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Satisfaction is guaranteed with genre, the pleasure of additional anticipation.

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Video games are tested through games testers who are people who work for game companies to thoroughly test a game before it release.
Game testing starts as soon as code is written and a small part of a game testing team will assure that the code is all okay until the game reaches alpha and beta stage. More tester are employed at these stages and are to report bugs. Some games have open and closed betas for the public to try and test the game.The company will then take feedback from this.

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Cost: $980,000
Box office: $5 million
Double Indemnity had two endings written. One of which never made it to the filming phase because it wasn't intended to. This was because of the Hays Production Code. However it was the original ending in the novel.
-The Hays code or motion pictures code was a set of moral guidelines that films used to follow.
There was another ending for the film where neff got executed in a gas chamber but wasn't suitable and shows no redemption.

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Film industry speak for the number of people who go and see a film.
-Its measured after a films release.
-Compared to the cost of a film.
-Can monitor trends in film attendance
-helps people predict what an audience wants and directs rentals.
-Used to predict how popular a genre is.

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Its a preview screening of a movie or television show before its general release. In order to see audience reaction.
The audience are selected from a cross-section of the population, they are usually asked to complete a questionnaire.

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Cross Cultural Consumer Characterization
THE MAINSTREAM

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YUPPIES
DINKYS
WOOPIES
LOMBARDS
OPALS

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All the things that belong to Physiological and safety are sold to the majority.
To far to the bottom and you dont make money and too far to the top you lose your audience.

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-Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation” in Psychological Review.
-Its is a pyramid with the more basic need to the bottom and more important at the top.
From bottom to top:
Physiological
Safety
Love/belonging
Esteem
self-actualisation
-Maslow's say that everyones special purpose is to reach self-actualisation.
The aim of audience profiling here is to identify things on the hierarchy and attempt to push it up and sell it higher up.

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Socioeconomic characteristics of a population expressed statistically, such as age, sex, education level, income level, marital status, occupation, religion, birth rate, death rate, average size of a family, average age at marriage. A census is a collection of the demographic factors associated with every member of a population.

Demographics is good at reading mass population. It cant tell you why though

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Text screenings
Box office & rentals
Demographics, psychographics , categorisation.

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Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche. The three parts are the theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction our mental life is described.

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A girls psychosexual competition with her mother for possession of their father.

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was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.

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Film Noir - elements
Low key, Black and white visual style because the films are quite dark. Has roots from german expressionist Cinematography (Nosferatu)

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Modern films that dont use all the substances of film noir

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Film noir is a a cinematic term used to describe the stylish Hollywood crime films. This usually consists of cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. Sex and corruption. The term means black or dark film. Black and white and the film is quite dark emotionally.

Femme Fatale - Stock character of a mysterious and seductive woman whose charms to ensnare her lovers and making them doing bad things.

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Different groups of people can be represented in different ways; older people, for example are variously stereotyped as e.g The old, twisted misanthrope and more.

Same applies to race e.g black men recognised as Gangsters.

Women are not well represented in the media either. e.g only 13% of adverts in the UK have women in them.

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-Stereotypes evolve over time.
-Stereotypes become homogenous = Become narrow
-Not always negative
-Can be challenged

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This is the way and order that we tell a story or experience. We select the interesting facts.
We leave things out and add more to it to make it interesting so we don't lose the audience.

-Every report of an event is a representation of the event, but we mediate it.
Representation has effects in the real world

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Representation in the media is a term used to describe the way in which the media present:
Certain events
Certain groups of people
Protected characteristics.
It is important to ask:
Who is being represented? and how?

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You are protected in these situations:
-at work
-in education
-as a consumer
-when using public services
-when renting or buying a property
-as a member or guest of a private club or association
You are legally protected from the equality act 2010.
-You are also protected if you are associated with someone who has a protected characteristic.

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Characteristics that are protected and no one can discriminate against them. It is against the law to do so to the following:
1. Age
2. Disability
3.Marriage and civil partnership
4.Pregnancy and maternity
5. Race
6. Religion and belief
7. Sex
8.Sexual orientation

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I see:
Kid Smiling
Other Children
Adults
Cars
Clothes
Road/Pavement
Buildings
Black and White Image
Bottles

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In this stage the reader identifies the symbols and codes that are at work in the image and makes a reading.
We add meaning because of our cultural experiences.
We work on the image itself to create meaning.

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In this stage the reader sees only what is in the text and applies no meaning to the image.
= What is actually in the image rather then assumptions.
e.g Chung king Express, what reading to we put on it? What different reading would the Chinese have on it.

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Camera Lucida - Roland Barthes. He get involved with the reality of a photograph.
Barthes -
According to Roland Barthes when we encounter a media text we go through various stages of understanding.
Denotation and Connotation

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Colour code - blue
Shop scene, girl and man are separated but not forgotten each other .
Confused relationship. She is smaller than him. She still loves him. physical attraction. He is confused still, out of focus and blurred. Hes confused with the letter but hes kept it. Danger with throwing away the letter and the rain is a symbol of change. Hes warming up to the idea of traveling and making change.

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Colour code - yellow tint and reds mean love or danger, danger to stress??.
Non - verbal code - Man and woman has blank face and dosen't look happy.
Dress code - both look like they just got off of work with the clothes they are wearing.
Dress code - woman wearing sunglasses inside? Hiding something? Sensitive eyes?
Technical - artificial light.
Blue - sadness
Red - love or anger?
Letter being warmed - his heart is warmed
Technical - Rain is placed on purpose
Non - verbal - girl in shop expressions indicates flirty and she knows how she feels but the man dosent really.

