# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Earth and its Atmosphere By Ritesh and Vlad The Primordial Soup In 1924, Russian biochemist, Alexander Oparin published a book which he titled "The origin of life". In it, he described his thoughts of life starting from simple chemistry and then slowly progressing into more complex life.

# data[].attributes.body
The Earth’s structure

The earth is a sphere consisting of four main layers.

1. The Crust - This is the thinnest and outermost layer and is mainly rocks.

2. The Mantle - This the thickest layer. Its properties match that of a solid but it can flow slowly.

3. The Outer Core - This consists of liquid, iron and nickel.

4. The Inner Core - This layer is solid and is made up of iron and nickel.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.scientus.org/Wegener-Continental-Drift.html

# data[].attributes.body
Alfred Wegener was a german scientist who proposed the theory of continental drift. His theory suggested that the earth was once one big continent before drifting apart. His evidence for this was that he read about fossils being found on two continents that are separated by an ocean. He then noticed that the continents of africa and south america fit together. He also said that mountains formed when two drifting continents collided. This would mean that the himalayas formed when india came in contact with asia .This theory was not widely accepted because there was not much evidence to prove it. This theory is the best because it explains exactly how the Earth is as we know it and it explains how the Earth was before continental drift.

# data[].attributes.body
Where do we find all the materials we need?

We get all the materials we need from three main sources. Earth’s crust provides us with rocks. There are three types of rock:

Metamorphic rocks such as marble

Igneous rocks such as basalt and granite

Sedimentary rocks such as chalk and limestone

We can find many materials in the ocean including salt, sand, gravel, copper and iron, as well as being able to be drilled for oil

The Atmosphere provides us with materials such as gases. These gases include oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor.

# data[].attributes.headline
How is atmospheric carbon gradually locked away?

# data[].attributes.subject
How is atmospheric carbon gradually locked away?

# data[].attributes.body
Atmospheric carbon is gradually locked away by the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs when plants receive carbon dioxide. After they receive carbon dioxide, they let out oxygen. With the rise of plant growth the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is increasing. As well as that the carbon dioxide is gradually getting locked away as well because carbon dioxide is key for photosynthesis. This can be linked to the carbon cycle because the nutrients from decayed plants and animals help the plants grow. The high amount of carbon dioxide is also good for photosynthesis since plants require carbon dioxide to do photosynthesis. Plants have thought to evolve from freshwater algae called charophytes. Two particular groups of charophyte, the Coleochaetales and the Charales, are shown to be the earliest land plants. We know this mainly because of the structure of their chloroplasts. The green algae are also believed to be the first ever plants on the Earth. Algae are also known to be the first ever living things on Earth.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/oneearth/fuelsrev3.shtml

# data[].attributes.headline
When Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago from a hot mix of gases and solids, it had almost no atmosphere. The surface was molten. As Earth cooled, an atmosphere formed mainly from gases spewed from volcanoes. It included hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ten to 200 times as much carbon dioxide as today's atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.subject
When Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago from a hot mix of gases and solids, it had almost no atmosphere. The surface was molten. As Earth cooled, an atmosphere formed mainly from gases spewed from volcanoes. It included hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ten to 200 times as much carbon dioxide as today's atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.headline
How do oceans interact with atmospheric carbon?

# data[].attributes.subject
How do oceans interact with atmospheric carbon?

# data[].attributes.body
Oceans interact with atmospheric carbon because carbon is sometimes stored in the sea while it passes through the ocean in the carbon cycle. It is usually stored for over a thousand years in the ocean. The ocean removes about half of the extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere when the carbon passes through the ocean. As well as that the increased plant growth has insured that more carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere from plants during the process of photosynthesis when carbon dioxide and sunlight make food for the plants. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also rapidly increasing which is a threat to the climate. Climate changes are a threat to the Earth because of global warming. Global warming is when the Earth's temperature increases to a certain extent that the ice on the North and South pole will melt. When the ice on the north and South pole will melt, the water level will rise covering the Earth with water. This water will flood the Earth, leaving many people homeless.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why is oxygen present in todays atmosphere

# data[].attributes.subject
Why is oxygen present in todays atmosphere

# data[].attributes.body
Plants and algae can carry out photosynthesis. This process uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (with water and sunlight) to produce oxygen (and glucose). The appearance of plants and algae caused the production of oxygen, which is why oxygen is present in the atmosphere

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.universetoday.com/26659/earths-early-atmosphere/

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/oneearth/damagetotheenvironmentrev2.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
When tectonic plates meet, the crust becomes unstable as as the plates move against each other or go over or under each other. Volcanoes are existent at the boundaries between plates. When the crust crumples it can form mountain ranges. Earthquakes occur when the tectonic plates meet. When an earthquake occurs under water it forms a tsunami. Both these natural hazards can be deadly and also a great threat to people all around the area.

