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https://youtu.be/FbHLCdFKmZU

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Making of a global world ( Optional lesson) will not be evaluated in the board exam.

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Making of a global world ( Optional lesson) will not be evaluated in the board exam.

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The Pre-modern World
Globalisation refers to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But, the making of the global world has a long history – of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley civilisations with present-day West Asia.

Silk Routes Link the World
Silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. Several silk routes have been identified by historians, overland and by sea, connecting vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. In exchange of textile and species from India, precious metals – gold and silver – flowed from Europe to Asia.

Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato
Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange. New crops were introduced by traders and travellers. Ready foodstuff such as noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti. Our ancestors were not familiar with common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on about five centuries ago. Many of our common foods came from America’s original inhabitants – the American Indians.

Conquest, Disease and Trade
The Indian Ocean, for centuries before, had known a bustling trade, with goods, people, knowledge, customs, etc; crisscrossing its waters. The entry of Europeans helped in redirecting these flows towards Europe. America’s vast lands and abundant crops minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere. The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America was decisively underway by the mid-sixteenth century.

Europeans’ most powerful weapon was not a conventional military weapon, but germs such as those of smallpox that they carried on their person. It proved to be a deadly killer. Until the nineteenth century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India were among the world’s richest countries. However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.

The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)
In the nineteenth century, economic, political, social, cultural and technological factors interacted in complex ways to transform societies and reshape external relations. Three flows or movements were identified by economists.

The first is the flow of trade referred largely to trade in goods (e.g., cloth or wheat).
The second is the flow of labour – the migration of people in search of employment.
The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.
A World Economy Takes Shape
In the nineteenth-century self-sufficiency in food meant lower living standards and social conflict in Britain. It happened because of population growth from the late eighteenth century. Corn laws were imposed which means restriction in the import of corn. The British agriculture was unable to compete with imports and vast areas of land were left uncultivated. So, thousands of men and women flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.

In Britain, food prices fell and in the mid-nineteenth century, industrial growth led to higher incomes and more food imports. In order to fulfil British demand, in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia, lands were cleared to expand food production. In order to manage linking of railways to agricultural fields and building homes for people required capital and labour. London helped in terms of finance and terms of labour people emigrated from Europe to America and Australia in the nineteenth century.

By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape, adapting complex changes in labour movement patterns, capital flows, ecologies and technology. In West Punjab, the British Indian government built a network of irrigation canals to transform semi-desert wastes into fertile agricultural lands to grow wheat and cotton for export. Even the cultivation of cotton, expanded worldwide to feed British textile mills.

Role of Technology
Some of the important inventions in the field of technology are the railways, steamships, the telegraph, which transformed the nineteenth-century world. But technological advances were often the result of larger social, political and economic factors.

For example, colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in transport: faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets. Animals were also shipped live from America to Europe till the 1870s. Meat was considered an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor. To break the earlier monotony of bread and potatoes, many could now add meat (and butter and eggs) to their diet.

Late nineteenth-century Colonialism
Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late nineteenth century. But, it has a darker side too, as in many parts of the world, the expansion of trade and a closer relationship with the world economy meant a loss of freedoms and livelihoods. In 1885 the big European powers met in Berlin to complete the carving up of Africa between them. Britain and France made vast additions to their overseas territories. Belgium and Germany became new colonial powers. The US also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some colonies earlier held by Spain.

Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague
In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague impacted people’s livelihoods and the local economy. Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population. In the late nineteenth century, Europeans were attracted to Africa due to its vast resources of land and minerals.

Europeans came to Africa hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe. But there was an unexpected problem – a shortage of labour willing to work for wages. Inheritance laws were changed and according to the new one, only one member of a family was allowed to inherit land. In the late 1880s, Rinderpest arrived in Africa carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods.

Indentured Labour Migration from India
Indentured labour illustrates the two-sided nature of the nineteenth-century world. A world of faster economic growth as well as great misery, higher incomes for some and poverty for others, technological advances in some areas and new forms of coercion in others. In India, indentured labourers were hired under contracts and most of them came from the present-day regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu.

Indian indentured migrants main destinations were the Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and Surinam), Mauritius and Fiji. Indentured workers were also recruited for tea plantations in Assam. Nineteenth-century indenture has been described as a ‘new system of slavery’. In Trinidad the annual Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ in which workers of all races and religions joined.

Similarly, the protest religion of Rastafarianism is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean. From the 1900s India’s nationalist leaders began opposing the system of indentured labour migration as abusive and cruel. It was abolished in 1921.

Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
People need huge capital to grow food and other crops for the world market. So, for the humble peasant Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were amongst the many groups of bankers and traders who financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asia, using either their own funds or those borrowed from European banks.

Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System
Cottons from India were exported to Europe. In Britain, tariffs were imposed on cloth imports. Consequently, the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline. Over the nineteenth century, British manufacturers flooded the Indian market. By helping Britain balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late-nineteenth-century world economy. Britain’s trade surplus in India also helped pay the so-called ‘home charges’ that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India’s external debt, and pensions of British officials in India.

The Inter-war Economy
The First World War (1914-18) was fought in Europe, but its impact was felt around the world. During this period the world experienced widespread economic and political instability and another catastrophic war.

Wartime Transformations
The First World War was fought between the Allies – Britain, France and Russia (later joined by the US); and the Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. The war lasted for more than four years which involved the world’s leading industrial nations. It was considered as the first modern industrial war which saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, etc; on a massive scale. During the war, industries were restructured to produce war-related goods. Britain borrowed large sums of money from US banks as well as the US public, transforming the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.

Post-war Recovery
Post-war economic recovery, Britain, the world’s leading economy faced a prolonged crisis. Industries had developed in India and Japan while Britain was preoccupied in the war. Britain, after the war, found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market and to compete with Japan internationally. At the end of the war, Britain was burdened with huge external debts. Anxiety and uncertainty about work became an enduring part of the post-war scenario.

Rise of Mass Production and Consumption
The US economy recovered quicker and resumed its strong growth in the early 1920s. Mass production is one of the important features of the US economy which began in the late nineteenth century. Henry Ford is a well-known pioneer of mass production, a car manufacturer who established his car plant in Detroit. The TModel Ford was the world’s first mass-produced car. Fordist industrial practices soon spread in the US and were also copied in Europe in the 1920s. The demand for refrigerators, washing machines, etc. also boomed, financed once again by loans. In 1923, the US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas lender.

The Great Depression
The period of The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid1930s, most parts of the world experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes and trade. The most affected areas were agricultural regions and communities. Combination of several factors led to depression. The first factor is agricultural overproduction, second is in the mid-1920s, many countries financed their investments through loans from the US. The rest of the world is affected by the withdrawal of US loans in different ways. The US was also severely affected by depression. Unfortunately, the US banking system collapsed as thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close.

India and the Great Depression
Indian trade is immediately affected by depression. The prices of agriculture fell sharply but still, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands. In those depression years, India became an exporter of precious metals, notably gold. Rural India was thus see thing with unrest when Mahatma Gandhi launched the civil disobedience movement at the height of the depression in 1931.

Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era
Two decades after the end of the First World War, the Second World War broke out. It was fought between the Axis powers (mainly Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the US). The war continued for six years over land, on sea, in the air. The war caused an immense amount of economic devastation and social disruption. Post-war reconstruction was shaped by two crucial influences. The first one is that the US emerged as the dominant economic, political and military power in the Western world. The second was the dominance of the Soviet Union.

Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions
Two-key lessons were drawn out from inter-war economic experience. First, mass production cannot be sustained without mass communication. The second lesson related to a country’s economic links with the outside world. The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up to finance postwar reconstruction. The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947.

The Early Post-war Years
An era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes was inaugurated by the Bretton Woods for the Western industrial nations and Japan. During this decade, technology and enterprise were spread worldwide.

Decolonisation and Independence
After the end of the Second World War, large parts of the world were still under European colonial rule. The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. The IMF and the World Bank from the late 1950s shift their attention more towards developing countries. Most developing countries were not benefited from the fast growth the Western economies experienced in the 1950s and 1960s. They organised as a group – the Group of 77 (or G-77) – and demanded a new international economic order (NIEO). NIEO meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.

End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of ‘Globalisation’
The US’s finance and competitive strength were weakened due to rising costs of its overseas involvements from the 1960s. In the mid-1970s the international financial system also changed and the industrial world was also hit by unemployment. MNCs began to shift their production to low-wage Asian countries. China became attractive destinations for investment by foreign MNCs. In the last two decades, the world’s economic geography has been transformed as countries such as India, China and Brazil have undergone rapid economic transformation.

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To listen to my audio lecture on "what does liberal nationalism stand for ." Click on the link given 

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To listen to my audio lecture on "what does liberal nationalism stand for ." Click on the link given 

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https://youtu.be/J-34ZAOronI

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Click on the link to listen to my audio lecture on Napoleon administrative reforms and the formation of Zulliverian.

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Click on the link to listen to my audio lecture on Napoleon administrative reforms and the formation of Zulliverian.

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Audio clip related to the explaination of the lesson: The rise of Nationalism .Topic 1 Emergence of Nationalism. Prepared by: Ms. Komal Jain.

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Audio clip related to the explaination of the lesson: The rise of Nationalism .Topic 1 Emergence of Nationalism. Prepared by: Ms. Komal Jain.

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This is my recoded audio lecture on the Aristocracy. Sub topic 2.1 Click on the link to hear my recorded audio.

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This is my recoded audio lecture on the Aristocracy. Sub topic 2.1 Click on the link to hear my recorded audio.

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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Click on the link to view the next topic of this lesson : The French revolution and the idea of Nationalism.

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Audio clip related to the first topic of the lesson: The rise of Nationalism .

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Audio clip related to the first topic of the lesson: The rise of Nationalism .

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Worksheet history

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Pt Deen Dayal Upadhayaya  Sanatan  Dharm  Vidyalaya  .

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Pt Deen Dayal Upadhayaya  Sanatan  Dharm  Vidyalaya  .

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Topic : Nationalism  in India ( Chapter 2)
(Revision sheet )
General  Instructions  : This revision sheet has been divided into four sections, A, B, C and D.
Attempt all the questions from all the four sections.

Section A ( Objectve questions)
1. Who was the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’?
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
(b) B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Jawahar Lai Neh

2. Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 in the city of
(a) Bombay
(b) Calcutta
(c) Lucknow
(d) Amritsar

3. The Non-cooperation Khilafat Movement began in
(a) January 1921
(b) February 1922
(c) December 1929
(d) April 1919

4. Which of the following was the reason for calling off the Non-cooperation Movement by Gandhiji?
(a) Pressure from the British Government
(b) Second Round Table Conference
(c) Gandhiji’s arrest
(d) Chauri-Chaura incident

5. Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi, was the leader of which of the following movements?
(a) Khilafat Movement
(b) Militant Guerrilla Movement of Andhra Pradesh
(c) Peasants’ Movement of Awadh
(d) Plantation Workers’ Movement in Assam

6. Who set up the ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’?
(a) Alluri Sitaram Raju
(b) Jawahar Lai Nehru and Baba Ramchandra
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru and Shaukat Ali
(d) Mahatma Gandhi

7. Under the presidency of Jawahahar Lai Nehru, the Lahore Congress Session of 1929 formalised the demand of
(a) abolition of Salt Tax
(b) ‘Puma Swaraj’ or complete independence
(c) boycott of Simon Commission
(d) separate electorate for the ‘dalits’

8. The ‘Simon Commission’ was boycotted because
(a) there was no British Member in the Commission.
(b) it demanded separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims.
(c) there was no Indian Member in the Commission.
(d) it favoured the Muslims over the Hindus.

9. A form of demonstration used in the Non-cooperation Movement in which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office is
(a) Boycott
(b) Begar
(c) Picketing
(d) Bandh

10. Who formed the ‘Swaraj Party’ within the Congress?
(a) Jawahar Lai Nehru and Motilal Nehru
(b) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Jawahar Lai Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose
(d) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru

11. Who founded the ‘Depressed Classes Association’ in 1930?
(a) Alluri Sitaram Raju
(b) C.R. Das
(c) M.R. Jayakar
(d) Dr B.R. Ambedkar

12. Which party did not boycott the Council elections held in the year 1921?
(a) Swaraj Party
(b) Justice Party
(c) Muslim League
(d) Congress Party

13. What do you mean by the term ‘Begar’l
(a) An Act to prevent plantation workers to leave the tea gardens without permission.
(b) The forced recruitment of soldiers in rural areas during World War I.
(c) Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.
(d) Refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities as a form of protest.

14. Where did Mahatma Gandhi start his famous ‘Salt March’ on 12th March 1930?
(a) Dandi
(b) Chauri-Chaura
(c) Sabarmati
(d) Surat

15. Which industrialist attacked colonial control over Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement?
(a) Dinshaw Petit
(b) Purshottamdas Thakurdas
(c) Dwarkanath Tagore
(d) Seth Hukumchand

16. Who visualised and depicted the image of ‘Bharat Mata’ through a painting?
(a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
(b) Rabindranath Tagore
(c) Natesa Sastri
(d) Abanindranath Tagore

17. Which of the following was Mahatma Gandhi’s novel method of fighting against the British?
(a) He used violent method of stone pelting.
(b) He used arson to bum down government offices.
(c) He fought with the principle of ‘an eye for i an eye’.
(d) He practised open defiance of law, ; peaceful demonstration, satyagraha and non-violence.

18. What does satyagraha mean? Choose one from j the following options.
(a) ‘Satyagraha’ means use of physical force to inflict pain while fighting.
(b) ‘Satyagraha’ does not inflict pain, it is a : non-violent method of fighting against oppression.
(c) ‘Satyagraha’ means passive resistance and is a weapon of the weak.
(d) ‘Satyagraha’ was a racist method of mass agitation.

19. What was the purpose of imposing the jRowlatt Act?
(a) The Rowlatt Act forbade the Indians to : qualify for administrative services.
(b) The Rowlatt Act had denied Indians the right to political participation.
(c) The Rowlatt Act imposed additional taxes on Indians who were already groaning under the burden of taxes.
(d) The Rowlatt Act authorised the government to imprison any person without trial and conviction in a court of j law

20. Where did the brutal ‘Jallianwala Massacre’ Which take place?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Meerut
(c) Lahore
(d) Lucknow

21. Why did General Dyer order to open fire on a i peaceful demonstration at Jallianwala Bagh? Choose from the given options.
(a) He wanted to show his power.
(b) Firing was ordered because it was an unruly crowd.
(c) Because his object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create fear in the minds of ‘satyagrahis’.
(d) He ordered to fire because he noticed a sudden unrest in the crowd.

