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http://www.pierce.ctc.edu:2077/pqrl/docview/1785758544/4CF34C1D888D4E4DPQ/3?accountid=2280

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http://www.pierce.ctc.edu:2077/pqrl/docview/233376275/4CF34C1D888D4E4DPQ/2?accountid=2280

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http://www.pierce.ctc.edu:2077/pqrl/docview/1873264858/C4028D2931664614PQ/42?accountid=2280

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"At the symposium researchers from Columbia University presented clear evidence that penicillin could effectively treat infections. Inspired by the possibilities, the two men offered Pfizer's assistance. That same year, Pfizer was among the companies responding to a government appeal to join a high-stakes race to see which company would develop a way to mass-produce the world's first "wonder drug." Beginning with fermentation experiments conducted with the team at Columbia University, Pfizer would take many risks over the next three years in devoting its energies to penicillin production. The substance was highly unstable, and initial yields were discouragingly low. But Pfizer was determined to succeed in the quest to mass-produce this lifesaving new drug. In the fall of 1942, Pfizer scientist Jasper Kane suggested a completely different approach, proposing that the company attempt to produce penicillin using the same deep-tank fermentation methods perfected with citric acid. This was tremendously risky because it would require Pfizer to curtail the production of other well-established products while it focused on the development of penicillin. It could also place the company's existing fermentation facilities in danger of becoming contaminated by the mobile penicillium spores. In a small room in the Brooklyn plant, Pfizer's senior management team met to weigh the options and took the leap. The team voted to invest millions of dollars, putting their own assets as Pfizer stockholders at stake, to buy the equipment and facilities needed for deep-tank fermentation. Pfizer purchased a nearby vacant ice plant, and employees worked around the clock to convert it and perfect the complex production process. The plant was up and running in four months, and soon Pfizer was producing five times more penicillin than originally anticipated.

Penicillin, was, and is, one of the most active and safe antibacterial available. Because of their effectiveness and large therapeutic index, penicillin and many closely related derivatives, collectively known as the PENICILLINS, and the closely related CEPHALOSPORINS (discovered in the 1960s) are among the most important families of antibacterial available today.  Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with the British scientist Ernst Boris Chain and Australian Howard Walter Florey, who were able to purify and obtain enough penicillin for human trials."
Source: http://www.mtaofnj.org/content/WWII%20Combat%20Medic%20-%20Dave%20Steinert/wwii.htm
Comment: The discovery of penisillin.

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"The discovery of Sulfanilamide greatly affected the mortality rate during World War II."
Source: http://www.mtaofnj.org/content/WWII%20Combat%20Medic%20-%20Dave%20Steinert/wwii.htm
Comment: This direct quote shows what one of the medical breakthroughs was and how it affected people.

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http://www.mtaofnj.org/content/WWII%20Combat%20Medic%20-%20Dave%20Steinert/wwii.htmSource: http://www.mtaofnj.org/content/WWII%20Combat%20Medic%20-%20Dave%20Steinert/wwii.htm

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https://adoseofhistory.com/tag/wwii-medicine/

A source describing different medicines created during the early days of the war.

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The Red Cross was a vital part of the medical field during the war (and still is). By the end of World War II, just about every american had been involved with the organization in one way or another.

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In 1943, Winston Churchill was given ‘M+B 693′ as a treatment for pneumonia and on December 29th, 1943, he told the nation:

“This admirable ‘M+B’ from which I did not suffer any inconvenience, was used at the earliest moment and after a week’s fever the intruders were repulsed.”
Source: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/medicine-and-world-war-two/

Comment: This is one of the many ways that medicine was advancing during the earl days of the war.

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Many women switched from their career to a nursing job when the war began. The need for nurses was a high demand, and most people tried to do what they could, such as volunteering at the local hospital a few nights a week.

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"During WWII, the Army Nurse Corps was awarded more than 1,600 military decorations. Army Nurses had landed on the beaches of Anzio on the day of the invasion, and Normandy just 4 days after. The only German POW was an Army Nurse, and several Army Nurses were captured by the Japanese and spent the 37 months in a POW camp at Bataan.  Read their story, "We band of angels : the untold story of American nurses trapped on Bataan by the Japanese." UW Historical Society Stacks"
Source: http://researchguides.ebling.library.wisc.edu/c.php?g=293228&p=1953193
This is new information for me; I did not know that nurses had been taken hostage, but I suppose it makes sense because they were working so closely on the front lines.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KokEoBhkk3s
An insight to the kind of experiments that were performed on Jews during the Holocaust.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYADT4njBJ4

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The war created several advancements of medicine during the war. There were now cures and treatments for various infections. The need for treatment sped up the advancement.
Source: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/medicine-and-world-war-two/

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Meanwhile in the concentration camp "Auchwitz" along with other camps, medical experiments were perfomed upon victims of the Holocaust. These experiments were often performed on young twins and those with two different eye colors. Other experiments were performed to "meet the needs of the army".
Source: http://auschwitz.org/en/history/medical-experiments/

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Untreated Diseases and Illness in Concentration Camps

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Untreated Diseases and Illness in Concentration Camps

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-Colds
-Pneumonia
-Frostbite
-Scabies
-Typhus
-Tuberculosis
-Malaria
-Meningitis
-Starvation
Source: http://auschwitz.org/en/history/camp-hospitals/sicknesses-and-epidemics/

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"View of a General Hospital, at Bayreuth, Germany, late August 45. The building was a former German ‘Reserve-Lazarett (local reserve, or emergency hospital) which was taken over by American Occupation Forces. Revised post V-J Day hospitalization plans for Germany provided 38 Hospitals to serve the US Occupation Forces, including 8 General Hospitals – 10 Field Hospitals – and 1 Convalescent Hospital. By 1 Jan 46, this number was already down to 35 Hospitals, of which 16 were non-operational, awaiting re-deployment or inactivation. Mid-46, only 21 Hospitals remained with a total of 12,000 beds."
https://www.med-dept.com/articles/ww2-military-hospitals-european-theater-of-operations/

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An advertisment for nursing and midwife jobs during the war.

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https://ceufast.com/blog/nursing-and-medicine-during-world-war-ii

Perhaps the war was how being a nurse became stereotypical for females. During this time, nurses played a huge role. Of course, this isn't surprising - I mean. there was a war going on.