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A Continuous Cycle

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The Rock Cycle Rocks go through a continuous cycle of change. Igneous rocks are made when lava or magma hardens into rock. When the rock is exposed to air, erosion begins. Almost immediately, wind and rain weather the rocks and cause them to erode into sediment. The sediment becomes sedimentary rock. This rock is often buried beneath the Earth’s surface, where it may become metamorphic rock. If the metamorphic rock is near magma, it may melt to become igneous rock. This process is known as the rock cycle.

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The Rock Cycle Rocks go through a continuous cycle of change. Igneous rocks are made when lava or magma hardens into rock. When the rock is exposed to air, erosion begins. Almost immediately, wind and rain weather the rocks and cause them to erode into sediment. The sediment becomes sedimentary rock. This rock is often buried beneath the Earth’s surface, where it may become metamorphic rock. If the metamorphic rock is near magma, it may melt to become igneous rock. This process is known as the rock cycle.

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Creeping Magnetic PoleEarth has a magnetic field because of the ocean of hot, liquid metal that sloshes around its solid iron core, or that's what geophysicists are pretty certain is the cause. This flow of liquid creates electric currents, which, in turn, generate the magnetic field. Since the early 19th century, Earth's magnetic north pole has been creeping northward by more than 600 miles (1,100 kilometers), according to NASA scientists.

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Creeping Magnetic PoleEarth has a magnetic field because of the ocean of hot, liquid metal that sloshes around its solid iron core, or that's what geophysicists are pretty certain is the cause. This flow of liquid creates electric currents, which, in turn, generate the magnetic field. Since the early 19th century, Earth's magnetic north pole has been creeping northward by more than 600 miles (1,100 kilometers), according to NASA scientists.

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Frank Gregorio

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This HD dramatic video choreographed to powerful music introduces the viewer/student to the wonder of Earth Science. It is designed as a motivational "trailer" to be shown in classrooms by Earth Science and Physical Science teachers in middle, high school and college as a visual "Introduction" to the beauty and complexity of the planet Earth.

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You may feel like you're standing still, but you're actually moving — fast. Depending on where you are on the globe, you could be spinning through space at just over 1,000 miles per hour. People on the equator move the fastest, while someone standing on the North or South pole would be perfectly still. (Imagine a basketball spinning on your finger. A random point on the ball's equator has farther to go in a single spin as a point near your finger. Thus, the point on the equator is moving faster.)

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You may feel like you're standing still, but you're actually moving — fast. Depending on where you are on the globe, you could be spinning through space at just over 1,000 miles per hour. People on the equator move the fastest, while someone standing on the North or South pole would be perfectly still. (Imagine a basketball spinning on your finger. A random point on the ball's equator has farther to go in a single spin as a point near your finger. Thus, the point on the equator is moving faster.)

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Did you know Earth is not actually a sphere? That we are rocketing around the sun at 67,000 mph? That the majority of Earth's fresh water is locked up in Antarctica?

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Did you know Earth is not actually a sphere? That we are rocketing around the sun at 67,000 mph? That the majority of Earth's fresh water is locked up in Antarctica?

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David Christian: The history of our world in 18 minutes

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Backed by stunning illustrations, David Christian narrates a complete history of the universe, from the Big Bang to the Internet, in a riveting 18 minutes. This is "Big History": an enlightening, wide-angle look at complexity, life and humanity, set against our slim share of the cosmic timeline.

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Geological Time ScaleIn order to simplify the huge amount of geological information, geologists have broken Earth's history down into sections which are called geological eras, periods, and epochs. Fossils records have shown that life existed for about 3,800 million years, but complex life emerged only about 600 million years. Over time, life forms change. Their fossil record allows geologists to date and compare rocks across geological time. For example, dinosaur fossils are only found during the Mesozoic era some 245 to 65 million years ago.

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Geological Time ScaleIn order to simplify the huge amount of geological information, geologists have broken Earth's history down into sections which are called geological eras, periods, and epochs. Fossils records have shown that life existed for about 3,800 million years, but complex life emerged only about 600 million years. Over time, life forms change. Their fossil record allows geologists to date and compare rocks across geological time. For example, dinosaur fossils are only found during the Mesozoic era some 245 to 65 million years ago.

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The study of the Earth from the beginning of time to the present has been the task of geologists who attempt to unravel the events that have shaped our planet as it is today. The Earth carries the history of geological events in its rock layers. It follows that the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top. With this understanding geologists are able to determine the ages of rock relative to one another. By assembling all these layers together, scientists have worked out what is known as the stratigraphic column or record of the various ages of rock. This record spans the 4.6 billion year record of Earth's history.