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The result of the overall MANOVA, and results of the univariate analyses for two measures, give some reason to believe that the There-and-Then/Here-and-Now distinction represents a valid difference in the difficulty level of oral narrative production tasks.

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Participants were measured on their target-like usage, lexical load, utterance length, and syntactic complexity under these conditions. It was found that Here-and-Now tasks are less demanding as compared to There-and-Then tasks, which required of the learners more attention, recollection from memory and reasoning, thus placing more cognitive load on the participants. Therefore, the There-and-Then condition was more complex.

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Task complexity is the result of the attentional memory, reasoning, and other information processing demands imposed by the structure of the task on the language learner.(Robinson)

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Task factors such as the level of linguistic input or learner factors such as confidence and motivation (Nunan, 1989) are the sub components of task complexity.Learner factors are beyond the control of the task designer.

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How does this feature manifest in narrative tasks? 

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How does this feature manifest in narrative tasks? 

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Second language narrative tasks requiring reference to the There-and-Then are more cognitively complex than those requiring reference to the Here-and-Now. This complexity will be reflected in measures of more complex syntax and multipropositional utterances in the former, as well as greater evidence of attention to form and planning of production.

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●     There-and-Then narratives will elicit greater propositional complexity of production than Here-and-Now narratives, as reflected in higher numbers of mdtipropositional utterances.

●     There-and-Then narratives will elicit greater syntactic complexity of production than Here-and-Now narratives as reflected in higher numbers of S-nodes per T-unit.

●     There-and-Then narratives will elicit more dysfluent performance than Here-and-Now narratives, as reflected in greater numbers of pauses per narrative.

●     There-and-Then narratives will elicit more dysfluent performance than Here-and-Now narratives, as reflected in fewer words per pausally defined unit.

●     There-and-Then narratives will elicit more lexical content than Here-and-Now narratives as reflected in higher ratios of lexical to grammatical words.

●     There-and-Then narratives will elicit more accurate production than Here-and-Now narratives, as reflected in greater target-like use of articles.

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●     The participants for the present study were 12 intermediate-level students

They volunteered from two classes enrolled in an academic reading course at the University of Hawaii English Language Institute.

●     The students included 5 Japanese, 5 Korean, 1 Indonesian and 1 Filipino, ranging in age from 19 to 25 years.

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. The task was for the participants to observe a picture strip, and describe the story shown in the pictures. The two conditions given were:

·   Here-and-Now: refers to events happening right now, for example, use of present tense.

There-and-Then: refers to events that took place at a time other than now, for example, reporting an event that occurred day before yesterday.

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●  The conditions were analysed on six measures of complexity from the transcribed narratives. These measures can be grouped into three classes:

(a) grammatically defined,

(b) intonationally and pausally defined,

(c) lexically and pausally defined.

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The findings for measures of propositional and syntactic complexity show no aidcant differences across the two conditions. Although there is a slightly higher mean difference in S-nodes per T-unit elicited under each condition, with the There-and-Then condition eliciting a higher mean. The results of the MANOVA and ANOVAs show that the greater lexical load and target-like use of articles are two aspects that increase the complexity of There-and-Then Narratives.

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If one accepts the distinction between accuracy and fluency, which is so often used to distinguish different kinds of pedagogic task(Bdt, 1983), the results of this study support the interpretation that There-and-Then tasks encourage greater accuracy, but do not lead to more fluent performance, than do Here-and-Now

tasks.

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A shift can be seen, gradually from regulated performance to automatic, as learners are subjected to the same practices or trials many times over. With repetition of relevant experiences, automatic processes start taking the place of regulated ones, or regulated process start becoming automatic. Automatic processes take up less cognitive space.

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The length or lack thereof regarding the study meant that Skill Acquisition Theory as well as its related processes of proceduralization and automatization could neither be effectively proven or disproven. A second hurdle to this tangent is that Robinson later admits in the Discussion section that his assumptions about the participants' linguistic proficiency might have been misplaced, further adding to the difficulty to link the study directly to the theory.

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There and-Then condition additionally requires retrieval of events that have been stored and so integrated with other information in semantic memory.
Retrieval from declarative memory (episodic and semantic) probably requires more effort in the case of There-and-Then narratives than in the case of Here-and-Now narratives. During Here-and-Now narratives, on the other hand, participants can allocate more effort to retrieval from procedural memory than they can during There-and Then narratives. In other words, the There-and-Then condition requires participants to expend more effort remembering the details of the narrative, whereas the Here-and-Now condition allows them the freedom to concentrate on fluent production.