Q.22. Who were the founders of the Swaraj  party?

Q 23.. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju?

Q.24. What was the course of Dandi March ?

Q.25. Who was Abdul Ghaffar khan ?

Q.26. Name the Commission which was formed to look into the functioning of constitutional changes?

Q.27 What is the importance of the Lahore Congress session of 1929 ?

Q.28 When and under whose leadership was Civil Disobedience movement launched ?

Q.29. What was the main motive of the  civil

Q.30.What was the main motive of civil disobedience  Movement ?

Q.31. Which incident marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement ?

Q.32. What was Gandhi-Irwin Pact?

Q.33 When was Gandhi Irwin Pact signed ?

Q.34.Why the rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience movement?

Q.30. The Congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns during Civil Disobedience movement. Give reason.

Q.31. Who announced a vague offer of ‘Dominion Status’ for India in 1929 ?

Q.32. Name any two organisations which were formed by the business class to organise their business activities?

Q.33. Name any two industrialists who actively participated in the Civil Disobedience movement.

Q.34. Who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association ?

Q.35 Why Dr. B.R. Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference ?

Q.36. Name the Pact which gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils?

Q.37 Who created the image of Bharat Mata ?
Who was the author  of the novel Anand math?

Q.38 Who published a massive four volume collection of Tamil Folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India ?

Section B  ( Answer  the  following  in  short):

39 ) Why did Mahatma  Gandhi  send eleven demands in his letter to lord Irwin?

40) How was the civil disobedience movement  different from the non cooperation  Movement?

41) How did  muslim respond to the civil disobedience obedience movement?

42)Which three early Satyagraha Movements  were
organised by Mahatma Gandhi?

43)What were Mahatma  Gandhi's   view's on women's  participation  in the Nstional movement   ?

44)Why was Poona pact signed  ?

45) Why did the rich Peasants  refuse to participate in the civil disobedience  Movement, when it was restarted in 1932 ?

46) What were the conditions of Gandhi Irwin pact?
47) How did  .R. Ambedkar lift the Dalits and take their cause to the British Parliament ?

48 ) Which two factors shaped Indian politics by the late 1920ss?

49) What do you know about Natesha Shastr?

50) How did the salt Satyagraha become  an effective tool of  resistance  agaainst British colonialism in India during 1930? Explain.

Section c ( Answe the following  in detail ) :
51) Who had designed the Swaraj flag  by 1921?
Explain the main features of this ' Swaraj flag. '

52) Why did the different social groups join the civil disobedience  Movement? Explain.

53) What type of flag was designed during the Swadeshi movement  in Bengal?Explain  its main features?

54) Differenciate between the reasons for the participation of the rich Peasants and the poor peasants in the civil disobedience  movement ?

55) What do you know by sense of collective belongingness  and how was it practised in India by the Indians?

56) Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the the movement ? Explain.

57) Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the  civil disobedience movemennt with great apprehension?  Explain.

58) How did large scale participation of women in the civil disobedience  Movement ? Explain.

Section D ( Map based question) :
Locate the following  places on the political of India :
a) The place where Indian National congress held its Session  in December 1920.
b) Where Mahatma  Gandhi  broke the salt law ?
c) Mahatma  Gandhi  organized Satyagraha for cotton

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My recorded Audio on the" Nationalism  in India" Lesson 2 ( Intoduction and topic 1)

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My recorded Audio on the" Nationalism  in India" Lesson 2 ( Intoduction and topic 1)

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https://youtu.be/2zLhZMYKGpE

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Rowlatt act, The Khilafat and the Non cooperation Movement.

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Rowlatt act, The Khilafat and the Non cooperation Movement.

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https://youtu.be/C4qLDlaPHYE

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General Instructions  : This  worksheet  has  been  divided  into  three  sections  .You  have  to  attempt  all  the  questions  from  these  sections.

Section  A : ( Answer  5he following in very short ) :
1.When did Mahatma  Gandhi return to India?
2. Explain the idea of Satya Graham.
3.Where did Mahatma Gandhi first launch Satyagraha?
4.Name the three campaigns launched by Mahatma Gandhi along with its  date.
5.What do you understand by the term Nationalism?
6.When did the first world war break out ?
7. Which new tax was introduced in India by the
British Government?
8.What was Champaran Movement?
9.Why did Kheda farmers protests against Britishers?
10.Who were the two main leaders of *Khilafat movement?
11.Name the famous book written by Mahatma  Gandhi.
12.Why many Congress leaders were reluctant to boycott council elections?
13. Why were council elections not boycotted in Madras?
14.How was ' Oudh Kisan Sabha" formed?
15.What was Inland Emigration Act of 1859?

Section "B" ( Answer the following in short ) :
16.What was Khilafat Movement?
17.Give a brief description of the Rowlett act.
18.How did Indians participate in the Non cooperation Movement?
19.Who was Baba Ramchandra?
20.Which two factorsshaped Indian politics by the late 1920's?
21.What were the conditions of Gandhi Irwin Pact?

Section " C" ( Answer the following in detail):
22.Describe various stages of the Non cooperation Movementlaunched by Mahatma Gandhi.
Prepared by :
Ms. KOMAL JAIN.

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Important notes of the lesson :

.Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Satyagraha:

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. Gandhiji’s novel method of mass agitation is know as ‘Satyagraha’. Satyagraha emphasized truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth. Truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

In India the first was at Champaran in 1916 to inspire plantation workers to struggle against oppressive plantation system.
In 1917 Satyagraha at Kheda to support peasants.
In 1918 Satyagraha at Ahmadabad:
Among the cotton mill workers.

‘Hind Swaraj’:
The famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi, which emphasized non-cooperation to British rule in India.

New economic situation created in India by the First World War:

Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market.
As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. As a result new factories were set up, new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hrs.
Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically after the war, as it was unable to modernize and compete with US, Germany, Japan. Hence within colonies like India, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position capturing the home market.

The Rowlatt Act of 1919:
It gave the British government enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

Jallianwala Bagh incident:
On 13th April 1919, a crowd of villagers who had come to attend a Baisakhi fair, gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Being from outside the city, many were not aware of the martial law that had been imposed as a repressive measure. General Dyer with his British troops entered the park and closed the only exit point without giving any warning to the assembled people and ordered the troops to fire at the crowds, killing hundreds. This brutal act of General Dyer provoked unparalleled indignation. As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns. There were hartals, clashes and attacks on government buildings.

Non-cooperation programme was adopted at Nagpur in Dec. 1920.

Effects of the Non-cooperation Movement on the economy of India:
Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth was burnt. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. Its value dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. People began discarding imported clothes and wearing Indian ones. The production of Indian textile mills and hand looms went up. Use of khadi was popularized.

