aboriginal Issues in Canada"
Guiding Question:   Explain (with supporting statistics) the crippling social problems facing Indigenous people in Canada, , as well as how these problems fit into a "Cycle of Disadvantage"
Taken from YouTube, this video project by students at Western University provides a summary of the main social problems facing indigenous communities today.  Most of the statistics are well-referenced and credible.

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Document 5c:  A blog post (video and article)

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Document 5c:  A blog post (video and article)

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"8 Key Issues for Aboriginal People in Canada", by Bob Joseph
Guiding Question:   Explain (with supporting details) the most serious social problems facing Indigenous people in Canada.
Taken from the blog called "Working Effectively with Indigenous People", this article/video gives an effective statistical summary of the main problems facing indigenous communities.

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Eight of the key issues of most significant concern for Indigenous Peoples in Canada are complex and inexorably intertwined - so much so that government, researchers, policymakers and Indigenous leaders seem hamstrung by the enormity. It is hard to isolate one issue as being the worst. The roots of these issues lie in the Indian Act and colonialism.
Watch our video of this blog article:
1) Poorer health

The World Health Organization's investigation into health determinants now recognizes European colonization as a common and fundamental underlying determinant of Indigenous health. There have been strides made on the part of many Indigenous communities to improve education around health issues. Still, despite these improvements, Indigenous people remain at higher risk for illness and earlier death non-Indigenous people. Chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease are on the increase. There are definite links between income, social factors, and health. There is a higher rate of respiratory problems and other infectious diseases among Indigenous children than among non-Indigenous children - inadequate housing and crowded living conditions are contributing factors.

2) Lower levels of education

While Canada has one of the highest levels of educational attainment in the world, the rate of graduation for Indigenous students remains far lower than that of non-Indigenous students. For Indigenous students living on reserve, the gap is vast. According to a C.D. Howe Institute study, only 48 percent of students living on reserve have completed high school, while 75 percent living off-reserve have completed high school.

3) Inadequate housing and crowded living conditions

Almost one in six Indigenous people (16.4%) lived in a dwelling needing major repairs in 2021, a rate nearly three times higher than the non-Indigenous population (5.7%). In 2021, 17.1% of Indigenous people lived in crowded housing-housing not considered suitable for the number of people living there, according to the National Occupancy Standard.

4) Lower income levels

The 2021 Census marked the first time low-income data were made available for all geographic regions in Canada, including reserves and northern areas. Of the 1.8 million Indigenous people in Canada in 2021, 18.8% lived in a low-income household, as defined using the low-income measure, after tax, compared with 10.7% of the non-Indigenous population. Among the three Indigenous groups, the low-income rate was highest among First Nations people (22.7%). It was exceptionally high among status First Nations people living on reserve, almost one in three (31.4%) of whom lived in a low-income household.

5) Higher rates of unemployment

Indigenous people have historically faced higher unemployment rates than non-Indigenous people. The higher rate of unemployment is connected to lower levels of education. Literacy and numeracy skills are the foundations for skills training and meeting the demands of an increasingly digital workforce. Other barriers include cultural differences, racism, discrimination/stereotypes, self-esteem, poverty and poor housing, no driving license, no transportation, and no child care.

6) Higher levels of incarceration

32% of federal inmates identify as Indigenous, despite only making up around 5% of the total population in Canada. Indigenous women now account for almost half of the female inmate population in federally run prisons: "On April 28, 2022, the number of incarcerated Indigenous women reached 50% for the first time (298 Indigenous and 298 non-Indigenous women in federal custody) . . . this over-representation is largely the result of systemic bias and racism, including discriminatory risk assessment tools, ineffective case management, and bureaucratic delay and inertia." [3]

7) Higher rates of unintentional injuries and early deaths among children and youth

Unintentional injuries (accidents) are events in which there is no intent to harm. Accidents occur at disproportionately higher rates for Indigenous children and youth than for non-Indigenous youth and at a higher rate on reserves than in urban settings. Also, injured Indigenous children on remote reserves are much less likely to receive rehabilitation or other resources after being released from the hospital due to a shortage of healthcare resources in remote communities.

8) Higher rates of suicide

Indigenous people in Canada have some of the highest suicide rates in the world. Suicide and self-inflicted injuries are the leading causes of death for First Nations youth and adults up to 44 years of age. For Inuit, the suicide rate is nine times the national rate; for First Nations, the suicide rate is three times the national average; and for Métis, the suicide rate is twice the national average. [4]
This article was originally posted on April 26, 2019.
[1] The Daily, Wednesday, September 21, 2022

[2] The Daily, Wednesday, September 21, 2022

[3] Office of the Correctional Investigator Annual Report 2021-2022

[4] Public Health Agency of Canada, 2016

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8 Key Issues for Indigenous Peoples in Canada

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Eight of the key issues of most significant concern for Indigenous Peoples in Canada are complex and inexorably intertwined - so much so that government, researchers, policymakers and Indigenous leaders seem hamstrung by the enormity. It is hard to isolate one issue as being the worst.

