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In foods carbohydrates included in two forms.

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In foods carbohydrates included in two forms.

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1. simple carbs - as sugars
functions:
- as sweetening agents
-as sugar substitutes
-used for crystallization in candy.
2.complex carbs- starches and fiber
functions :
-Gelatinization
-Thickening properties
-Modifying starches

Both slow (alginate)  and fast releasing carbohydrates are used in food industry.
It comprises;
viscosity
sweetness
coating ability
bulk
consistency
solubility
body
texture
browning capacity

Examples for applications in food industry
1) As modified starches-in preparing chips, canned soup instant pudding

2)As liquid sugars-  in soda,  sweetened ice tea, lemonades

3)As gelling agents- for preparing preserves and confectioneries

4)In carbonated beverages- sucrose containing soft drinks

5)In bakery industry- in breads, cookies, pasta, buns

6)As sweeteners in food flavor-
due to potential health concerns of added sugar, sugar substitutes are used. They may be artificial sweeteners such as aspartame ,neotame, and sucralose .Sugar alcohols such as xylitol and sorbitol are occur naturally but sometimes synthesized industrially as food additives.

7)As thickening agents-
Gums, starches and pectins are used in cakes, jams, noodles, cookies and canned foods as thickening agents.

8) As bulky agents- adding fibers into food increases bulk.
(S/16/020)

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Carbohydrates play a vital role in a living being.

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Carbohydrates play a vital role in a living being.

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1. Storage role:

EX: Starch     - plants

Glycogen - animals

The storage form is broken down into glucose units which serve to provide energy.

2. Structural role:

EX: Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin

provide a mechanical and protective function to the cell wall of plants. It also provide a definite shape to the plant cell.

EX: Chitin

forms the part of the exoskeleton in insects and crustaceans.

EX: Glycosaminoglycan like hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate

a part of an extracellular matrix that plays a structural role in bacteria and animals only. It is a unit of acidic sugar and amino sugar.
3. Communication role:
EX: Glycoproteins
Act as a hormone , enzyme , receptor, integral membrane protein, mucins, and Cadherin is the major adhesion molecule.
EX:  Glycolipid
Acts as an enzyme, immunoglobins, secretory proteins, and membrane proteins.

4. Building Macromolecules

EX:  Ribose-RNA                                Deoxyribose-DNA

They are essential building blocks of important macromolecules, such as RNA ,DNA and ATP

EX: NADPH- Glucose is utilized to make the molecule

It is important for protection against oxidative stress and is used in many other chemical reactions

(S/16/151)

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Polysaccharides utilize in textile applications

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Polysaccharides utilize in textile applications

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1. starch
-textile printing as a thickener
-for sizing,
-finishing agent
-textile coating
Sources of starch
corn, potato, maize and cereal
such as millet and sorghum

2. Cellulose
-Cotton, hemp, and linen are all
examples of cellulose fabrics
-cellulose fibers make the
perfect summertime fabrics
Sources of cellulose
seeds or bast, which is a fiber found in the bark or phloem of a plant.
.
Cotton
-Very absorbent, wet-strengthen
-Give softness
-Give durability in cotton clothing
Sources of cotton
Hair attached to the seed of several species of the genus Gossypium

Linen

-Durable
-Much stronger and more lustrous
-Natural water wicking qualities
-Breathability, warmth: flax linen fibers, are hollow so air and water can easily circulate.
Sources of linen
Linen is cellulosic fibers derived from the stem of the flax plant

Yarn
core ingredient in the textile industry
Textile yarn can be made with natural fibers from cotton and linen from plants.
cotton yarn: environmentally friendly and has no elasticity. (S/16/088)

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The main role of polysaccharides is to stabilize emulsion in colloidal solutions & to prevent suspension of two layers.

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The main role of polysaccharides is to stabilize emulsion in colloidal solutions & to prevent suspension of two layers.

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1) As emulsifying agents in moisturizers.
- Beet pectin
- Corn fibre

2) CMC is used as Binder, emulsifier & viscosity controlling agent in toothpaste, soap, detergents, shampoo & in lotions.

3) Polysaccharides obtained from red, brown & green algae contains the following properties;
-Anti wrinkle
-Skin whitening
-UV protective
-Anti inflammatory

4) Chitosan which is used in hair conditioners, face masks & deodorants has the following properties;
-Cationic properties
-Emulsifying properties
-Humectant properties

5) Hydroxyethylcellulose is one of the most common water thickener used in cosmetics.

6) Use of oligosaccharides in the prevention and treatment of tissue aging.
(S/16/124)

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There are several uses of Carbohydrates in pharmaceutical industry;

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There are several uses of Carbohydrates in pharmaceutical industry;

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1. sucrose -For the preparation of simple syrup

2. pectin-In anti-diarrhea drugs -

3. lactose, starch, gums -As diluents& binders for the preparation of tablets

4. liquid glucose-for coating sugar-coated tablets

5. starch & dextrin-For preparation of infants' food

6.  dextrose-for preparation of sterile iv solutions

7. mucilage, lactulose-As laxatives

8. sucrl fate- as antacids

9. manitol & sorbitol- as diuretic drugs

10. gums-As emulsifying agents .

11. agar-As nutrient media for both bacteria and tissue cultures

12.  cellulose,gums-In the preparation of surgical dressing & plasters

13.  ascorbic acid, glucosamine, dextran and others .          -various therapeutic use       (S/16/171)

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Paper is made up of processed cellulose fibres.

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Paper is made up of processed cellulose fibres.

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Sources of raw material include,
1.Forestry products
most common source
eg. spruce, pine, fir
2.Cotton
give stong and durable quality
paper
3.Recycled material
eg. leftover paper cuttings
used paper and sawdust
Processing can be either mechanical or chemical

1. Mechanical pulp

Two types,

Thermomechanical pulp

source material is chipped and
fed into heated squeezers

Groundwood pulp

Source material is fed into
grinders where they are
pressed by rotating disks.

Both methods use mechanical force to prepare fibres, causing them to be short in length and thus giving weak paper with higher amount of lignin which degrade over time.

2.Chemical pulp

Wood chips are cooked in high pressure along with chemicals, which remove lignin.
Gives better quality paper.
1.Sulfite process
treated with sulpfite and bisulfite ion solutions.

2.Kraft process
treated with a hot solution of water, sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide.

3.Soda pulping
sodium hydroxide and pulping additives are used.

Paper making
Pulp is pressed to remove water and then dried.
the resulting sheet of paper is treated further according to intended use and is cut into various sizes.
(S/16/351)