Non-cooperation Movement in the countryside:

In Awadh, the peasants’ movement led by Baba Ramchandra was against talukdars and landlords who demanded extremely high rents and a variety of other ceases from the peasants. Peasants were forced to work in landlords’ farms without any payment (beggar). Peasants had no security of tenure, thus being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land. The demands of the peasants were— reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s against the closure of forest areas by the colonial government, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. They felt that their traditional rights were being denied.
For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave tea gardens without permission. In fact the permission was hardly granted. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities and left for their homes.
Slowing down of Non-cooperation Movement in cities:

Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. As a result they could not boycott mill cloth for too long.
Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used in place of the British ones.
These were slow to come up.
So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

Khilafat movement:
Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British.

Chauri Chaura incident:
In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to launch a no tax movement. The police opened fire at the people who were taking part in a demonstration, without any provocation. The people turned violent in their anger and attacked the police station and set fire to it. The incident took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.
When the news reached Gandhiji, he decided to call off the Non-cooperation movement as he felt that it was turning violent and that the satyagrahis were not properly trained for mass struggle.

Swaraj Party was founded by C.R. Das and Moti Lai Nehru for return to council Politics. Simon Commission 1928 and boycott. Lahore Congress session and demand for Puma Swaraj in 1929. Dandi march and the beginning of civil Disobedience movement.
Features of Civil Disobedience Movement:

People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.
Foreign cloth was boycotted and people were asked to picket liquor shops.
Peasants were asked not to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
Students, lawyers and village officials were asked not to attend English medium schools, colleges, courts and offices.

‘Salt March’:
On 31st January, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands, one of which was the demand to abolish Salt Tax. Salt was one of the most essential food items consumed by the rich and poor alike and a tax on it was considered an oppression on the people by the British Government. Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was an ultimatum and if his demands were not fulfilled by March 11, he had threatened to launch a civil disobedience campaign. So, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by Swaraj and urged them to peace-fully defy the British. On 6th April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Who participated in the movement?
Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country. Gandhiji led the salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the Civil Disobedience Movement.
In the countryside, the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. As rich communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Merchants and industrialists supported the movement by giving financial assistance and also by refusing to buy and sell the imported goods. The industrial working class of Nagpur region also participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Railway workers, dock workers, mineral of Chhota Nagpur, etc. participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

Limits of the movement
less participation by untouchables—Ambedker for separate electorate and Poona pact of 1932, Luke warm response by some Muslim Political Organization.

Provisions of Poona pact of 1932:
Signed between Dr. Ambedkar and Gandhiji. It gave depressed classes reserved seats in central provincial councils but they were to be voted by the general electorate.

The sense of collective belonging:
Though nationalism spread through the experience of united struggle but a variety of cultural processes captured the imagination of Indians and promoted a sense of collective belonging:

Use of figures or images: The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism
Indian folklore: Nationalists started recording and using folklore’s and tales, which they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. So preservation of these became a way to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of price in one’s past.
Use of icons and symbols in the form of flags: Carrying the tricolor flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance and promoted a sense of collective belonging.

Reinterpretation of history: Indians began looking into the past to rediscover the glorious developments in ancient times in the field of art, science, mathematics, religion and culture, etc.
.
This glorious time was followed by a history of decline when India got colonized, as Indian history was miserably written by the colonizers.

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To listen to audio lecture on ,"The age of Revolutions  : 1838-48".

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To listen to audio lecture on ,"The age of Revolutions  : 1838-48".

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https://youtu.be/ABK6gi4h-00

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My recorded audio lecture on ," A new Conversatism after 1815.' Click on the link to listen to the 

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My recorded audio lecture on ," A new Conversatism after 1815.' Click on the link to listen to the 

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https://youtu.be/IFH_5jjvsBs

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Click the link below to view the next topic i.e Reforms introduced by the Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Click the link below to view the next topic i.e Reforms introduced by the Napoleon Bonaparte.

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https://youtu.be/J6KgHw-qFB4

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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https://youtu.be/D0szF7R2_X4

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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https://youtu.be/D0szF7R2_X4

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Recoded Audio lecture on the rocess of Unification of Germany ", .

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Recoded Audio lecture on the rocess of Unification of Germany ", .

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https://youtu.be/cuGDwz4ZRAA

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To view my recorded lecture on the map of Germany during 18,th century.

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To view my recorded lecture on the map of Germany during 18,th century.

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https://youtu.be/aYZF9CL1hFE

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To listen to my recoded audio lecture on the topic 4.2: Italy Unified click on the link given below:

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To listen to my recoded audio lecture on the topic 4.2: Italy Unified click on the link given below:

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https://youtu.be/LBVXhmobfUs

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To listen to my recorded lecture on the topic ," Unification of Britain " , click on the link given below.

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To listen to my recorded lecture on the topic ," Unification of Britain " , click on the link given below.

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https://youtu.be/LY-FRkNoA_o

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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https://youtu.be/D0szF7R2_X4

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Click the link below to listen to the my recoded Lecture on the French revolution and the idea of 

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Click the link below to listen to the my recoded Lecture on the French revolution and the idea of 

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https://youtu.be/J6KgHw-qFB4

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To listen to my audio lecture  on the topic," The revolutinaries ". Click on the link below.

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To listen to my audio lecture  on the topic," The revolutinaries ". Click on the link below.

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https://youtu.be/ABK6gi4h-00

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Clik on the link below to listen to the topic: 2.3. Treaty of Vienna.

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Clik on the link below to listen to the topic: 2.3. Treaty of Vienna.

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https://youtu.be/O8_ouQ67XUg

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To listen to my recorded audio lecture on the topic : 2.3

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To listen to my recorded audio lecture on the topic : 2.3

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https://youtu.be/JixLiKZa-u4

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Click on the link to listen to my audio lecture on Napoleon administrative reforms and the formation of Zulliverian.

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Click on the link to listen to my audio lecture on Napoleon administrative reforms and the formation of Zulliverian.

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https://youtu.be/Vp1Wd9rSndo

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To listen to my audio lecture on "what does liberal nationalism stand for ." Click on the link given 

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To listen to my audio lecture on "what does liberal nationalism stand for ." Click on the link given 

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https://youtu.be/J-34ZAOronI

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To listen to my audio lecture on this topic , Administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte.and the formation of Zulliverian click on the link below.

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To listen to my audio lecture on this topic , Administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte.and the formation of Zulliverian click on the link below.

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https://youtu.be/fkA_k3Nz9k0

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This is my recoded audio lecture on the Aristocracy. Sub topic 2.1 Click on the link to hear my recorded audio.

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This is my recoded audio lecture on the Aristocracy. Sub topic 2.1 Click on the link to hear my recorded audio.

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https://youtu.be/YrLY4oGBojI

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Lesson : Nationalism' in Europe  ( Chapter -1)
Topic : Unification in Britain.
Std : 10th ( Social science) History.
General Instructions ;  this worksheet has been divided into three sections . Attempt all the question from each section.

Section 'A" ( Answer the following in very short ):
1) When  did the  English Parliament seize power from the Monarchy?
2) What resulted in the formation of , ' The great kingdom of Great Britain'?
3) Name the class that inhabited Scotland suffere terrible repression .
4)Which language was spoken by the Scottish highlanders?
5)Which country was deeply divided into Catholics and Protestants ?
6) Who led the failed the revolt  in 1798?
7) What was forged through the propogation of a dominent English culture ?
8) Which new symbols were  promoted  to make a new Britain?
Section " B" ( Answer the following in short)
9)  How was the history of Nationalism in Britain  unlike the rest of the Europe ?

