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1. Carnegie's vertical integration
-Dominated the steel industry by acquiring companies that provided the equipment and services he needed
bought every step of the production of one specific product (from raw materials to delivery)

2. Gospel of Wealth
-The thought that hard work and perseverance led to wealth, implying that poverty was a character flaw; justified some people's actions of making shady deals and conspiracies, aka "robber barons" Strong took over weak

3. Gilded Age
-The era after the Civil War that favored the growth of a new class united in its pursuit of money and leisure
-U.S population and economy grew quickly
-Lots of political corruption and corporate misdealing, but wealthy lived fancy lives

4. Conspicuous Consumption
-A style of consumption created by the rich; the obvious display of wealth and consumption; ex. women with wealthy husbands wearing the most elaborate jewelry and fashions from France; reached new heights in extravagance
-Used to enhance prestige and show off wealth

5. Steel Industry
-Main representative was Andrew Carnegie, a "captain of industry"; became successful through vertical integration, beating his opponents by using the latest technology and using his own system of analysis; had the most efficient steel mills in the world, accounting for 1/3 of the nation's output

6. Relationship between RR and Big Business
-Railroads provided reliable transportation which made regular shipping of manufactured goods in mass quantities possible
-dropped price of shipping significantly

7. Horizontal Integration
-One of the two means of industrial growth; gaining control of the market on a single product; ex. Standard Oil Company; contrasts with vertical integration that was growth by dominating production every step of the way, from raw materials, processing, shipping, and merchandising
-Buyout all other companies who produce the same product to acquire more wealth and production

8. Standard Oil
-An example of one of the companies that prospered through horizontal integration; founded by John D. Rockefeller; convinced smaller companies to sell their stocks to him and got profit from eager railroad lines, becoming the controller of 90% of the nation's  oil industry

9. Captain's of Industry vs. Robber Barons
-{Captains of industry rose from the ranks through diligence and refused to worship wealth for its own sake. ex. Andrew Carnegie and his steel business} vs {Robber Barons accumulated unprecedented wealth and power through shady deals and conspiracies. ex. Jay Gould and his railroad business}

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1. Transcontinental RR Immigrant workers
-The Union Pacific Railroad Company; made to fulfill the dreams of expansionists that believed that America's economic future lied in the trade with Asia across the Pacific
-Started with use of Irish immigrants, but eventually ⅔ of crew was Chinese
-did very dangerous tasks and worked in harsh conditions and through brutal winters

2. The Homestead Act of 1862
-Gave a 160 acre plot of land to anyone who agreed to live on the western land for 5 years, building a house and cultivating some land to improve it with paying only a small fee

3. Effect on Plain's Indians
-Indians forcible resettled into reservations and forced to assimilate into white culture

4. Plain Indian Wars
-Between Native Americans and the United States, along with itsIndian allies, over control of the Great Plains between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains

5. Battle of Wounded Knee
-Massacre of Sioux Native Americans after an accidental shot was fired by the Sioux who were planning on surrender   (leader Big Foot)
-seemed to mark final conquest of continents indigenous people
6. Mining Camps
-caused by gold rush  but most were empty within a few years
-most miners lived in tents or hovels and cooked monotonous meals (beans, bread, bacon)
- miners lived cheerless, uncomfortable, and unhealthy lives and most were unmarried and unsuccessful

7. Time Zones
-created because of railroads specifically the transcontinental railroad traveling across the country
-keeping track of time became more important

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1. Johnson's impeachment charges
-11 counts of high crimes and misdemeanors and his violations of the Tenure of Office Act, where he tried to remove his Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton from office and replace him with Ulysses S. Grant; the Republicans' real reasons for wanting to impeach him were his political views and his opposition to the Reconstruction Acts; was impeached and only 1 vote shy of getting being removed from office
-didn't want to set the precedent of removing president for only differing in political ideology

2. Carpetbaggers
-Northerners who moved to the South after Civil War during the Reconstruction era
-Southerners denounced them fearing they would loot and plunder the defeated South and be politically allied with the Radical Republicans.
-generally supported measures aimed at democratizing and modernizing the South – civil rights legislation, aid to economic development, the establishment of public school systems

3. 13th Amendment
- Quickly ratified by the Union states in 1865, banning slavery in the United States; urged by reformers such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton that wanted to move Lincoln beyond his careful stance in the Emancipation Proclamation.