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As designers we do not want people to think what they want of media products.

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Very important in Media and design. Identifies what a character is or what they are doing

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7% verbal
93% Non-verbal
55% Body language
38% tone of voice.

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Colour Codes - Red, love, danger, blood and etc.
Technical codes - rear screen projection in drug scene.
Non verbal codes - Hand gestures facial expression
Dress codes - suit means buisness.
When we create media products we are trying to make the creater invisible. eg graphics that are more realistic. Technical is the opposite.

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Symbols are visual signs that have a shared meaning for those that use them. Theres three types of symbols.
Iconic Symbols - A picture of the thing.
Symbolic/arbitrary - the word FIRE.
Indexical - a product of the thing that links us to it. e.g smoke links to fire.
Arbitrary = Random, different ways of writing it in different places.

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When we look at meaning for media text we are studying sign.
A sign has two components.
A signifier - The text which carries the meaning.
signified - the meaning or the idea.
When we look for meaning we look for what is signified.
Meaning in visual analysis is split into symbols and codes.

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Text is things that are printed or written but in media studies we use TEXT to refer to anything that is produced in media such as film and video ames and more.
Media text is made up of visual symbols which are put together to make meaning or codes.

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This is fixing or limiting of a set of meaning s to an image. This is done by captioning something.

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The study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.
Semiotics is a  tool that we can use to decode the meaning of media texts.
Semiology was first theorised by Saussure in 1913 and was made popular by Roland Barthes in 1972.

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Mall hollen drive

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Audiences like classic narrative. It brings them great enjoyment to be able to predict the outcome of a film.
Audiences enjoy Alternative because it is like a puzzle. They still try to figure it out.

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In order to generate anxiety in his audience hitchcock used a number of codes and modes of address.
The bomb under the table. Actors cant see the bomb under the table but audiences can.

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Enigma = Where a problem must be solved, often the audience knows the solution but the actor does not.
Action = In order for the balance to be stored the main character must battle and defeat his enemies.
The audience knows the code so they are excited but they are excited for how they are gonna do it.

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They can have complicated things happening so they have to tell you exactly whats happening

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Narration = voice over
Narration is where the main character talks directly to the audience.
The other characters can hear the narration. = Internal monologue. The narrator often tells us their thoughts and feelings.

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Multiple=Narrative
In soap operas there is multistrain narrative which is multiple narratives that can happen over the course of the show. Some at the same time. Some for 1 episode and so on.
The characters can be linked to all other narratives as well.
They never end.
e.g neighbors

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Classic narrative can exist in a whole film plot or trilogy. the made plot is also made up of smaller segments which also contain the same narrative structures.

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Each scene has a narrative fragment.
They join together to create the master narrative.
eg. in video games cutscenes will have narrative fragments.
-5 shot sequence
Wide shot = see the characters
Mid-shot
Close up
mid shot
Wide shot

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He looked at hundreds of stories and came up with a theory that they all have classic narrative structure.

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The way in which those events are presented to an audience.
Narrative structure = A tool for us to analyse how a story is constructed in a film or a book

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1.State of normality-intro
2.dis-equalibrium-main character has to do something to sort it-get forced to do it.

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-Sub genre: Focus on a particular variation of genre. Focus on one element of a genre and doing in detail. (Fim Noir) Double identity.
-Polysemic Genre: All of everything. One text multiple genre. (rocky horror picture show)
-Appropriation: taking a character, element or technique from another genre.(John Travolta)

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Defy the expectations of genre.
-Misfits - superhero film. Aimed for children/young. Its British. but its quite run down.
-Kick ass
-kingsman
-world of warcraft
-Pulp fiction
-Deadpool
-Star wars forced unleashed

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We like some genres because we are comfortable with it. It is safe because we know what the genre is going to deliver because all films in the same genre are similar. This is why we get great pleasure from genre because we know what to expect.

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Cosplay is a hobby where cos-players wear costumes to represent a specific character from somewhere eg. film and cartoons.
Different genres of cos-players exist because there are loads of different genres of characters from different places.
-Genre is cosplayers.
Genre in cosplayers seems to be quite a basic concept. The character in which they are is the genre of where they came from. E.g horror then it will be horror.

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Genres are hard to change = Robust, resistant to change.
So me combine genres together. We get great pleasure from this.

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Audiences get pleasure from problem solving, testing hypotheses, making inferences ( e.g about motivations and goals of characters.) Nicholas Abercrombie

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Different genres offer various emotional pleasure such as empathy and escapism. Debrah Knight

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We get pleasure from films of particular genres is simply the pleasure of recognising the generic features because of our familiarity with it.
Subvert is a genre film without those particular features of the genre.

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We associate particular images and props with specific genres's.
Iconography = Signs that get linked to specific genre, dress, setting and tools and more

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Genre = Type
All Genres share "similar" characteristics.
Genre makes things predictable for us. We have been learning genre before we could talk by looking around etc.
Now that we have grown up we have lots of genre skills.

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Pulp Fiction is a 1994 American black comedy neo-noir crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, from a story by Tarantino and Roger Avary. Directed in a highly stylized manner, Pulp Fiction connects the intersecting storylines of Los Angeles mobsters, fringe players, small-time criminals, and a mysterious briefcase.

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Can video games, films and TV be blamed for violence in the society. Evidence and opinions.

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What is it that allows use to just pick a genre and film.
Group Discussion:
TV = Rick & Morty
Game = Civilization
Film = Pulp fiction
Music = alestorm