# data[].attributes.headline
5. Explain how gas is exchanged through the alveoli and into the blood.

# data[].attributes.subject
5. Explain how gas is exchanged through the alveoli and into the blood.

# data[].attributes.body
Diffusion can only occur if the concentration of a gas in the atmosphere and the body differ. In the alveoli the concentration of oxygen must be higher for the oxygen to pass into the blood. The proportion of a particular gas in a mixture of gases, such as air, is called partial pressure. The alveoli is surrounded by a network of capillaries where gases pass back and forth between the lungs and the blood. The capillaries allow oxygen to go into the blood and carbon dioxide to go back into the lungs to be breathed out.

# data[].attributes.headline
10. Describe the necessity of cilia in the trachea.

# data[].attributes.subject
10. Describe the necessity of cilia in the trachea.

# data[].attributes.body
Cilia are small hair like projections that project form the mucous-membrane lining of the trachea. Cilia in the trachea and work to trap inhaled foreign particles, preventing them from becoming lodged in the lungs When a particle is inhaled, the cilia of the trachea stop and move the object away from the lungs with a coordinated sweeping action.

# data[].attributes.body
4. Describe and explain the steps involved with inspiration and expiration

Inspiration, the action of breathing in, and expiration, the action of breathing out, allows humans to breath.

Inspiration uses the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. While in the process of inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and travels downward, and the external intercostal muscles also contract. This causes the rib cage to lift up, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. During this action, air pressure in the lungs decrease as they increase in volume.

Expiration starts off by relaxing the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. The diaphragm goes back to its original state and the intercostal muscles make the expanded rib cage pull back, changing its increase volume back to normal. The process of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles returning to its relaxed state causes air to flow out of the lungs into the airways. The air then finally travels back into the environment through the airways.

# data[].attributes.headline
8. How does the respiratory system protect itself?

# data[].attributes.subject
8. How does the respiratory system protect itself?

# data[].attributes.body
Hair-like projections called cilia moves mucus that lines the trachea upwards so particles such as dust and pathogens are trapped in the mucus layer and later coughed out.

Because the alveoli is not protected by the mucus, because the mucus is too thick and slow moving, phagocytes on the alveoli surface seek out particles and bind to them to ingest them. They kill any particles that are living and the phagocytes are called alveolar macrophages.

# data[].attributes.headline
3. Explain and describe the organization of the lungs from the trachea to the alveoli

# data[].attributes.subject
3. Explain and describe the organization of the lungs from the trachea to the alveoli

# data[].attributes.body
The air enters the lungs by going through the trachea, down to the primary bronchi of each lung. The bronchi are the large primary branches that connect the trachea and the lungs. Then the primary bronchi branch out into smaller branches called bronchioles, and the oxygen enters the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. Gas exchange takes place in the capillaries located in the alveoli.

# data[].attributes.headline
11. Describe the structure and function of the pleural coverings.

# data[].attributes.subject
11. Describe the structure and function of the pleural coverings.

# data[].attributes.body
This wet, watery membrane lines the lungs and thoracic cavity. It also rests on the muscular diaphragm. The two membranes release fluid to protect the lungs from abrasion against the thoracic cavity while inhaling and exhaling.

# data[].attributes.headline
6. Describe the two major categories of respiratory diseases. What are the key features of each?

# data[].attributes.subject
6. Describe the two major categories of respiratory diseases. What are the key features of each?

# data[].attributes.body
Developmental Diseases
-Due to genetic conditions or lifestyle factors
-Affect airways or the alveoli
-Commonly caused by cardiovascular system diseases
-example: Sleep Apnea, Lung Cancer
Infectious Diseases
-Caused by microorganisms which cause diseases specific to the upper and lower respiratory system
-example: Pneumonia, Flu

# data[].attributes.headline
12. Describe the structure and function of the respiratory membrane. 

# data[].attributes.subject
12. Describe the structure and function of the respiratory membrane. 

# data[].attributes.body
Structure - The respiratory membrane is made up of alveoli which are like little bags. The main structure of the alveoli is made up of the alveolar epithelial cells and the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells. The inside of the alveoli are covered by a pulmonary surfactant which is a lipoprotein. The outside of the alveoli is covered in capillaries.
Function - The respiratory membrane plays a role in in exchanging gasses in the lungs. It helps brings oxygen into the blood and removes carbon dioxide. It is used in respiration and metabolism.  The alveoli that are covered in pulmonary surfactant are there to increase pulmonary compliance and to prevent a collapsed lung. The surfactant allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange through its membrane out to the lungs, or into the alveoli. The surfactant is where all gas exchange happens. CO2 goes from the capillaries into the epithelial cells and absorb into the alveoli through surfactant. O2 goes out of the alveoli by absorbing out of the surfactant, into the epithelial cells, and then goes into the capillaries.