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3. UNDERWATER PLANTS OR SUBMERGED PLANTS

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3. UNDERWATER PLANTS OR SUBMERGED PLANTS

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Underwater plants are rooted plants with flaccid or limp stems and most of their vegetative mass is below the water surface. They have narrow, thin leaves with no stomata. The plants breathe through their body surface. These plants occur in both freshwater and saltwater.
EXAMPLES - Hydrilla and tape-grass plants live completely under water.

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Duckweed are smallest floating plant in the world. Duckweed plants look like floating green leaves as they have no stems, flowers or branches.
HABITAT - The natural habitat of duckweed is the surface of fresh or brackish water. They do not survive in fast moving water.
ADAPTATIONS - Duckweed has air spaces to help it stay afloat in water. Since they do not need fiber to support the plant and can use its time to productive food helping it grow quicker and be a productive food sources for many animals.

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Nymphaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies.
HABITAT - Most water lily species prefer the still waters of ponds and lakes, some can be found growing in slow flowing rivers and creeks.
ADAPTATIONS - Most species of water lilies have rounded, various notehead, waxy coated leaves on long stalks that contains many air spaces and float in quiet fresh water
habitats. The floating leaf of a water lily (Nymphaea Odorata) facing down ward to show the attachment of the leaf stalk near the center of the leaf Hydromorphic leaves are thin, and the vascular tissue are scant, because the surrounding water provides mechanical support for the plant.

Scientific Classifications

Kindom          plantae
Clade              Tracheophytes
Clade              Angiosperms
Order              Nymphaeales
Family            Nymphaeaceae
Genus           Nymphaea.

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Binomial name is Hydrilla verticillata is also known as Waterthyme.
HABITAT - It is native to the cool and warm waters of the Asia , Africa and Australlia.
The stems grow up to 1-2 metres long.
It is high resistance to salinity compared to other fresh water associoted to aquatic plants.
ADAPTATIONS -It is a submerged hydrophyte found attached to the substratum by adventitious roots in fresh water ponds. Peculiar hair are presents on leaf and stem. Leaf is roughly textured. The stem is long, spongy and flexible to move with water currants. The leaves are thin and long.
FACTS-  Hydrilla is known to have many health benefits in medical science.
The plant contains vitamins , minerals , calcium , vitamin B-12 , iron and magnesium.

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Fixed plants are aquatic plants or water living plants which have roots fixed to the bottom of the water body like ponds, long stem that can reach till the surface of water where they float and also they have flat broad waxy leaves which keeps dry and prevents rotting. the stomata in the leaves are on the upper side. the stems are hollow and light which helps the leaves to float. The stems are very flexible, this helps them to bend with the flow of water. Water lily and lotus have roots that at the bottom of the pond fix plants in the mud.

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Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), also referred to as water cabbage, or Nile cabbage, is an aquatic plant that can be surprisingly difficult to grow in the home aquarium.
HABITAT - It is now present, eithrer naturally or through human introduction, in nearly all tropical and subtropical fresh waterways.
ADAPTATIONS -  Its leaves have no stem and their surface is covered in short, soft hairs, which help to trap air and increase the buoyancy of the plant. Its leaves are waxy, which makes water run of more easily.
FUN FACTS -Water lettuce was first described along the Nile River around 2,000 years ago .Water lettuce is popular for those with water gardens because its presence inhibits the growth of algae and cleans the water.

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Lotus plants also known as Nelumbo nucifera is a fixed aquatic plant.
HABITAT -  These plants are adapted to grow in the flood plains of slow moving rivers and delta areas. Stands of lotus drop of thousands of seeds every year to the bottom of the pond .
ADAPTATIONS - The roots of lotus are planted in the soil of the pond or river bottom ,while the leaves float on the water surface. The  flowers are usually found on thick stems rising several centimeters above the leaves.
FUN FACTS - The lotus flower is sacred in India and China. In eastern cultures the lotus symbolizes spiritual enlightenment and rebirth.

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Floating plants have leaves that float freely on top of water surface. Stems of these plants are light and spongy. Their bodies have empty spaces filled with air. Plants like duckweed, water lettuce, water hyacinth float on water and make sure that the leaves are always above water.

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BENEFITS - These plants are an extremely important part of aquatic environments as they can provide protection to fish, increase oxygen levels in water ,filter water
Prevent undesirable plants from growing
Act as food
TYPES - Type of aquatic plants
There are three type of aquatic plant
1 floating plant
2 fixed plant
3 underwater plant

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Plants that grow in water are called aquatic plants. These plants have adapted to living in aquatic environments(saltwater or freshwater).The most common adaptation is the presence of lightweight cells. Aquatic plants can only grow in water or in soil that is frequently saturated with water.

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The water hyacinth is the most widely distributed species.                  HABITAT - Pontederia crassipes, commonly known as common water hyacinth is an aquatic plant native to the Amazon Basin and is often a highly problematic invasive species outside it's native range. This plant grows in all types of  freshwaters environments.
ADAPTATIONS - The primary adaptation of the water hyacinth, is its hollow bulbous stem below each leaf. These allow the plants to float, keeping the leaves and flowers above the water so they don't rot.They have showy lavender flowers and the leaves are rounded and leathery.
Fun fact- Spongy leaf stalks contain air spaces that allow the plant to float air spaces in the leaf stalk.

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A submerged aquatic plant of the frogbit family, with narrow grasslike leaves.
Habitat-Tape grasses grow fully submerged in fresh
or brackish water and are native to temperate and tropical waters around the world.
Adaptation- Hydrilla and Tape grass are some underwater plants. Their narrow leaves do not have stomata .These plants use carbon dioxide dissolved in water to prepare their food.
Fun Facts-It grow submerged in water. It has thin leaves like a ribbon ,which allows water current to  pass through without damaging the leaves.