4. 14th Amendment
-Passed because of the fear that the Civil Rights Act might be declared unconstitutional and to settle the basis for the seating of southern representatives; defined national citizenship to include former slaves and prohibited states from violating the privileges of citizens without due process of law; also empowered Congress to reduce representation of any states that denied the suffrage of all men over 21; ratification of this amendment became a requirement for the readmission of Southern states into the Union.(Congressional Reconstruction Plan)

5. 15th Amendment
-Partly in response to the KKK attacks on African Americans and Republicans voters who tried to scare African Americas from participating in politics, Congress passed this amendment in order to guarantee the rights of a (male) to vote, no matter their race, color, or previous condition of servitude; made as a requirement of readmission for Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia

6. Compromise of 1877
-Unwritten agreement to settle the 1876 Presidential Election
-Elected Rutherford Hayes as president
-nded Reconstruction in the south with Hayes' election because last of northern troops removed

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1. Lincoln's initial goal
-To preserve the nation

2. Anaconda Plan
-Slowly squeeze the South with a blockade at sea and on the Mississippi River to cut the South in half, and capture Richmond, VA (capital) ; proposed by Winfield Scott to avoid invasion and conquest in hope that a strained South would surrender

3. McClellan
-General for Union army; not a risk taker in battle; devised the Peninsular Campaign with the objective of capturing Richmond without going to battle but failed when Robert E. Lee came to lead the Northern Virginia Confederate army, defeating him in a series of battles called the "Seven Days"
-His loses lead to his replacement by Ulysses S. Grant

4. Grant
-Union General
-Originally in charge of western troops and was a brutal general
-Led the Union to victory after given control of entire Union army after Battle of Vicksburg victory
5. Lee
-Confederacy General
-Surrendered to Grant at appomatix courthouse
-Well-trained and skilled military general that helped the South last as long as it did with its staggering disadvantage

6. Sherman
-Union General
-Burned Atlanta on his way to Savannah
-Example of total war during Civil War
-Victory at Battle of Atlanta helped Lincoln get reelected in 1864

7. Battle of Gettysburg
-Bloodiest multi-day battle in the civil war
-Last Confederate offensive attack into Union territory

8. New York City Riots
-Protests against the Northern draft were greatest in New York; several causes: anger at the draft, racial prejudice, urban growth and tensions; African Americans were main targets in the riots, even though they were actually easing the crisis over the draft with their voluntary admittance to the military

9. Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address
-"Malice toward none and charity for all"
-Setting the stage for an easy Reconstruction of the South after the Civil War

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-Issued by Lincoln because the South did not return to the union by January 1, 1863; freed the slaves in areas of rebellion, exempting border states and former Confederate states recently conquered by the Union because he wanted to meet the abolitionist demand but did not want to lose the support of the conservatives
basically did nothing

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-Lincoln, Douglas, Breckenridge, and Bell.
-produced the second highest voter turnout in US history
-Lincoln won (republican, northern support) even though he got no votes from the South
-Led to southern secession.

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Conflicting views of white abolitionists and free Blacks

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Conflicting views of white abolitionists and free Blacks

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-Free blacks wanted complete equality and to improve the lives of even free blacks while white abolitionists, while they believed in the end of slavery, did not believe in social equality  and often kept free blacks segregated
-free lacks were also the main helpers of fugitive slaves from the Underground Railroad

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-Harriet Tubman
-Secret passageway to help slaves escape the south
(not an actual railroad and not actually underground)

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-Small war fought between anti and pro slavery ppl over  whether to make Kansas a free or slave state.
-Up to pop sovereignty bc of Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
-became free state
-people from slave border states went over the border into Kansas in order to illegally vote for slavery at the polls

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-Delayed annexation because of issue of how many free and slave states there were going to be (it would be the 14th slave state with only 13 free states
-Tyler asked for texas to become a state and got passed because a majority of both houses in congress accepted and it was formally invited to become a state. Mexico angrily charged at Americans
-led to Mexican- American War

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Harper's Ferry- wanted to start a general slave uprising and wanted to raid the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry to arm the slaves
-Harper's Ferry was a failure b/c he did not plan a route for escape and did not notify the slaves in Virginia whose uprising it was supposed to initiate. Brown was hanged on counts of treason, murder, and fomenting insurrection.
-Aroused the fear of slave rebellion in the South
-Talk of secession became common talk throughout the South

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-Divisions over slavery in territory gained in the Mexican-American War
-It consisted of laws admitting California as a free state, creating Utah and New Mexico territories with slavery determined by popular sovereignty
-Texas-New Mexico boundary
-ended slave trade in Washington D.C.
-made it easier for southerners to recover fugitive slaves.