# data[].attributes.headline
Predictions of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

# data[].attributes.subject
Predictions of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

# data[].attributes.body
It is very difficult to predict when an earthquake or volcanic eruption may occur. This is because they happen all of a sudden. Scientist have attempted to discover how to figure out how to predict when earthquakes and volcanoes eruptions may happen. They have tried many different ways to predict when an earthquake might happen. They have a good idea where it may hit but cannot accurately predict when it might hit.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/oneearth/damagetotheenvironmentrev1.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
light is needed to make photosynthesis to happen. a substance called chlorophyll found inside chloroplasts in many plant cells, captures the light energy provided by the sun. this energy becomes stored in the glucose.

# data[].attributes.headline
Here, we can see that heat is trapped by the CO2 in our atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.subject
Here, we can see that heat is trapped by the CO2 in our atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why is oxygen present in todays atmosphere

# data[].attributes.subject
Why is oxygen present in todays atmosphere

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/origin-of-oxygen-in-atmosphere/

# data[].attributes.body
The Earth’s crust is made up of tectonic plates. These plates never stop moving. The mantle creates convection currents which slowly moves the plates. When the convection currents meet the plates move towards each other. The movement of the plates is called plates tectonic. The point where two plates meet is called a plate boundary. Ata constructive boundary the plates move apart. At a deconstructive boundary the plates move closer to each other. At a transform boundary the plates slide past each other.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway_pre_2011/energy_home/6_stable_earth1.shtml

# data[].attributes.headline
Earth’s atmosphere over the last 200 million years

# data[].attributes.subject
Earth’s atmosphere over the last 200 million years

# data[].attributes.body
The Earth’s atmosphere has remained the same for the past 200 million years. It consists of mainly nitrogen. Oxygen makes up 21% of the gases in the atmosphere. Those two gases make up 99% of the gases in our atmosphere. The remaining percentage consists of other gases such as carbon dioxide, argon and water vapor. Human activities such as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels is increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air since we are creating it quicker than it can be removed

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/oneearth/usefulproductsrev4.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
Fossil fuels have a big role in global warming, the increase in carbon dioxide and pollution. The atmosphere can handle about 700 billion tons of carbon.  Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have been increasing since the industrial revolution.  Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which acts like a blanket in the atmosphere to trap heat.

# data[].attributes.headline
Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

# data[].attributes.subject
Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

# data[].attributes.body
There are many natural processes that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. One of the processes to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is photosynthesis. Plants photosynthesise take in carbon dioxide during the process. This process is part of the carbon cycle. The carbon dioxide that the plants take in is released from animals and plant during the process of respiration.

# data[].attributes.body
Release of carbon into the atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.headline
Uses of sea water and salt (the earth's crust oceans, ect. gives us everything we need)

# data[].attributes.subject
Uses of sea water and salt (the earth's crust oceans, ect. gives us everything we need)

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/oneearth/usefulproductsrev3.shtml

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Primordial Soup Theory | Miller Urey Experiment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How The Primordial Soup Experiment Works

# data[].attributes.headline
      Why can't we predict        earthquakes and volcanoes          

# data[].attributes.subject
      Why can't we predict        earthquakes and volcanoes          

# data[].attributes.body
1. Tectonic plates often suddenly move after staying put for ages.
2. Scientists can say when something is likely to happen due to clues in the earth, just not exactly when or to how big an extent
3. Sometimes mini-earthquakes can be a false alarm

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/earth/earthsatmosphererev4.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
Miller Urey's experiment, however, was proven wrong later when it was discovered that Miller and Urey had used the wrong gases, which was why they had received such favorable results. When it was repeated with the correct gases, it did not work.