Section "c" ( Answer the following in detail ) ;
10)  Explain the process of Unification of Britain.

Prepared by :
Mrs Komal Jain.

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1) Before 18th century, It was not a nation state.
2) Constant growth in power helped English nation to extend their control over other nations and islands .
3) In 1688, England entrenched as a nation. The power of the Monarchy was taken over by the English parliament.

4)  In   1707  an  Act of the Union was formed between England and Scotland by the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

5) Scotland and Ireland was dominated by England in allaspects.

6) British Nation was formed which included various symbols - flag, national Anthem and the English language.

7) In 1801 after the failed Revolution led by the Wolfe and his United Irishman (1798), British took over Ireland forcibly

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Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhayaya Sanatan Dharma Vidyalaya ,Azaad Nagar ,Kanpur-208002

Social science : History (worksheet-4 )
Topic : The rise of Nationalism in  Europe. Generall Instructions: This worksheet has four sections.
Attempt all the questions from each section.

Section "A" (Very short answer type questions):
1) What comprised the Habsburg empire?
2) What is Ottoman Empire?
3)Who became the Prime Minister of Piedmont of Italy?
4) When did Cavour become the Prime Minister of Italy?
5) Who was proclaimed the king of United Italy in 1861?
6)How was Italy fragmented before unification?
7) Explain the political situation of Italy before it's unification.
8) What was the role of Guisseppe Mazani in the unification of Italy ?
9)Under whom various states of Italy was ruled ?ention the lineages who ruled in India.
10)Who was Garbalfi?
10) What was of contribution of Garbaldi in unification of Italy?

Section" B"( Answer the following in short ) :
11) What role didCount Cavour and Garbaldi play in the unification of Italy?
12)  Give a short note on the Habsburg emplre.
13) Writte a short note on Count Camillo de Cavour.

Section  "C" ( Answer the following in detail ) :

14) Briefly explain the process the unification of Italy.
Section  "D" ( Map based question).
15) on the map of Italy ,locate the following :
Lombardy,. Venetia, Modena, Tuscany,
Papel state, Switzerland, Monaco and Kingdom of two Siclies.

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1) Like Germany Italy too was divided into small kingdoms ruled by it's own dynastic rulers as well as the multi- national Habsburg empire.
2) During the middle of the nineteenth century , Italy was divided into seven states , of only one which , Sardinia - Piedmont, was ruled by  an Italian princely house.
3) The north Italy was under Austrian Habsburg.
4) The centre was ruled by a pope.
5) And the southern tegion was under the domination of Burboun king of Spain .
6) There were many regional languages and dialects prevailing in Italy and the Italian language has not acquired the status o the Nàtional language.
7) During 1830  The liberal Nationalist , Guisseppe Mazzani tried to bring Unification in Germany by introducing a coherent programme. He had also formed a secret society called ,' Young Italy". But the failure of revolutionary uprising in 1831 and 1848 meant that instead of to unite the small kingdoms of Italy fell into the hands of  Monarch of Sardinia Peidmont to free the colonial states from its colonial ruler's
and saw it as an opportunity for increasing their power.

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8)When the liberal Nationalists were unable to unified the Italian states , then it became the responsibility of the ruler Sedenoa Peidmont, under its  ruler  king Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian States through war.
9) Chief Minister Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy .
10) He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat , but he was a good spokesman , who spoke French very well which was the language of landed aristocracy and educated elite  , then the Italian ,which was his own language .
11) So first of all ,he made diplomatic relations with France which was very powerful nation at that time, and with his tactful diplomatic relations , Sardania-Piedoment was able to defeat the Austrian forces in 1859.
12) Apart from the regular army ,Then there was another Nationalist Guissepe Garbaldi , who made an army of volunteers  to wage a war against the Spanish ruler's , who have established an empire in the south.
13) In 1860, They marched into the south Italy and the two Sicilies,where he got the support of local peasants and defeated the Spain ruler's in 1861.
14). Finally in 1861 Victor Emanual II was proclaimed king of United Italy.

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Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Sanatan Dharma Vidyalaya , Azaad Nagar Kanpur - 208002.

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Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Sanatan Dharma Vidyalaya , Azaad Nagar Kanpur - 208002.

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Social science Worksheet -3 (History )
Topic : The rise of Nationalism in Europe .
Subtopic: ( 3 to 4.1) of lecture -5 .
General Instructions : This Worksheet has been divided into three sections . Attempt all the questions from each section .
Section "A' ( Answer the following in very short ) :
1). Who were Conservatives?
2) When was the upheaval took place in France after the coservative a regime was imposed in France?
3) Who instilled a constitutional monarchy under , Loius Phillip in France ?
4) What happened in Brussels after the July Revolution?
5) When  did the Greek war of independence started?
6) Which country was regarded as the cradle of Greece civilisation by the poets and artists?
7) Which English poet organised funds to fight in war against muslim empire and later died of fever ?
8) Which Romantics and German philospher claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people?
9) Which country was partitioned at the end of eighteenth century by the  three powers- Russia, Prussia and Austria?
10) Who celebrated  the national struggle through operas and music?
11) When was the armed rebellion against  the Russian rule took place ?
12) Where were thenpriests and bishops sent as apunishment for using Polish language to preach in church?
13) Which king was forced to flee from France in 1848?
14) When did the weavers of Silesia led a revolt against contractors  who gave them less payments for their finished goods?
15) When did the revotion took place in France by the liberal Nationalists?
16) What changes were brought in France  after the revolution of France ?
17) What do you understand by ," Romanticism "?
18)What led to widespread pauperism in Europe?
19) Whereband who was declared themselves as the members of the  German National Assembly ?
20) Who was offered the crown of Germany by the deputies?
21) Where was the serfdom and feudalism abolished  in 1848 ?
22)Who were Junkers?
23) Who was proclaimed as the emperor of France  in January 1871?
24) Where was the ceremony of crownship held  to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William 1 of Prussia?
25) Who was Otto Von Bismark ?

Section"B" ( Answer the following in short ) :
26) How did Polish use their language as a
weapon of national resistance against Russia ?
27) Explain the role of Romanticism  in National feeling ?
28) Describe the Silesian weavers uprising?
27) What conditions prevailed in 1848 France?
29)Write in brief about the role of women in Nationalist struggle ?
30)Write in brief about the Frankfurt Parliament.

Section " C" ( Answer the following in detail )
31) Write about the Greek war of Independence.
32)Briefly trace the process of unificat of Germany.
33) Explain what is meant by the 1848 Revolution of th libetsls.What were the political, social and economic ideas supppyed by the liberals.

Prepared by : Mrs Komal Jain
PGT ( History)

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The process of Unification of Germany :( 1856 -71)

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The process of Unification of Germany :( 1856 -71)

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1)  A large middle class professionals - businessmen and prosperous artisans  belonging b to different regions of Germany came together in a political association and decided to vote for all Germans National assembly  in the city of Frankfurt.
2)  In 1848, 831  people were elected  and decided to vote for  an all German National Assembly in the city of Frankfurt.
3) This assembly drafted a constitution for a German Nation headed by  Monarchy  subject to Parliament.
4)When the crown was offered to Fedriech William iv by the deputies , it was rejected by him and instead he joined other abosolitist Monarchs.
4) The parliament was dominated by the middle classes  who resisted the  demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their  support. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to end.
5) Efforts were  made by the middle class Germans to write the Different regions of German confederation into a nation states .
6) These efforts were suppressed by the monarchy  and military and the  landowners in Purssia.
7) The national Unification was taken under leadership of Prussia.
8) Otto Von Bismark of Prussia played  the role of  amain leader in act of nation building.
9) In 1871 Kaiser William -1 was declared as the new emperor  of a new empire .
10) The Unification of Germany  established
Purssian dominance in Europe .
11) Currency , banking ,legal and judicial systems were introduced  by the new German emplre.