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-Gave states the right to decide whether or not they wanted to be free or slave states
-Allowed each state to vote on decisions

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-Dred Scott sued to say that he was free because his master had brought him to live in a free state
-"slaves can't even sue bc they're technically property"

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-North support
-emerged in 1854 after controversy over Kansas-Nebraska Act
0combined characteristics of Whigs with westward expansionist and free-soil policies
-former Whigs, some northern Democrats, and many Know-Nothings
-first election with Republicans 1856
Abraham Lincoln 10 yrs later

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-Called for immediate abolition
-abolitionist (duh)
-"The Liberator" (a newspaper published by him)
-

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The Know-Nothing (American Party) party was an outgrowth of the strong anti-immigrant and especially anti-Roman Catholic sentiment that started to manifest itself during the 1840s.(nativism)

when asked about their nativist organizations, were supposed to reply that they knew nothing, hence the name.

As a national political entity, it called for restrictions on immigration, the exclusion of the foreign-born from voting or holding public office in the United States, and for a 21-year residency requirement for citizenship.

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-The belief it was America's "God given right" to expand as much as possible
-Encouraged western expansion

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-California Gold Rush
people came from all over the United States and the world to California to search for gold that had recently been discovered there
-49ers because of the year the Gold Rush started, surprising number of Chinese were apart of 49ers

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-Cut transportation costs and time down a lot
-Many people moved along the canal
-Link between New York City and Great Lakes

Gibbons vs Ogden?
-A case that arose from an attempt by New York State to grant a monopoly of steamboat operation between New York and New Jersey. Ogden was licensed to operate the ferry and argued that navigation commerce was a state regulated thing, but Gibbons had his own ferry business incensed by a statue enacted by congress. The court disagreed with Ogden claiming that Congress had as much power over commerce as navigation. This established a broad interpretation of the constitution.

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-Basically the world needs to mind it's own business and leave America alone
-If you try to settle anywhere in America anymore we'll fight you
-James Monroe was president when this happened, but was JQA's plan

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-Moved to Utah to have religious freedom and escape discrimination and persecution

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-Elected in 1844
-U.S president who was the snake that started the war with mexico
Oregon territory
-54 40 or fight to claim Canadian territory from Great Britain for Oregon. Border moved to 49th parallel

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-Conflict after US annexation of Texas
-Conflict at the Rio Grande border because Mexico still considered Texas its own
-President Polk sent Slidell to try and buy the border, New Mexico, and California, but the Mexican government refused to even hear Slidell out, angering Polk and causing him to march into the Rio Grande area and start fighting
-Polk lied to Congress saying that the Mexicans came into their territory first and declared war by shedding American blood, starting the concern of the way presidents exercise their war powers -Victor: US; granted all land from Texas to California (minus the Gadsden Purchase) in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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-Monroe's secretary of state
Adams/Onis Treaty to obtain Florida, Louisiana, and Oregon for 5 million and Texas
Monroe Doctrine
election of 1824
-Calhoun, William H. Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson. -Adams finished behind Jackson in the electoral and popular votes.
-no candidate received a majority of electoral votes
-the election was decided by the House of Representatives
-Clay supported Adams, who won the presidency so in exchange he named Clay as secretary of state. -“corrupt bargain
-crappy presidency because of opposition he faced from Congress
-Jackson got mad and won the next election
-he started campaigning right after he lost

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-Goal was to protect industries in the northern United States which were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by taxing them. -The South had to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce
- Reducing the exportation of British goods to the U.S. made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South.
- Lead to the Nullification Crisis in 1832.

