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1. Does the case of Oxama support Nature or Nurture? Give at least two examples to support your view.
2. Which language theory is supported by this view: B.F. Skinner or Noam Chomsky? What items from this case support this theory?

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Gone to the Dogs

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Period of Adolescence
Stanley Hall:
-"storm and Stress"
Three key aspects:
Conflict with parents
Mood disruptions
Risky behavior
(not everyone goes through this)
Margaret Mead
"Easy transition"
-not harsh and difficult, but an easy move
Erikson
-Identity vs. Role Confusion
James Marcia
-Marcia interviewed students age 18 to 22 years about their occupational choices, religious and political beliefs, and values
-all central aspects of identity
Future Trends:
Adolescence Lasting Longer:
-1st marriages
Men: 31
Women: 28 (early 30s common)
Adulthood + Old Age:
-Peak in the 20's-slow decline
Menopause
-the time of natural cessation of menstruation
-Slowed reactions
-Women outlive men by 3 years worldwide
Adulthood: Cognitive Changes
-Cognition:
slowing of neural processes
-Alzheimer's:
-a progressive and irreversible brain disorder
Crystallized Intelligence:
-one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
-tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence:
-ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
-tends to decrease during late adulthood
Five Stages of Grief Model: Kubler-Ross
-Denial
-Anger
-Bargaining
-Depression
-Acceptance

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Authoritarian
-Child must obey the rule set by the parent
Permissive
-Spoiled child kind of parent
-Parent does not enforce many rules, often sides with child and gives them what they want
Authoritative
-Mutual relationship with child
-Explain why a child is being punished, encourage discussion and rules
Uninvolved/Detached
-Parent pays little to no attention to a child
Parenting Styles (Baumrind)
-Punishment is based on immediate obedience
-If a child hits another child and you yell at them while they are drawing normally, they will not learn to associate the anger with hitting other children
Kohlberg
Adolescence:
Social Development: David Elkind
Imaginary Audience (everyone looking at me)
to
Personal fable (I'm invulnerable/ugly/no good/etc)

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I can Identify Parental techniques

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Social Development: Parent + Child Relationships

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Social Development: Parent + Child Relationships

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Stranger Anxiety & Attachment:
-Fear of strangers beginning around 8 mo.
-An emotional tie found in young children
Ainsworth: attachment styles
-Secure vs. insecure attachment
-ansxious resistant insecure attachment

rage at mom when she returns

-avoidant insecure attachment

may not notice mother is gone

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Critical Periods: windows of opportunity for learning a language; as early as six years old
Chomsky: Language Acquisition Device
-Born with internal mechanism
Whorf: Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
-language determines how we think
Critical Period: an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Imprinting (Lorenz):
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Temperament- easy, difficult, or slow to warm up child

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Infancy + Childhood: Sociocultural Development

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Infancy + Childhood: Sociocultural Development

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-Why do Children Play?: Self-teaching: by trial and error, symbolic representation
-Piaget says: Interaction with physical world
overcome egocentrism
learning through first-hand experiences
Vygotsky says... culture and education
delaying immediate gratification
Practice self-regulation- learn to think about own world
Vygotsky: Social development theory
-Social interaction + cognitive development
Learning and development is enhanced with new takss
-Scaffolding or Cognitive Apprenticeship Model
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) help with others
-Consciousness is the product of socialization
Intellectual Adaptation:
-Private speech (talk to self) v. inner speech (in head)
-Thoughts a result of language

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1. Individual needs are the center of decision-making
2. Goodness and self-sacrifice
3. Putting individual needs above the constraints of society

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Moral Development: Kohlberg
-Postconventional level: Morality of abstract principles to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles
-Conventional Level: Morality of law and social rules to gain approval or avoid disapproval
-Preconventional level: Morality of self-interests to avoid