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Introduction the 19th century Europe, the ideas of national unity were closely associated with the ideology of liberalism.
The happenings of 1848 movements in France brought about the change in the form of government , i.e the Abolishment of Monarchial rule and the formation of Republican form of government  ,in which all the adult  male citizen were given the right to vote .
This inspired  other countries of Europe like
Poland, Italy , Germany, and the Austrian - Hungarian empire - men and women of the liberal classes combined their demand for constitutionalism with national Unification.
They now wanted creation of nation states in which they wanted an elected parliamentary form of government,a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.

Frankfurt Parliament: In Germany , political associations were formed who were liberal Nationalists , i.e they belong to the middle class professionals, businessman and rich artisans , they came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote fo sll German
National assembly. On  18 th May, 1848, 831 elected representatives marched  to take their places in the Frankfurt Parliament .They drafted a constitution for a German Nation headed by Monarchy subject to German Parliament..
Issue of women : In the liberal movement  a large number of women participated actively ,and had formed political associations but they were completely denied the right to vote.

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The decade of 1830 and the great economic hardship:

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The decade of 1830 and the great economic hardship:

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The decade of 1830 had brought great economic  hardships in Europe.
I) There was enormous increase of Population all over Europe .
ii) There was more jobseekers than employment.
iii) Population from rural.areas migrated to cities in searc of employment to live in over crowded cities.
iv ) Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine
goods from England.
v) Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal lords.
vi) Rise of food crops and bad harvest led to widespread poverty which ultimately led to dissatfaction and resentment among people
The year 1848 was such in which food shortages mand widespread unemployment brought the people of France , especially Paris to revolt against their king , Louis Philippe ,which was made constitutional monarch, during  1830 , ultimately made king Loius to flee away from France.
Then the members of the National Assembly seized the power  and declared France  a republican contry.granted sufferage to all adult males above 21 years of age ,and every one was gauranteed the right to work .National workshops to provide employment were set up.

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Culture played an important role in arousing the feeling of Nationalism.

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Culture played an important role in arousing the feeling of Nationalism.

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Culture which relates to the history of that country,  art and poetry stories and music played a significant role in expressing nationalist feelings.
It was known as Romanticism, in which true spirit of the nation was popuarised.
Emphasis was given on the vernacular language  and the collection of folklore, to carry the modern  nationalists mesages to large audiances.
Their effort was to share collective heritage, a common Cultural past as the basis of nation
In this, the Germa philospher Johann Gottfried Herder ( 1744- 1803)  claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people .
For example in the case of Poland , which was partitioned during  the 18 th century by the great powers Russia, Austria and Prussia .Poland tried to revive its culture and national feelings through music & language which  played an important role in the   struggle for freedom . Karol Kurpinski, for example aroused the national feelings with his operah and music.
Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments Such as the  polish clergy men started speaking and delivering their preaching in polish language, which was not liked by the Russian people.As a reulta large number of priests and bishops were sent to jail pr to Siberia.The use of Polish language came to be associated with the freedom struggle of Poland.

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An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across the Europe
was the Greek war of Independence. The war of independence  took place  from 1821 to 1829 among the Greek revolutinaries against the Ottoman empire  since the fifteenth century The growth of Nationalism emerged  and the struggle for independence of Greece in 1821.
The struggle for independence was carried forward by the poets and artists who  laud d as the  cradle of European civilisation. The people of Greece requested people of other  European countries to help in getting freedom from the Muslim  domination. Finally the treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

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An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across the Europe
was the Greek war of Independence. The war of independence  took place  from 1821 to 1829 among the Greek revolutinaries against the Ottoman empire  since the fifteenth century The growth of Nationalism emerged  and the struggle for independence of Greece in 1821.
The struggle for independence was carried forward by the poets and artists who  laud d as the  cradle of European civilisation. The people of Greece requested people of other  European countries to help in getting freedom from the Muslim  domination. Finally the treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

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General Instructions : this worksheet has been divided into three sections, Attempt all the questions from each section.

Section A:
( Answer the following in very short ):
1) When did Industrialisation begin in England and other parts of Europe?
2) What does liberalism mean?
3) How did liberalism stand inthe economic sphere?
4)What was Zullverian ?
5) Why was Zullverian formed?
6)Which countries met at treaty of Vienna?
7) Who hosted the treaty of Vienna?
8) What was the objective of treaty of Vienna?
9)Who was Giuseppe Mazzani?
10) Which two underground societies were formed by Giuseppe Mazzini?

Section 'B' ( Answer the following in short ):

11) After becoming the Monarch what changes were introduced by Napoleon?
12) What does liberalism stands for , since the French revolution?
13)What kind of Conservative regims were set up in 1815?
14) Explain the concept of liberal nationalism  which developed in Eut in early 18 th century .

Section c ( Answer the following in detail):
15) How did the concept of Nation states develop in Europe ?
16) Explain the dominance of landed aristocracy in Europe?
17) What conditions led to the development of anew middle clas in Europe?
18)What was Zullverian?  Why was it formed?
19) What kind of Conservative regimes were formed in 1815? What did Liberals think about them?

Thank you ,

Prepared by :
Ms.Komal Jain.

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After 1815 , when the Monarchial rule i.e Conservativism was reestablished then most of those who
were of the liberal nationalism , they became underground .
Most of the liberals they started secret societies all over the Europe. These secret societies were giving training to the revolutinaries against Monarchs because they again want to form the republican form of government and to fight for liberty and freedom .
One such individual was the Italian revolutionary was Giuseppe Mazzini , born in 1807, he become a  member of the secret society of the Carbonari , As a young man of 24 , he was sent to exile  in 1831 ,  after that he founded two  underground socities , first , young Italy in Marseilles , and secret young Europe  in Bern.
The members of this society were like minded people and they also believed in the formation of nation states. Giuseppe Mazzani  believed that Italy should  not be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.So , this small states should be unified to form a big nation known as Italy.
Following his model , secret societies were formed in Germany, France,  Switzerland, and Poland.
Mazzani continuous opposition towards Monarchial  form of government made Metterinich described him as the ' the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.

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All the countries that collectively defeated Napoleon Bonaparte , met at Vienna to draw up a settlement .

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All the countries that collectively defeated Napoleon Bonaparte , met at Vienna to draw up a settlement .

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The Congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metterinich. The delegates agreed to certain points i.e undoing of changes made by Napoleon Bonaparte.  ii)  Again the Bourbon dynasty which was deposed during the French revolution was restored to power ,iii)  A series of states were set on the boundaries to keep an eye on the further expansion of France,
iv) kingdoms of Netherlands was set up on the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
v) Prussia was given  new territories in the west and Austria was given control of northern Italy.
vi)  Russia was given parts of Poland while Prussia was given parts of Saxony.
vii) Their main aim was to restore monarchy and create a new Conservatism order in Europe.
viii) France lost its territories it had annexed underNapoeon .

