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The central tenets of behaviorism believe that scientific psychology must focus on the relationship between environmental contingencies and behavior, rather than on the presumed contents of consciousness. The principles governing the behavior of humans and other animals are essentially identical and can be found in the works of many thinkers even centuries earlier. Watson argued that thinking is a mental activity that seems to involve no overt behavior is nothing more than sub-vocal speaking.

Watson was influenced by the work of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov on conditioned reflexes. Pavlov was able to cause dogs to salivate at the sound of a tone by first pairing the sound with the presentation of food. After several repetitions of this procedure, the dog salivated to the sound of the tone alone. This phenomenon is known as a "conditioned reflex." Pavlov was also able to show that the response generalizes to tones of different pitch that have never previously been paired with the food.

Watson began adopting and adapting Pavlov's "reflexological" terminology to human behavior. He published his most famous conditioning experiment; the "Little Albert" study in which he produced, in a small child, conditioned fear of a white rat by repeatedly pairing it with the loud "clang" of a metal bar. This conditioned fear was then shown to generalize to other furry objects, including a Santa mask and Watson's own hair.

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In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is a(n)

A)unconditioned stimulus

B)conditioned stimulus

C) unconditioned response

The Answer is C

D)conditioned response

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Which of the following is/are part of the definition of learning?

A)change in behavior

B)relatively permanent

C) brought about by experience

D)all of the above

The Answer is D

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5lCleK-PM

The specific model for classical conditioning is:

1. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) elicits > Unconditioned Response (UR): a stimulus will naturally (without learning) elicit or bring about a relexive response

2. Neutral Stimulus (NS) ---> does not elicit the response of interest: this stimulus (sometimes called an orienting stimulus as it elicits an orienting response) is a neutral stimulus since it does not elicit the Unconditioned (or reflexive) Response.

3. The Neutral (NS) is repeatedly paired with the Unconditioned/Natural Stimulus (US).

4. The NS is transformed into a Conditioned Stimulus (CS); that is, when the CS is presented by itself, it elicits or causes the CR (which is the same involuntary response as the UR; the name changes because it is elicited by a different stimulus. This is written CS elicits > CR.

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1. Behavior that is strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of the behavior.

2. a) Positive Reinforcement
b) Negative Reinforcement
c)Positive Punishment
d) Negative Punishment

3. Positive reinforcement is a process that strengthens the likelihood of a particular response by adding a stimulus after the behavior is performed.

3.1 Anne's mother praised her for completing her homework.

4. Negative reinforcement is a process that strengthens the likelihood of a particular response but by removing an undesirable consequence.

4.1 Adam's mother told him if he gets good grades for his final exam, he does not have to get a summer job.

5. Use of adverse or unpleasant stimuli aimed at reducing the frequency of a behavior.

5.1 Farhan drove over the speed limit and was pulled over by the policeman and his license was taken away as a punishment.

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http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/intro.htm

Read and write a summary for me.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imkbuKomPXI

Watch the video to enable rich learning and ans the questions.

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1. What is Operant Conditioning?
2. What are the two types of reinforcement and punishment?
3. Define positive reinforcement
3.1 Provide an example
4. Define negative reinforcement
4.1 Provide an example
5. Define punishment?
5.1 Provide an example