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-Increased slavery though it was intended to do the opposite
-Separated the seeds from the cotton

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-Young women would leave their homes and would go to Lowell, Massachusetts and work for money in factories, then they would go off and get married

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1. Cherokee
-Indian Removal
-Good old Federalist Supreme Court Judge John Marshall said "hey man you can't take their land"
-Jackson said "try and stop me"
-plot twist: Marshall didn't do anything
-Trail of Tears moved them west

2. Spoils System
-After winning the election Jackson's supporters and friends (democratic party) were offered jobs and people who were anti-Jackson were often fired.

3. Whig Party
-Formed because they hated Andrew Jackson
-Zachary Taylor and Henry Clay
-Basically federalists
-favored strong national government and economic regulation
-creation led to permanent two party system

4. "Common Man"
-Jackson appealed to the public by acting as a "common man" and doing really relatable and normal things that normal humans do even though he was NOT a normal human. He was an angry old man dying of lead poisoning
-Helped him win the election.

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-promoted by Henry Clay
-tariff to protect and promote American industry
-a national bank to foster commerce
- federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture
-Inspired by Hamilton's financial plan

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-A time where very rural and agrarian societies decided to transform into industrial societies and started building factories

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-federalists met and basically complained about the war of 1812
-discussed removing 3/5ths compromise
-hated Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo act of 1807
-considered seceding from the US because feared Britain would regain control of the new nation
-It was a gathering of Federalists in New England whose purpose was to discuss their grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. They desired amendments to the Constitution that would restore the Federalists, but ultimately, the desires of the convention would be the end of the Federalist Party.

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Causes
-impressment of American ppl and ships (forcing sailors into another nations navy)
-U.S inability to sail without harassment even though they were neutral
-british encouraged the natives to fight American colonists

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results
-Caused England to be in a lot of debt because they thought it would be a good idea to spend whatever it took to defeat France (but that didn't work as you can tell)
-England had to repay debts and thought it would be a great idea to tax the colonists (The colonists weren't too thrilled about this and it basically started the American revolution)

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-During the Adams presidency relations with France declined
-France interpreted Jay's treaty as an alliance with England
-France seized and impressed American Merchant ships
-An American diplomatic mission to France failed when 3 French officials (referred to as X,Y, and Z) demanded bribes
-The XYZ affair led to an anti-French sentiment in America and led to a Quasi-war with France
-Adams created the Department of Navy

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-The tax on whiskey led yeomen farmers in western Pennsylvania to start a Whiskey Rebellion in 1794
-Washington went overboard and sent a ton of troops to Pennsylvania to stop the riots

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1. Louisiana Purchase
-France gained Louisiana from Spain and seemed ready to create an empire in America but Haitian revolution and cost of European wars led Napoleon to lose interest in America
-Thomas Jefferson negotiated with France to buy New Orleans but Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million
2. Lewis and Clark Expedition
-Jefferson Sent Lewis and Clarke to explore the new territory and met Sacajawea

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1. Political Parties
-"Political Parties SUCK"
-Political Parties will divide the nation and lead to unnecessary conflict

2. Farewell Address
-Dont get involved in foreign affairs and don't form political parties (we obviously didn't follow his requests)

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-TJeff won
-democratic republican
-Burr, Adams, Pinckney, Jefferson
-federalists began to fall
-Revolutionary election bc it peacefully transferred political power from one party to another

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-Election of 1800!!!
-Split in Federalist party (weak and broken) Hamilton still basically controlled Federalist Party and convinced arty not to listen to Adams
-TJeff slid into office as the first democratic-republican president
-Also refferred to as the "Revolution of 1800"
-Federalists were losing political positions
-Except father time (John Marshall)

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-Federalists used Alien and Sedition Acts to silence republican criticisms
-Alien Enemies Act: presidential power to expel any foreigner
-Naturalization Act: must be a US resident for 14 years in order to become a citizen and to be able to vote
-Sedition Act: Made criticism of the government a criminal act
-Kentucky and Virginia Resolves published by TJ and Adams following this to propose nullification of laws by states who did saw the law as unconstitutional

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-Believed that a strong central government was best
-Wanted U.S. economy to mirror the English Economy
-Power should be in the hands of the wealthy
1. Financial programs
National Bank (BUS):
-Bank would be privately owned but federally chartered to regulate finance
-Madison and Jefferson opposed it because it favored the rich and its creation was not mentioned in the constitution
-Hamilton then backed up the creation of the bank with the Necessary and Proper Clause that gave Congress implied powers to interpret the Constitution. This elastic clause allowed Hamilton to make a successful loose construction argument
-Congress chartered the BUS in 1791