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Sub topic  2.2 :What does liberal Nationalism stands for:

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Sub topic  2.2 :What does liberal Nationalism stands for:

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As,  I have already explained you that liberals were  rich propertied and educated class people who were also rich industrialists  and they were paying maximum taxes to the Government and so they  wanted a Republican form of government , and were totally against the Monarchial form of government but they were not democrates, they were against giving voting rights to women and poor persons. They were the one who wanted  freedom for the individual and equality before law, the end of aristocracy , a constitution and a parliamentary form of government and they were the one who ultimately responsible for the French Revolution of 1789 i.e they formed their own provisional government in France but it was not liked poor people and women and finally a new government was formed in France by the Jacobins headed by Macmillan Robespeirre who started reign of terror , which ultimately was ended with the execution of Macmillan .And again the governance of France was  taken by the  rich propertied persons who formed Directory  ,but it gave an unstable government and hence power is seized by the Napoleon Bonaparte who declared himself as the emperor of France and re established autocracy in France.

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Topic:3 The age of revolutions: 1838-1848

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Topic:3 The age of revolutions: 1838-1848

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When Conservatives were becoming powerful, at that time the liberal nationalist  started their revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of Ottoman Empire , Ireland and Poland.
The first upheveal took place in France in July 1830, when the Burboun king who was restored to power by the conservatives during the treaty of Vienna in 1815 , was over thrown by liberal Nationalists and constitutional Monarchy was set up ,as Louis Philippe as its head. For this Mattranich remarked ,that, 'when France sneezes , the whole Europe catches cold."
The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to the Belgium breaking away from United Kingdom of Netherlands.

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A new conversatism after 1815 emerged :When the Napoleon was defeated by the combined forces of Britain , Russia, Prussia and Austria ,who were ruled by the Monarchs and who were Conservatives, those who believed in social hierarchy, Church , property and the family should be again established.  So the rulers of these contries once again established the monarchial form of government. But they also believe that whatever administrative reforms were introduced by the Napoleon Bonaparte were beneficial for strengthening Monarchial form of government ,like the Napoleonic code , a modern army , efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and Abolishment of feudal and serfdom.

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A new conversatism after 1815 emerged :When the Napoleon was defeated by the combined forces of Britain , Russia, Prussia and Austria ,who were ruled by the Monarchs and who were Conservatives, those who believed in social hierarchy, Church , property and the family should be again established.  So the rulers of these contries once again established the monarchial form of government. But they also believe that whatever administrative reforms were introduced by the Napoleon Bonaparte were beneficial for strengthening Monarchial form of government ,like the Napoleonic code , a modern army , efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy and Abolishment of feudal and serfdom.

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1.

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Sub Topic :2.3: Meaning of Conservativism :

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Sub Topic :2.3: Meaning of Conservativism :

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First of all let me explain you what is Conservatism, I have already explained you , that after the French revolution the  people of whole  Europe was divided into three groups acc.to their ideology . i.e. liberal., Radicals and converstives.
Liberels.were.those who.with their effort had become rich industrialists and wanted a republican form of  government but were not
Democrates where as
Radicals were also against Monarchial form of government and wanted a democratic republican form of government i.e. they were in favour of Universal Adult Franchise i.e they were iin favour of women  suffrogate  movement.
Conservative : were those who  belonged to Monarchs , nobility  and royality. They were in favour of  Monarchial rule and they were against republican Democratic form of government . So those who still believe in old values and traditions and were not ready to change and adapt new ideas and notions were known as conservatives.

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Sub topic 2.2 : Administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte and the formation of Zulliverian.

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Sub topic 2.2 : Administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte and the formation of Zulliverian.

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When Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself as the Emperor of France in 1804 then he set out to conquer  the  smaller neighbouring countries , the contries which were conquered by him, he  introduced administrative reforms , which was known as Napoleonic code or civil code .  However ,the Napoleonic code limited the universal adult sufferage and reduced the status of women to minor , that is she became dependent on her fatherand husband's..
In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the  movement of goods and capital .
Napoleon created  German speaking principalities, a confederation of 39 states.
Each of them possessed their own currency and weights and measures, so it was very difficult for the traders and merchants to trade with these principalities.
Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic growth and exchange by the new commercial classes and they argued for a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movements pf goods , people and capital .
Formation of Zullverian : In 1854,  the custum union of Zullverian was formed at the initiative of Purssia and was joined by most of the German states.
Features of Zullverian::
1)The union abolished tariff barriers and  reduced number of currencies from over thirty to two.
ii) The creation pf railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national Unification.
iii) A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments.
iv) To avoid varied currencies and weights and measures , creation of unified territory allowing the unhindered movents of goods , people and capital was needed, therfore Zollverein was formed.

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Sub topic 2.1 : The Aristocracy an the emergence of middle class:

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Sub topic 2.1 : The Aristocracy an the emergence of middle class:

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Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was dominant class in Europe .They owned maximum wealth and land .Even though they were speaking different languages but for the purpose of diplomacy , they spoke French. But they comprise smal numbers, the majority  of the population was peasantary . Europe was divided into two parts for the purpose of agriculture . Towards the west , farming was done by small peasants and tenants where as East and the central Europe agriculture was done with the help of serfs.
So ,the industrial revolution occurred  in  the western Europe first i.e England during the eighteenth century , and then in France and parts of German states in the nineteenth century  that ultimately transformed the society of Europe . New towns and cities emerged, that led to a new population living in cities, working population who worked in the factories owned by the rich industrialists .
Educated class and the professionals who wanted a change in the society and political system. This ultimately  divided the people of Europe into three groups , who were  based on the idealogy they were having  i.e liberals, Radicals and conservatives.
Liberals were those who belonged to rich and propertied class of people , who through their own efforts have acquired immense wealth and they were giving high taxes to the government and so they were totally against the Monarchial form of government  and they wanted a Republican form of Government i.e a government formed by the people of the country but they were not democrates i.e. they did not believe in universal adult franchise and they wanted rich and propertied persons should have the right to elect their own government.

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Topic - I) The making of Nationalism in Europe.

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Topic - I) The making of Nationalism in Europe.

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1) As you know that during the mid eigtheenth century , Europe  did not have any nation states. It was divided into small kingdoms , which were ruled by their own dynastic ruler's.
like Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into small kingdoms.
• Eastern and Central Europe were ruled by Monarchs. The people living in these kingdom's were diverse. i.e they spoke different languages and were having different cultures.
So how then the idea is of Nationalism emerge antd the concept of nation states?

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  Topic : 2 : The concept of Nation states .

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  Topic : 2 : The concept of Nation states .

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During the 19th century , nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.
The end result was these changes was the emergence of Nation states in place of multi national dynastic empires of Europe .
The concept and practices of the modern state in which a centralised power excercised soveriegn control over a well defined territory ,had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.
But a Nation State was one in which the majority of it's citizens and not only it's ruler's , come to develop a sense of Common identity  and shared history . This commonness did not exist from time immemorial , it was developed through struggles ,through the action of people .