# data[].attributes.body
Compressing air to use industrially

# data[].attributes.body
Air used industrially

# data[].attributes.headline
FRACTIONAL DISTILATION OF LIQUID AIR (how air is used industrially)

# data[].attributes.subject
FRACTIONAL DISTILATION OF LIQUID AIR (how air is used industrially)

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/oneearth/usefulproductsrev2.shtml

# data[].attributes.headline
A revoultionary scientest known as Miller Urey proved that life could be formed from a source of energy. He recreated what was thought to be the life conditions on Earth a long time ago. By saad khan

# data[].attributes.subject
A revoultionary scientest known as Miller Urey proved that life could be formed from a source of energy. He recreated what was thought to be the life conditions on Earth a long time ago. By saad khan

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Earth

Our beautiful and homey planet, Earth, is very different today compared to its ancient past. Four billion years ago, when the Earth was forming, you wouldn't have been able to breathe, you would have fried from the dangerous radiation coming from the sun, and you would have ducked for cover left and right as furious volcanoes erupted all over the place.

That was the nature of Earth back then: inhospitable and deadly. It is much different from the beautiful, life-giving planet we call home today. How did we get from one to the other? How do we as humans impact the evolution of Earth's atmosphere today? This lesson will teach you that and more.

Earth's Ancient Atmosphere

Billions of years ago, Earth's atmosphere was likely filled with rich amounts of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor that was outgassed, or released, from the Earth's interior as a result of high levels of volcanic activity. Over time, things, thankfully, changed.

Like the bubbles in a soft drink prove, carbon dioxide can easily dissolve in water. When carbon dioxide combined with things like calcium in our oceans to form limestone, it helped remove its dangerous and excessive levels from the ancient atmosphere on Earth.

Meanwhile, about 2-2.5 billion years ago, photosynthetic plants had appeared in numbers large enough to produce oxygen at a rate faster than it was being removed by chemical reactions in the ancient Earth. As a point of clarity, photosynthesis is a process that produces energy for plants by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.

What I just described should make it evident to you that life on Earth doesn't exist because of oxygen. Most of life on Earth doesn't need oxygen. Our current levels of oxygen came to be mainly because of life itself.

Nowadays, air, a mixture of gases making up Earth's atmosphere, consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% of gases, like argon and carbon dioxide. Of course, other things, like water vapor, dust, industrial pollutants, and even microbes are found in the air as well.

With every step you take and every move you make, you need to breathe in air to power your body, but with every breath you take, you might be breathing in a deadly virus. It's a tradeoff; one that's well worth the risk though.

Half of the air I described is found in the first four miles above the Earth's surface, and the total mass of the Earth's atmosphere is 5,000 trillion tons. That sounds like a lot, but it's actually only about one-millionth the mass of Earth itself.

It is Earth's force of gravity that keeps this atmosphere from floating away into space, although some atoms do escape into space at the top of our atmosphere.

The Ozone Layer

Prior to enough oxygen (O2) accumulation in the Earth's atmosphere, an ozone layer could not form. The ozone layer is a protective layer of oxygen ions (O3) lying 15-30 km, which is about 9-19 miles above the Earth's surface. Before the ozone layer, the sun's ultraviolet radiation - the stuff that gives you skin cancer and harms plants we need - could easily pass through the Earth's atmosphere.

But as the Earth's atmosphere evolved and oxygen (O2) levels increased within it, these oxygen molecules were split by the sun's UV rays, like a sword slicing through a rope connected to a ball at either end. This process formed single oxygen atoms. When one oxygen atom combined with the remaining oxygen molecules, simple math dictates you get O3, which is ozone. These ozone molecules are really good at absorbing the dangerous UV rays coming in from space. Basically, the pale blue ozone layer is a force shield that blocks bullets - that is to say UV rays - coming from space that are trying to hurt us and life on Earth in general.

Humans and the Ozone Layer

Some of this protective ozone, which also protects plants vital to our survival, is being destroyed by things like chlorofluorocarbons released by aerosol sprays, air conditioners, and refrigerators. This, and other chemicals, revert the ozone back into ordinary oxygen (O2) molecules, which doesn't block UV radiation. This means UV radiation increases at the Earth's surface and harms life, including yourself, as a result.

But don't get the ozone protecting us way up high confused with the ozone produced as a result of human industrial and automotive pollution! Yes, breathing in ozone produced by these methods is harmful to our health. It can cause irreversible lung damage! We do need ozone though; except, we need it higher up, where it helps us, not hurts us.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
the atmosphere on earth - video & lesson transcript | study.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Atmosphere on Earth - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Our beautiful and homey planet, Earth, is very different today compared to its ancient past. Four billion years ago, when the Earth was forming, you wouldn't have been able to breathe, you would have fried from the dangerous radiation coming from the sun, and you would have ducked for cover left and right as furious volcanoes erupted all over the place.

# data[].attributes.body
The Earth consists of four concentric layers: inner core, outer core, mantleand crust. The crust is made up of tectonic plates, which are in constant motion. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most likely to occur at plate boundaries.

