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Eisenhower's defense policy of "massive retaliation" had emphasized the construction of nuclear weapons. Although Kennedy did not ignore the possibility of a nuclear war. He wanted to make suer that the United Sates was prepared to fight both conventional wars and conflicts against guerrilla forces. Kennedy therefore gave increased funding to conventional United States Army and navy forces as well as to Army Special Forces, such as the Green Berets. He wanted a "flexible response" defense policy, one that prepared the United States to fight any type of conflict.

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In the presidential election of 1960, Democrat John F. Kennedy and Republican Richard M. Nixon were quite similar in a variety of ways. For the first time in U.S. history, both candidates had been born in the twentieth century. Nixon in 1913 and Kennedy in 1917. Both had served in the navy during World War II. And both had been elected to Congress in 1946 and the Senate in the early 1950s.

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After teaching for several years, Johnson entered politics first as a Texas congressman. Then the lead of the Texas National Youth Administration. IN 1937, Johnson was elected to Congress, and during the nest several decades he became the most powerful person on Capitol Hill. Elected to the Senate in 1948, Johnson proved himself a master of party politics and rose to the position of senate majority leader in 1955. In the senate, he was adept at avoiding conflict, building political coalitions, and working out compromises.

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Along with health, education was one of the centerpieces of the Great Society program. Improved healthcare and education were necessary steps toward the goal of ending poverty. The 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act was designed to aid schools in poorer communities. It provided federal funds to improve school libraries, learning centers, language laboratories. And services in impoverished school districts. The act dramatically increased funding for Indian, inner city, and Mexican American schools.

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F France Rules Indochina in southeast asia

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F France Rules Indochina in southeast asia

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In the 1800s, French military forces established control over Indochina, A peninsula in Southeast Asia that includes the modern countries of Vietnam, Cambodia, and laos. Slightly larger than the state of Texas, Indochina included almost 27 million people by the end of World war II. French colonial officials ruled Vietnam and imposed high taxes. Some Vietnamese rebelled against Frances exploitative rule. During his 30 Year absence, Ho embraced communism, and eventually soviet communists rallied to his cause.

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In the spring of 1964, in a speech at the University of Michigan, Johnson outlined his vision for America, calling it the Great Society. He said that during the previous several centuries, Americans had spread across the continent, developed Industrially, and created great wealth. But the work of America was not complete. He said "the challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich our national life. For Johnson, the Great Society demanded "an end to poverty and racial injustice."

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In the first half of 1965, parts of Johnson's great society legislation was passed by congress. Kennedy had supported similar legislation that failed to win congressional support. Johnson's agenda amended the Social Security Act by adding the Medical Care far he Aged Program, or Medicare as it was more popularly called. It also included a Medicaid feature that provided basic medical services to poor and disabled Americans who were not part of the Social Security system. Johnson signed the bill into law in Independence, Missouri, home of former President Harry Truman.

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Meanwhile, the civil rights movement was raising questions about Americas long standing immigration policy. The National Origins Acts of 1921and 1924 had established a quota system that favored Western European immigrants and limited immigrants from other parts of the world. Such a discriminatory policy was clearly out of touch with the mood of the country in the early 1960s. The immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Altered Americas Quota system. During the 1960s and 1970s, millions of immigrants would arrive on American shores

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Johnson made his intentions clear in his first State of the Union address when he said it was time to "declare an unconditional war on poverty". The new President planned to fuse his own dreams for America onto Kennedy's legislative agenda. Johnson's war on poverty introduced measures to train the jobless, educate the uneducated, and provide healthcare for those in need. The 1964 Economic Opportunity Act created the Job Corps to train young men and women between the ages of 16 and 21 in the work skills they needed to acquire better jobs and move out of poverty. There where volunteers that served in inner city schools and on Indian Reservations.

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Kennedy not only looked better on television, he also demonstrated an ability to react more quickly to unexpected events. For example, several weeks before the election, civil rights leader Martin luther king Jr., and a group of African American students were imprisoned during a protest in Atlanta. He also worked behind the scenes to obtain King's release on bail. The election of 1960 was the tightest presidential election since 1888. Kennedy won by less than 120,000 of the 68 Million popular votes cast. Had a few thousand people voted differently in Illinois and Texas, the election would have gone to Nixon

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N French battle Nationalism and communism

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N French battle Nationalism and communism

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During World War II, Japan had undermined French control over Vietnam. World War II had strengthened nationalist movements while weakening the economic and military positions of traditional European powers. Meanwhile, the United States faced a difficult decision. On the one hand, is supported decolonization. On the other hand, America wanted France as an ally in its Cold War effort to contain the soviet union.

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By 1957, a communist rebel group in the South, Known as the National Liberation Front (NLF), had committed themselves to undermining the Diem government and uniting Vietnam under a communist flag. Guerrilla fighters called Vietcong, launched an insurgency in which they assassinated government officials and destroyed roads and bridges. vietcong supplied by communists in North Vietnam, employed surprise hit and run tactics. Diems own policies also weakened his position in South Vietnam. Only the support of the United States kept the unpopular leader in power.

