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Assessment Organiser

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Graphic Organiser

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Empires before WW1

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The World After WW1

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Access: http://www.abc.net.au/innovation/gallipoli/gallipoli2.htm

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The Allied powers were considering opening a new front. In January 1915, Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia had appealed to Britain for assistance against the Ottoman Empire who were on the side of the Central Powers and had invaded the Caucasus.

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A bloody shambles

The Australians went into the landing on Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 carrying a heavy metaphorical burden as well as their packs. Conscious of their national identity, they wondered how they would meet the test of battle. Though it was costly and close-run, out of the bloody shambles of the landing at Anzac Cove the Australians (with the New Zealanders) quickly developed as soldiers. Though newcomers to war they soon gained a resilience, toughness and skill which contrasted with what a South Australian school teacher called the 'inefficient, incapable, and badly led' British troops. A Victorian farmer complained of the 'lack of organisation, spirit and individual initiative' of a British unit he had served with at Suvla. Other Australians felt that inexperienced 'New Army' units had let them down (though AIF volunteers had been no more experienced than those for Kitchener's Army). They had expected to learn from the British, but on Gallipoli they looked down on them as amateurs.

Searching for explanations, they fell back on the archetype of the Australian bushman. A self-reliant, ingenious, practical man who could shoot fitted the bill for Charles Bean. Though Australian-born, Bean had been classically educated in Britain. Returning to Australia and discovering the inland in a series of visits as a journalist, he idealised the virtues of the bushman. On Gallipoli he virtually created what has become known as the 'Anzac legend', the celebration of the archetypal virtues of the Australian soldier. The Anzac Book, an annual he edited on Gallipoli, became the defining expression of those qualities. Anzacs were almost defined by their differences with Britain. Many qualities - independence, casual proficiency, and a disregard of rank for its own sake - specifically contrasted with the qualities of the British regular.

On Gallipoli, errors of command and failures of supply and medical care had been obvious to every soldier. Further disillusionment would follow. On the Western Front, where the five AIF infantry divisions served from 1916 to 1918, they had ample opportunity to ponder British successes and failures. With the command and logistic structure essentially British, Australians identified the shortcomings of a straining imperial military system with Britain.

The AIF divisions fought on the Somme in 1916, losing as many casualties in eight weeks as had been lost on Gallipoli in eight months. In 1917 they attacked at Bullecourt, Messines and in the battles of Passchendaele (Ypres). In 1918, now combined as a self-conscious Australian Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General John Monash, they helped to both stop the German March offensive and lead the advance to final victory.

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The Australians went into the landing on Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 carrying a heavy metaphorical burden as well as their packs. Conscious of their national identity, they wondered how they would meet the test of battle.

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Faction: The British Army The First World War At the start of the 20th century the British Army was a small body of volunteer regulars. The Boer War had provoked British war minister Richard Haldane, to create the (BEF) or the 'British Expeditionary Force', in case it was necessary to take part in a foreign war.

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Group portrait including Herbert Murray (front, centre) 3rd Tunnelling Company, AIF. France, c.1917.
Source: Australian War Memorial, P02360.001

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'Black Anzac' - Cecil Fisher, 1933
They have forgotten him, need him no more,
He who fought for his land in nearly every war,
Tribal fights before his country was taken by Captain Cook,
Then went overseas to fight at Gallipoli and Tobruk.

World War One two black Anzacs were there,
France, Europe's desert, New Guinea's jungles, did his share,
Korea, Malaya, Vietnam again black soldier enlisted,
Fight for democracy was his duty he insisted.

Back home went his own way not looking for praise,
Like when he was a warrior in the forgotten days,
Down on the Gold Coast a monument in the Bora Ring,
Recognition at last his praises they are starting to sing.

This black soldier who never marches on ANZAC Day,
Living in his Gunya doesn't have much to say,
Thinks of his friends who fought some returned some died,
If only one day they could march together side by side.

His medals he keeps hidden away from prying eyes,
No one knows, no one sees the tears in his old black eyes,
He's been outcast just left by himself to die,
Recognition at last black ANZAC hold your head high.

Every year at Gold Coast's Yegumbah Bora Ring site,
Black ANZAC in uniform and medals a magnificent sight,
The rock with Aboriginal tribal totems paintings inset,
The Kombumerri people's inscription of LEST WE FORGET.

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W3, L3: Cause & Effect of Timeline events.

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W3, L3: Cause & Effect of Timeline events.

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I did not anticipate when I last addressed the citizens of Bendigo in this place that I should within a few weeks stand before them as the head of a Government appealing to the people of the Commonwealth, and as candidate for the suffrages of the electors of Bendigo. But in these days events move so rapidly that although measured by time it is but a few weeks since I last spoke to you, the days have been so crowded with matters of much moment that a great space of time seems to have elapsed since I last stood on this platform.

Bill Hughes – Speech excerpt

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"Down dozens of little gullies leading back from the front lines came little groups of six to a dozen men, the last, closing the gully with a previously prepared frame of barbed wire, or lighting a fuse, which an hour later would fire a mine for the wrecking of a sap or a tunnel by which the enemy could follow..  All these little columns of men kept joining up…there was no check, no halting, no haste or running, just a steady, silent tramp of single file, without any lights or smoking, and every yard brought us nearer to safety.
Each line marched, like so many ghostly figures in the dim light in single file on to its allotted jetty, and so on to a motor barge….there was a short pause to make sure no one had been left behind."

General Sir John Monash, in a letter to his wife.

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"It was a great fight while we were getting out of the boats and a good many got shot but a bayonet charge soon shifted the Turks and things got pretty lively. Towards 12 noon they were knocking us over pretty often and I stopped a bullet in my pocket book after it had been through my arm."

Private John Croft, 3rd Battalion

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First troops home

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2nd Conscription Referendum

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1st Conscription referendum

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Lone Pine 7 Aus. receive Vic.Cross

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25th April Officially ANZAC day.

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1st Anzac day 1916, dinner returned soldiers

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British Withdrawal

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Cooee Recruitment March

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1st Div lands in Gallipoli

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Aus. Red Cross est.

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1st Contingent sets Sail

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Aus PM Fisher declares support

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Austro- Huangarian empire Declare War

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Enlistment Plays

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Australian enlistment WW1

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Romance of war,1st Anzac Day WW1 Australia ANZAC new zealand

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Frightful First World War

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CBBC Horrible Histories s05e15 Frightful First World War

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