The structure of the Earth

The Earth is made up of four distinct layers:

1. The inner core is in the centre and is the hottest part of the Earth. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to 5,500°C. With its immense heat energy, the inner core is like the engine room of the Earth.

2. The outer core is the layer surrounding the inner core. It is a liquid layer, also made up of iron and nickel. It is still extremely hot, with temperatures similar to the inner core.

3. The mantle is the widest section of the Earth. It has a thickness of approximately 2,900 km. The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt.

4. The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It is a thin layer between 0-60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live.

# data[].attributes.body
Industrial gas use

# data[].attributes.body
Its early atmosphere was probably formed from the gases given out by volcanoes. It is believed that there was intense volcanic activity for the first billion years of the Earth's existence. The early atmosphere was probably mostly carbon dioxide with little or no oxygen.

# data[].attributes.body
Miller Urey sealed a mixture of water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen in a sterile flask. The mixture was heated to evaporate water to produce water vapour. Electric sparks were passed through the mixture of water vapour and gases, simulating lightning. After a week, contents were analysed. Amino acids, the building blocks for proteins, were found.

# data[].attributes.headline
How is air separated and used industrially?

# data[].attributes.subject
How is air separated and used industrially?

# data[].attributes.body
Air is separated by using fractional columns. These fractional columns are normally hotter at the bottom and colder at the top. Liquefied air enters through the bottom of the fractional column. The liquefied air then forms gaseous nitrogen bubbles that are piped out at the top. These gaseous nitrogen bubbles are then used industrially. Liquid oxygen also gets collected at the bottom at the end. These are used industrially in different places for different uses. Nitrogen bubbles are used in freezers since it is very cold. It is used as the cold air that freezes the food. Liquid nitrogen is also used in the making of ice cream. When the liquid nitrogen is poured over the mixture for ice cream it freezes it, to make it as we know it is. Oxygen is used industrially in many things, such as acids. It is used to make sulfuric acid, nitric acid and so on. Oxygen air is used to make steel and iron. It can also be used to cut, wield and melt metals. All in all nitrogen bubbles and liquid oxygen are used in a variety of ways industrially.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Alfred Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Alfred Wegener theorized the movement of continents, the theory of continental drift, by gathering evidence unexplained by the accepted model of…

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/energy_biomass/thecarboncyclerev2.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
Plate tectonics video

# data[].attributes.body
1.the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.

2.the cycle of thermonuclear reactions believed to occur in stars, in which carbon nuclei are repeatedly formed and broken down in the conversion of hydrogen into helium.

# data[].attributes.body
WEGENERS THEORY

# data[].attributes.headline
Stratovolcanoes consist of many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. They generally have steep slopes, and are the most common type of volcanoes on Earth. However, we haven’t been able to find composite volcanoes anywhere else in the solar system, with the exception of Mars.

# data[].attributes.subject
Stratovolcanoes consist of many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. They generally have steep slopes, and are the most common type of volcanoes on Earth. However, we haven’t been able to find composite volcanoes anywhere else in the solar system, with the exception of Mars.

# data[].attributes.body
Video on plate tectonic

# data[].attributes.body
The Earths atmosphere has been the same for the past 200 million years. It provides the conditions needed for life on Earth. However, human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide by a fair amount and has put most of the cold areas and coasts at risk. This is because if the temperature increases, it could lead to ice melting from places like the Antarctic. If this happens, the ice melted will increase the sea level also causing floods and tsunamis.

# data[].attributes.headline
A cinder cone volcano is simply a steep conical hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent. The cindere cones are made from pyroclastic material, which is pretty loose. Cinder cones are commonly found on the flanks of shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes.

# data[].attributes.subject
A cinder cone volcano is simply a steep conical hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent. The cindere cones are made from pyroclastic material, which is pretty loose. Cinder cones are commonly found on the flanks of shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/greenworld/recyclingrev2.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
Fossil fuels and atmospheric carbon are linked because carbon dioxide is produced when fossil fuels are burned. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which create a blanket around Earth. This blanket of carbon dioxide traps in heat (just like a greenhouse). We use fossil fuels for energy which is why we use it so much. The atmosphere can only hold 700 billion tons of carbon dioxide. Right now it holds 800 billion tons. The world has already experienced temperature changes. In the past century the world has increased 2.6 degrees celsius. This is why country are now focusing on renewable energy. They are mainly focusing on renewable energy because right now the main energy source booming the market, is fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are being used all around the world in such large quantities that it was only a matter of time until countries considered renewable energy. An example of renewable energy is solar panels. Solar panels use light energy as an energy source. Solar panels are quite pricey to install, but do not require much assistance in the long run. They will not cost any more money as a bill like oil, which is charged monthly.