Funding and Assumption:
-Funding: Congress to redeem US certificates of debt at face value to prove foreign investors that US would repay its debts
-Assumption: Federal government would purchase states' debts to gain a better interest rate and create a national problem rather than individual state problems
-assumption accomplished after a deal was made that made Virginia the capital of the US

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-a bunch of people came to America as indentured servants and then after a few years of working on a planation they gained their freedom

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1. Bill of Rights
-1st 10 amendments
-included so const would be ratified by states concerned with rights not specified in the const (states rights, but more importantly individual rights)
-Individual Rights
-James Madison

2. Slavery
-Not mentioned!!! founding fathers so shady!

3. New Jersey Plan
-Equal representation!!!!
-Didn't want representation based on population (unlike Virginia)
-Led to Great Compromise & bicameral legislature
-house(population) and senate (two representatives
per state no matte population)
4. James Madison
-Father of constitution
-Also an author of the Federalists papers along with John Jay and AHam which is ironic bc he later becomes buddies with the very democratic republican TJ

5. Electoral Vote
-ELECTORAL COLLEGE BASED ON POPULATION (based on representatives state has, all of house reps plus 2 senators)
-Part of the great compromise because the senate is equal rep whereas the electoral college is by population.
-both small and large states were happy

6. checks and balances
-each branch of gov can make sure they all have the same amount of power and no one is stepping out of line
-put in place bc people were afraid of tyranny

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1. weaknesses
-Couldn't force states to give federal government money
-Congress was unable to create a favorable balance of trade
-Lack of hard currency made trade difficult
-Desire for cheap British goods hurt infant American Industries
-Many people believed they needed a stronger central government

2. Shays' Rebellion
-Proved to be the convincing event that led to the Constitutional Convention of 1787
-Daniel Shays led more than 1000 farmers who were burdened with personal debts caused by economic problems stemming from the states' revolutionary war debts
-They tried to seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts
-In response to this rebellion George Washington supported the establishment of a stronger central government

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1. Strategy
Colonies:
-Colonists did not have to win; only wear down the British
-Guerilla warfare
-Become an ally with one of Britain's enemies=France at Battle of Saratoga
British:
-Divide and Conquer
-Use loyalists
-Seize Property
-Break colonies in half by dividing North and South
-Blockade the ports to prevent trade with Colonies' allies

2. African Americans
-Supported whoever seemed likely to deliver freedom
-Northern slaves favored colonists who offered freedom for any slave who fought
-Southern Slaves normally supported Britain because were told they would be freed if they helped win the war for Britain

3. Battle of Saratoga
-Colonists won this battle
-Turning point of the war
-After the victory France recognized America as an independent republic
-France promised to pressure England into accepting American Independence
-England had to now worry about a possible invasion from France
-In 1778, England offered to remove all parliamentary legislation and vowed never to impose revenue taxes on the colonists again, but the Continental congress refused the offer
4. Women
-Supported husbands and sons in the militia
-Ran businesses and boycotted British goods
-Created propaganda
-Some helped carry water to soldiers on battlefield (Molly Pitcher)
-Did NOT actually go to war and fight

5. The Continental Army
-Made up of state militias that were not very skilled and were no match for the skilled British army (but we stilled managed to win the revolution because we're awesome)
-led by GWash

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-July 4th 1776
-"Hey Britain we want to be independent now because you suck okay bye and in case you were wondering here is a list of ALL the things you did wrong. We are better off without you"
-2nd continental congress
-Jefferson, Adams, ROBERT Sherman, Livingston

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What did it do for revolution
-Convinced Americans to support colonial independence
-Thomas Paine

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-A series of essays written by John Dickinson
-These letters made it clear that Britain's policies were wrong and deprived colonies of their lawful rights

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Virtual vs actual
-The British were like "hey don't worry you're being represented" but they weren't. There was no actual colonist representing everyone it was just another British guy(virtual).
-The colonies had no voice in  political affairs wanted actual representation