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In October 1972, the United States and North Vietnam came to terms o a peace settlement. Nixon defeated the Democrat George McGovern for reelection with lasting peace at hand. Nixon's greatness was short lived because the peace fell apart when North Vietnam refused to sign the agreement. At last, in January 1973 the United States, and vietnam signed the Paris Peace Accords. With the war ended, the last american troops came home.

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The launching of the satellite Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in 1957 called into question American technological superiority. Although Congress created the National Aeronautics and space Administration (NASA) in 1958, the Soviets space program remained several steps ahead of the American program. Kennedy recognized that the United States and the Soviet Union were locked in a "space race". In May 1961, NASA put astronaut Alan Shepard into a suborbital space flight aboard the project Mercury space capsule Freedom 7. Kennedy committed the United States to landing a man on the moon by 1970.

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Kennedy believed that increased prosperity would help to eliminate some of the nations social problems. When he became the president, the country was suffering from a high unemployment rate and a sluggish economy. to help the sagging economy, Kennedy proposed tax credits to encourage business investment in new factory equipment. At the same time he needed to increase military spending creating new jobs. In 1963, Kennedy called for dramatic tax cuts for middle-class Americans as a way to put more money in the pockets more money in the pockets of more people.

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T Televised debates make the difference 

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T Televised debates make the difference 

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The 1960 election highlighted the growing power and influence of television. During the campaign, Nixon was hospitalized with a knee infection. Nixon arrived at the television studio an hour early, but he refused the offer to have makeup applied to hide his newly-growing beard. Kennedy, tanned from open-air campaigning in California, looked healthy and confident as Nixon was pale and afraid. In many ways, the debate boiled down to how the candidates looked and spoke, rather than what they said.

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By 1965, most of the troops sent to Vietnam were no longer volenteers they were draftees- young men drafted into military service. All males had to register for the draft when they are 18 years old, and the selective service system called up draftees based on projected military needs. Critics of the Selective Service System argued that the draft was not fair. During the Johnson presidency, the number of African Americans troops fighting and dying in Vietnam was also disproportionately high. Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke out agianst the added war burden shouldered by African American soldiers.

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V A costly and frustrating war in vietnam

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V A costly and frustrating war in vietnam

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American stratagy during this stage of the war made limited results. U.S bombers distrupted North Vietnamese industry which slowed the movement of supplies to the Vietcong. But the communist did not sue for peace. By the end of 1965, there was 184,300 U.S troops in vietnam and only 636 American troops died. Three years latter there was half a million U.S troops in vietnam and the number of american troops died was 30,000.

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P Pursuing New Initiatives in the "Third World" 

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P Pursuing New Initiatives in the "Third World" 

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The "Third World" was the developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that did nit align with the United States or Soviet Union. To Soviet propaganda, Western capitalism created poverty which communism created equality. Created id 1961, the Peace Corps, sent American volunteers around the world on missions. The Alliance for Progress promised to resurrect Americas Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America. Unlike the Peace Corps, the Alliance for Progress was not successful.

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The failing of Vietnamization and growing dissent at home forced President Nixon to search for some final way out of the conflict. A 1971 public opinion poll revealed that two thirds of Americans favored withdrawing American troops. Sensitive to the public mood, Congress pressed Nixon to bring the troops home. Many believed that to win reelection in 1972, he had to end the war. In 1972 American troops came home from Vietnam.

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Situated far away in Southeast Asia, Vietnam did not attract significant American attention until the 1960s. The Us could not see this on tv, they also were not able to see indochina on a map. Over the time of ten years the Us sent several million soldiers to fight in Vietnam. Cold War politics, and Vietnamese calls for national independence. Americas involvement in Vietnam had roots in European colonialism.

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As long as Americas involvement in Vietnam had been small and relatively inexpensive. Support for the Vietnam policies of Johnson predecessors grow small. Beginning in 1967, Congress and eventually most of America divided into two camps: hawks and doves. The mostly conservative hawks supported Johnson's war policy. Doves, however, broke with Johnson's war policy.

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College demenstrations against the war sometimes prompted counterprotests by Americans who supported the President. In response to a May 8,1970, antiwar rally in downtown New York City, construction workers decided to demonstrate, carrying American flags and chanting "All the Way USA". Believing that some antiwar  demonstrators had split on the American flag. The clash drew national attention. Days later, thousands of construction workers marched peacefully through Manhattans streets.

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In October 1972, the United States and North vietnam came to terms on a peace settlement. One month latter with lasting peace almost at hand, Nixons triumph was short lived. The Vietnamese Brock off, but renewed American bombing in North Vietnam finally induced the North Vietnamese to resume negotiations. At last, in January 1973, the Us, South Vietnam, North vietnam, and the Vietcong signed the Paris Peace Accords

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Henry Kissinger worked behined scenes, talking with Chinese leaders and ironing out sensitive issues with Him. Then, July 1971, Nixon announced that he would make a official state visit to China. In April 1971, china invited an American table tennis team to play against its athlets. This small action showed China's willingness to talk. In February 1972, the president made the trip to and toured the Great Wall, the imperial Palace, and other historic sites.