# data[].attributes.headline
Shield Volcanoes A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They have very gentle slopes and are very developed horizontally. These are the classical Hawaii examples – steady flow and accumulation of lava leading to the shield-type formation. Mauna Loa, a shield volcano on the pisland of Hawaii, is the largest single mountain in the world, rising over 30,000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base.

# data[].attributes.subject
Shield Volcanoes A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They have very gentle slopes and are very developed horizontally. These are the classical Hawaii examples – steady flow and accumulation of lava leading to the shield-type formation. Mauna Loa, a shield volcano on the pisland of Hawaii, is the largest single mountain in the world, rising over 30,000 feet above the ocean floor and reaching almost 100 miles across at its base.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/greenworld/recyclingrev1.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
The Earth's atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, and little amounts of other gases such as helium. The atmosphere protects life on Earth and supplies the living things on Earth with the gases they require. Moreover, it absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation which helps the Earth from freezing as the gases help retain the heat.-WikipediaThere are also 6 layers to the atmosphere, which are:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
lonosphere
exosphere

# data[].attributes.body
Volcanoes are some of the most interesting features on Earth; they are basically ruptures in the Earth’s crust which allow magma to flow upwards. If you want to understand volcanoes, you have to understand plate tectonics. The surface of our planet is not one big piece – it is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates, that move one in relationship to the other. These tectonic plates “float” on a hotter, softer layer in the Earth’s mantle. When that very hot and viscous layer comes up towards the surface, it’s called “magma”. Volcanoes on Earth are generally located in areas where the tectonic plates diverge or converge with each other. It’s easy to understand if you look at a world map with the plate tectonics and volcanoes

# data[].attributes.body
A stratovolcano (or composite volcano) is a conical volcano consisting of layers of solid lava flows mixed with layers of other rock.

A cinder cone volcano doesn’t have any horizontal layers, and is instead a steep conical hill of tephra (volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from the vent.

A shield volcano is a type of volcano built entirely or mostly from fluid lava vents. They are named like this because when viewed from above, you can see just how massive and imposing they are – like a warrior’s shield.

# data[].attributes.headline
Evaluate effects on human activities on the atmosphere

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluate effects on human activities on the atmosphere

# data[].attributes.body
Humans are damaging the Earth as we speak. One of the main points is burning fossil fuels. We use fossil fuels as energy and electricity, this is why we mass use fossil fuels. Our actions have ensured the Earth's temperature to rise by 2 degrees celsius in the last century alone. Another thing is how we are polluting the oceans and rivers. Factories dump their dangerous chemical waste in rivers and oceans. These actions have ensured the death of many sea creatures. Another thing is plastic. Plastic is constantly thrown into the sea. Sea creatures may eat the plastic which is made from dangerous chemicals, which are dangerous for both humans and fish. Small parts of this plastic are left behind in the fish. If these fish are caught, cooked and eaten by humans, the small shards of the plastic would still be in the fish. When the fish is eaten by humans the dangerous chemicals are transferred to the humans. This can be linked back to the atmosphere since plastic is made from fossil fuels.  When  fossil fuels are burned, they let out carbon dioxide. Which covers the atmosphere which causes the greenhouse effect (trapping heat).

# data[].attributes.headline
A really detailed website on the Miller-Urey experiment with links to other sites

# data[].attributes.subject
A really detailed website on the Miller-Urey experiment with links to other sites

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/miller_urey_experiment.html

# data[].attributes.body
A theory is a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. In other words, a theory is a claim made by someone (or more people) to explain why they believe something occurs. For example, Darwin's theory of evolution, supported that human's evolved from apes.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why is oxygen present in today's atmosphere?

# data[].attributes.subject
Why is oxygen present in today's atmosphere?

# data[].attributes.body
Oxygen is present in today's atmosphere because of plants. Plants use the process called photosynthesis, which produces oxygen. We use this oxygen to breath (oxygen takes up 20% of the atmosphere). Oxygen is produced when carbon dioxide is taken from the air and water. Using light the oxygen is removed from the carbon dioxide and water. The water is also from rainwater which is stored in the soil. Most of the oxygen In our atmosphere in our atmosphere comes from tiny ocean plants. These Plants photosynthesize like all other plants. They use sunlight and carbon dioxide to make food. At the end of the process of photosynthesis oxygen is formed as a byproduct of the process. We will have carbon dioxide for a while because the atmosphere contains around 800 billion tons of carbon dioxide. The atmosphere is capable of only holding 400 billion tons of carbon dioxide. This high amount of carbon dioxide has resulted in the atmosphere trapping more heat. This is called the greenhouse effect. Trapping heat in the Earth. Just like a greenhouse, which traps heat for the plants.