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-Parliament passed the Tea Act in order to help the British East India Company by making its tea cheaper to colonial buyers
-Americans interpreted this act as a subtle ploy to get them to buy taxed tea
-Protesters then dumped a shipment of the tea into the Boston harbor (but you probably already knew that)
-The Boston Tea Party caused the Intolerable Acts (aka the Coercive Acts) which closed the Boston Harbor and Massachusetts were limited to town meetings being only once a year

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Cause
-Allowed more people to be affected by the tax because first direct tax
-Taxed marriage licenses, property deeds, and playing cards
Effect
-Colonial protest changed from a gentry movement to a mass protest by common citizens
-Massachusetts called for a Stamp Act Congress to petition the King and Parliament for a repeal
-Led to mob riots
-Boycotting British goods which mobilized women who were in charge of the home and dictated what families bought
-tax collectors were tormented and many quit
-Because of the protests, Britain revoked the stamp act
-Parliament then issued Declaratory Act of 1766 which reaffirmed Parliaments sovereignty in all cases whatsoever

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-The colonists could not settle west of a line set by the British government(Appalachian Mtns.) This angered the colonists after French and Indian War
-Colonists did not follow this rule and settled west anyway

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-Religious revivalist movement
-JONATHAN EDWARDS was a scary dude who was really big on sinners and eternal damnation
-New Light pastors! Like George Whitefield
-Appealed to emotions
-Open air preaching
-Enlightenment

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Puritans in Massachusetts went crazy and hanged a bunch of "witches"
-Witch hunts
-women who were unmarried, child's, or widowers were suspects
-group of girls claimed they had been bewitched by old women
-exposed dark side of Puritan ideologies about women
-I can't not think of the Crucible oops

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Pilgrims aka Seperatists
-Meant to land in Virginia
-They wanted to separate from the church completely because the believed English church was corrupt unlike the puritans who wanted to reform it
-Moved to escape prosecution
-1st English colony in New England
-landed in massachusetts Bay and leader was William Bradford
-rescued by Wampanoag Indians and was based on family
-Mayflower Compact- first document of self government in North America

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Cause
-Tried to make the taxes less obvious thinking colonists wouldn't notice them and wouldn't protest again
Effect
-A series of indirect taxes
-Taxed imports of paper, lead, glass, and tea
-Created a Board of Customs Commissioners to collect duties
-Ordered New York government to veto all laws by the colonial assembly until Quartering Act was obeyed
-Sons of Liberty organized another boycott on British goods
-Issued a circular letter from Massachusetts House of Representatives to protest Townshend Acts. This letter was considered an act of treason and Massachusetts colonial assembly was dissolved
-Crisis over colonial representation was now evident
-Colonies began communicating with each other effectively via committees of correspondence
-Colonies became united in their moral opposition to these English abuses

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1619- Virginia colonists create the the Virginia House of Burgesses that was the first representative assembly in America.

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-Gruesome journey taken by slaves from africa to the New World.
- Appart of triangular trade, Europe traded africa manufactured materials for slaves, traded slaves for raw materials in the new world.
-15% died on the middle passage

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Purpose of settling
-Buffer colony between British colonies and Spanish territories in Florida
-To clear out debtors prisons in Britain by sending the to Georgia to work off their debts

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1. Indians: Indian massacre of 1622- Natives killed settlers of Jamestown. Jamestown residents killed natives after this. Both hostile towards each other, Settlers believed in converting them

2. Tobacco- A tobacco hybrid was introduced by John Rolfe that turned Jamestown into a cash crop colony.

3. Reasons for settling: For profit
-Britain wanted to be able to compete with the Spanish, Dutch, and French who were also colonizing
-settled by explorers looking for fresh start and wealth

4. First arrival of black Africans: Came with the Dutch

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-AKA the lost colony
-Sir Walter Raleigh
-Croatoan
-Where did they go? No one knows

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-Exporting more than importing, allowing the country to have profit of some kind

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-A journal
-A photograph
-Any account of an experience from someone that was actually there

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-Judicial Review
-Marbury had been appointed a justice of the peace of D.C. just hours before the Adams administration ended (Midnight appointments) in order to try to maintain Federalist power when Democratic Republicans took over
-Federalists claimed that Marbury's denial of his appointment was a violation of the Constitution
-Marshall and supreme court established that Supreme Court has the authority to determined the constitutionality of Congressional actions
-Chief Justice John Marshall and the court ruled against Marbury that congress could deny this appointment
-strengthened power of judicial branch