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I) The making of Nationalism in Europe.
2)The Aristocracy and the new middle class.
3)What did liberal Nationalism stands for?
4)A new Conservatism  after 1815.
5) The revolutionaries.
So, the above toplcs will  be covered in this lecture.

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 Lesson 1: The rise of Nationalism in Europe.

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 Lesson 1: The rise of Nationalism in Europe.

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Concept of Nationalism
Before starting with the lesson, I would like to explain you the meaning of the word 'Nationalism'.

Nationalism' refers to the feeling of belongingness  or sharing the common identity of a country.
In this chapter , you will understand how the idea of Nationalism emerged in Europe, how territories were unified and National governments formed. It was a process that took many decades, involved many wars and revolutions, many ideological battles and political conflicts. In this Chapter, you will come to know  how Nationalism spreads through the words of leader and how their words were understood by the people.How the people identify themselves with the nation, for this not only political events  are responsible  but also nationalist sensebilities  nurtured by artist and writers , through art literature, songs and tales.
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Audio clip related to the first topic of the lesson: The rise of Nationalism .

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Audio clip related to the first topic of the lesson: The rise of Nationalism .

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mlVik2G0fPiBLmzg59QSCzvIb0OmBiU-/view?usp=drivesdk

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This Chapter deals with many of the issues visualised by Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist who prepared a series on of four prints in which he tried to show that the world has now democratic and Republican form of government.
During the nineteenth  century , nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.
This led to the emergence of the nation states in place of dynastic empires of Europe.
A nation states was one in which the majority of it's citizens, and not only it's ruler's came to develop a sense of Common identity and shared history and descent.
This chapter  will look  at the diverse processes through which nation states and nationalism came into being  in nineteenth century Europe.

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1) Republic : A country where the head of the state is elected by the people. But in this type of country only few have the right to vote i.e universal adult franchise is not followed.
2) Democratic republic : It is a country where the head of the state is elected by the people and where the universaladult Franchise is followed.
3)Socialism : A  country where all the resources of the country are owned by the government of that country i.e where their is public ownership.
4) Socialist republic: A  state constitutionally dedicated to  the establishment of socialism.
Absolute Monarchy:  Monarchial form of government ,where all the powers i.e legislative executive and to impart justice lies with the Monarch, making him all powerful.
5)Utopia : An imaginary state or place where every thing is perfect.
6)Serf: A person who belonged to low social status and is living and working on the feudal lord.
7)Allegory : When abstract idea is expressed through a peson or a thing.
8) Plebiscite: A  direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
9) Etheni: it relates to a common racial, culture origin or background that a community identifies or claims.
10) Ideology: system of ideas reflecting a particular social and political origin.

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Click on the link to view the next topic of this lesson : The French revolution and the idea of Nationalism.

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Click on the link to view the next topic of this lesson : The French revolution and the idea of Nationalism.

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https://youtu.be/xK2m9463ODM

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Changes during the 1789  French revolution:
• France  was under absolute  monarchy.
•  The revolution transferred the governmental power of ruling power from Monarchy to republican form of government. i.e where the government is elected by the people but that was not democratic because Universal Adult Franchise was not followed i.e in a republican form of government , only few properties persons have the right to vote not all the adult citizens.
• Ideas like 'La patric'( Fatherland) and 'Le Citoyen' (The citizen) were adopted.
• The royal flag was replaced by the new French flag.
• French became the National language.
• Uniform weights and measures were adopted.
• Abolishment of internal custom dues.
• A centralised political system was abolished.
• National Assembly was renamed as Estates General  which was elected by the citizens.

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Napoleon Bonaparte (The emperor of France) & The policies introduced by him which ultimately led to Nationalism in France.

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Napoleon Bonaparte (The emperor of France) & The policies introduced by him which ultimately led to Nationalism in France.

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• Ruler of France from 1799-1815.
• Become the first consul by assuming absolute powers.
• Introduced Napoleonic code(1804) or civil code in France. It has certain provisions. They were: i) simplification of administrative divisions ii) Right to property of French citizens. iii) Abolishment of all privilages based on birth right. iv) equality before law.v) removed restrictions on guilds in towns. vi) Abolishment of feudal system & serfdom.
vii) Guilds in towns were freed from restrictions. viii) there was improvement  in
transport.

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Topic: The rise of Nationalism in Europe Chapter - 1

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Topic: The rise of Nationalism in Europe Chapter - 1

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Work sheet -1
General Instructions : This worksheet has been divided into three sections. Attempt all the questions from each section.

Section A : ( Answer the following in very short) :
1) When did the French revolution occurred?
2)When did Napoleon invade Italy ?
3) Who was Fredrick Sorrieu?
4)What does absolutist mean?
5) What was the concept of a modern state?
6)What does Nation state mean?
7)What do the ideas of La Partie Le Citoyen emphasize?
8) Which new name was given to the estates General?
9)When did the industrialisation begin in England and other parts of Europe ?
10) Which new Social groups emerged after industrial revolution?

Section B ( Answer the following questions in short ):
11) What changes were. introduced after the French revolution in France ?
12)  What was the main aim of revolutionaries behind the French revolution?
13) After becoming Monarch what changes were introduced  by Napoleon ?
14) How did Napoleonic  trade benifitted the business man  and small scale producers?
15)How did the local population react the French rule?
16) What does liberalism stands for , since the French revolution ?
17) How was liberalism adopted in revolutionary France?
18) What kind of conservative regimes were set up in 1815 ?

Section C : ( Answer the following in detail ):
19) Explain the Napoleon code.
20) How did the concept of Nation - States develop in Europe ?
21) What kind of conservative regimes were set up in 1815? What did liberals think about them ?
22) What do you understand by the term Allegory  ? How did female figure become an allegory of a nation ?
23) What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Napoleonic code ?
24) What is the Idea of behind Frederic Sorrieu's painting ? What kind of message did it depict at that time ?

Thank you

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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Click on the link below to hear my recorded auduio  on," The making of Nationalism in Europe."

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https://youtu.be/D0szF7R2_X4

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This Chapter deals with many of the issues visualised by Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist who prepared a series on of four prints in which he tried to show that the world has now democratic and Republican form of government.
During the nineteenth  century , nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.
This led to the emergence of the nation states in place of dynastic empires of Europe.
A nation states was one in which the majority of it's citizens, and not only it's ruler's came to develop a sense of Common identity and shared history and descent.
This chapter  will look  at the diverse processes through which nation states and nationalism came into being  in nineteenth century Europe.

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Topics  covered in lesson -1  ( The rise of Nationalism in Europe).

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Topics  covered in lesson -1  ( The rise of Nationalism in Europe).

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They are as follows :
1) Introduction of the lesson : meaning of Nationalism in Europe.
2) Emergence in of Nation states.
3) The role of French revolution (1789) in the Nationalism in Europe.
4) The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte in France
( 1769 - 1821)  And the policies implemented  by him for the Unification of Europe

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Audio clip related to the explaination of the lesson: The rise of Nationalism .Topic 1 Emergence of Nationalism. Prepared by: Ms. Komal Jain.

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Audio clip related to the explaination of the lesson: The rise of Nationalism .Topic 1 Emergence of Nationalism. Prepared by: Ms. Komal Jain.

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mlVik2G0fPiBLmzg59QSCzvIb0OmBiU-/view?usp=drivesdk