# data[].attributes.body
https://quizlet.com/21002506/chapter-12-biology-flash-cards/

# data[].attributes.body
Shield Volcano

# data[].attributes.body
Human activities on Earth affecting climate change

# data[].attributes.headline
Evaluate theories of the changes to the earth's atmosphere

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluate theories of the changes to the earth's atmosphere

# data[].attributes.body
Over the past 200 million years the Earth's atmosphere has been more or less the same. The Earth's atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen and 20% oxygen. The 2% contains a few other gases such as Argon, carbon dioxide and a few other rare gases. During the first few billion years of the Earth's existence there was a lot of volcanic activity, which formed the gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. Water vapour also condensed to form the Earth's oceans. Some theories suggest that the Earth's atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide at the time and there was very little or no oxygen at the time. Some other theories suggest that the oxygen that is in our atmosphere now was produced by plants. Another theory tells us that most of the carbon from the carbon dioxide in the air got locked up in sedimentary rocks as fossil fuels. These theories all make sense in explaining the changes to the Earth's atmosphere since they make sense when we relate them to present time. For example, the fact that the oxygen in the atmosphere now comes from plants that photosynthesis to make oxygen, which is the byproduct.

# data[].attributes.body
Tectonic plates move because they are floating on top of the liquid mantle. The mantle itself moves due to convection currents, as hot rock rises, gives off some heat, then falls. This creates enormous swirls of moving liquid rock under the crust of the earth, which moves the plates of crust on top.

# data[].attributes.body
Tectonic plates move because of the convection current of molten rock in the mantle of the earth.
when two plates collide one goes above the other and the other sinks into the mantle.

# data[].attributes.body
Volcanoes are made because of density and pressure. As magma rises, bubble starts to form and gas dissolves in the magma. The pressure helps to bring magma up to the surface and forces it the air.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/earth_and_space/continentaldriftrev7.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
https://prezi.com/tin7mmg9lcnq/the-earth-and-its-atmosphere/

# data[].attributes.body
Life forming on Earth

# data[].attributes.body
The Miller-Urey experiment

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey carried out some experiments to see, “ If substances made by living things could be formed in the conditions that had existed on the early Earth.” They had sealed a mixture gases like water, methane, hydrogen and ammonia over a pool of water (which was representing the ocean). They sealed these substances in a flask. They simulated the conditions thought to have been in the early Earth's atmosphere, such as lightning. They heated the flask to make the water evaporate. This formed water vapour. Shortly after that electric sparks were passed through the mixture of water vapour and gases which simulated as lightning. After one week the contents that were found were several organic amino acids, which are one of the main elements of protein. They concluded that there were many organic compounds that could be formed in the conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere after they found the organic amino acids. The controversy relating the Miller Urey experiment is that some people say that they used the wrong acids, which is why they got some really good results. When the test was tried again it did not work. This is why some people feel that it was controversial. The Miller-Urey experiment supported the theory of the primordial soup, which is the idea that complex chemicals that are needed for living things could be produced naturally on the early Earth.

# data[].attributes.body
NASAs global climate change projection (this shows how hot or cold the Earth is). The more blue it is the colder, and the more red it is, the hotter

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/earth_and_space/continentaldriftrev6.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
Earths atmosphere

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/earth_and_space/continentaldriftrev1.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
The subduction zone in destructive plates accumulates pressure over time, once the pressure is released an earthquake occurs

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/earth_and_space/continentaldriftrev3.shtml

# data[].attributes.body
Continental is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed. The speculation that continents might have 'drifted' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegner in 1912, but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism (though this was supplied later by Arthur Holmes and others because of prior theoretical commitments. The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory of plate tectonics which explains how the continents move.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why did it take a while before Wegner was accepted?

# data[].attributes.subject
Why did it take a while before Wegner was accepted?

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/earth_and_space/continentaldriftrev2.shtml

# data[].attributes.headline
the convection current that drives continental drift

# data[].attributes.subject
the convection current that drives continental drift