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"The Canada most people don’t see" by Scott Gilmore, June 2017

Guiding Question:   While you read, try to locate Scott Gilmore's thesis (his message to us readers). Restate (in your own words) the main idea that he delivers in this disturbing and passionate editorial.

From Maclean's magazine, a "pull-no-punches" editorial that contrasts our Canada versus "the other Canada" in which indigenous Canadians live.
WARNING:   for mature readers only

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It has an unemployment rate worse than Sudan. The infant mortality rate is worse than Russia. And the injustice is appalling.

Imagine your daughter, 15 years old, sneaks some booze and gets drunk for the first time. She is found by the police, who arrest and handcuff her. A male cop body searches her in public. When she asks for a female officer, he grabs your daughter by the hair and slams her head against the police car so hard it dents the hood. She is then taken to a holding cell where other officers mock her while she cries.

Imagine your spouse is kidnapped by a violent criminal. He ties her up with electrical cords, sexually assaults her, and then stabs her. She manages to struggle free, but can't open the door because her hands are too slippery with her own blood. Against all odds, she survives, and a year later, at the trial, the prosecutor and the judge decide to lock up your wife because they want to ensure she is available to testify. She is put in the same remand centre as the man who raped and stabbed her. They share the same van to the courthouse.

Imagine the incandescent rage you would feel if this happened to your family. It's hard to, because these scenarios are so implausible they are almost impossible to conjure. If you're white, that is. If you're Indigenous, these are not hypothetical horror stories-they are simply descriptions of life in their Canada.

The first incident occurred in Thunder Bay; it is taken from the testimony of an Indigenous girl named Skye Kakegamic speaking at a coroner's inquiry into the deaths of several First Nations teens. The mayor, Keith Hobbs, has downplayed the extent of the racism problem in Thunder Bay, arguing racism exists in all cities but what's important is to street proof kids.

The second took place in Edmonton. Angela Cardinal (the name used by the CBC due to a court publication ban) was remanded by provincial court Judge Raymond Bodnarek at the request of Crown prosecutor Patricia Innes. They were both simply concerned about the victims' mental and physical state as she testified in court, and sent her to jail for her own good.

Innes, Bodnarek, Hobbs, me, you-we all live in a country where the police are there to help, the courts are just, and life on the whole is safe and rewarding. But Cardinal and Kakegamic live in a different Canada.

Most of us don't see that Canada. It has an unemployment rate worse than Sudan and the median income is on par with Latvia. There, the infant mortality rate is worse than Russia. The sewage systems often don't work, and there is no fire department. Medical facilities are few and far away. Drug and alcohol addictions are rampant. TB is at epidemic levels, and the rate of HIV infection is higher than Nigeria's. This is a Canada of broken windows in tarpaper shacks.

No, our Canada is a different place. In high school when we sneak some beer the police don't beat us. Our wives don't live in fear of sexual assault, and the justice system treats us with compassion. Life is good. By every measure, our Canada is one of the safest, healthiest and most prosperous places in the world. Sitting on our backyard decks, barbecuing steaks for dinner, we're a very long ways from the other Canada.

And you can be forgiven, I suppose, for not really caring about that other Canada. How can you? You don't see it. You don't know anyone who lives there. You rarely hear about it on the news, and when you do, the Prime Minister or some other politician is always there to reassure us they really care and they're making things better. There will even be a few Hoop Dancers on the Canada Day stage, because we're very inclusive and sensitive in this Canada. So sensitive, in fact, that when someone satirically proposes a cultural appropriation prize, we are collectively incensed. Things like that aren't tolerated in our Canada.

Meanwhile, in the other Canada, Angela Cardinal was shot and killed seven months after her ordeal in the courthouse. In the other Canada there are 89 communities without safe drinking water. A child is more likely to be sexually assaulted than to graduate high school. The murder rate is worse than Somalia's and the incarceration rate is the highest in the world. Imagine if that was your Canada. Imagine your rage if your children lived there.

Imagine if you cared.
Correction: An earlier version of this story stated that the mayor of Thunder Bay, Keith Hobbs, told media there isn't a racism problem in his city. In fact, Hobbs said that racism exists in Thunder Bay and all cities.

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The Canada most people don't see - Macleans.ca

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It has an unemployment rate worse than Sudan. The infant mortality rate is worse than Russia. And the injustice is appalling. Imagine your daughter, 15 years old, sneaks some booze and gets drunk for the first time. She is found by the police, who arrest and handcuff her.