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The regions of the brain that are most seriously affected by prenatal alcohol exposure in terms of ability to function are:
- Frontal Lobes - this area controls impulses and judgment. The most noteworthy damage to the brain probably occurs in the prefrontal cortex, which controls what are called the Executive Functions.
- Corpus Callosum - passes information from the left brain (rules, logic) to the right brain (impulse, feelings) and vice versa. The Corpus Callosum in an individual with FAS/ARND might be smaller than normal, and in some cases it is almost nonexistent.
- Hippocampus - plays a fundamental role in memory, learning, and emotion.
- Hypothalamus - controls appetite, emotions, temperature, and pain sensation.
- Cerebellum - controls coordination and movement, behavior and memory.
- Basal Ganglia - affects spatial memory and behaviors like perseveration and the inability to switch modes, work toward goals, and predict behavioral outcomes, and the perception of time.
- Amygdala – central part of emotional circuitry, senses danger, fear and anxiety; plays major role in recognizing faces and facial expressions, social behavior, aggression, and emotional memory; critical for stimulus-reinforcement association learning.

Kellerman, Teresa. "Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the BRAIN" http://www.come-over.to/FAS/FASbrain.htm (May 4, 2017)

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The corpus callosum is the area of the brain that processes the information between the right and left brain. This area helps both sides of the brain work together to make everyday decisions. In people with FAS, the corpus callosum is damaged and does not function adequately. There are not as many pathways between the two sides of the brain, and so information is passed slowly or ineffectively.

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Woman who drink alcohol while pregnant may harm can harm the fetus. Alcohol passes from the mother's blood into the baby's blood. This will damage and affect the growth of the brain and spinal cord cells. The effects of alcohol can include distinctive facial features. A child may have a small head, flat face, and narrow eye openings. This gets more obvious by age 2 or 3 years. Growth problems. Children who were exposed to alcohol before they were born may be smaller than other children of the same age. Learning and behavior problems. Problems bonding or feeding as a newborn. Also, drinking a lot during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or a premature baby.
Although the risk is higher with heavy alcohol use, any amount of alcohol may affect the baby. Of course the only way to prevent any of this is to not drink while pregnant. Of course the effects can vary. This depends on how much you drink, how often you drink, and at what stage of the pregnancy you drank. It could also be genetic, traits can be passed down by generations and some babies will be harmed by alcohol more than others. Also, if the mother did drugs and drank while she was pregnant, this could affect the baby even more severely.
If you have had alcohol while pregnant, the best thing to do is speak with your doctor and be honest. Signs of FASD don't always appear at birth.  Finding alcohol effects early gives a child the best chance to reach his or her full potential in life. Finding the problem early may help prevent problems in school and mental health problems, this is why it is so important to be honest with your doctor.  Although there aren't any treatments that can reverse the effect of alcohol or make it less severe, you can still help your child with what they are going through. Taking care of a child with FAS takes patience. This can include extra support in school, social skills training, job training, and counseling. There are charities and foundations that can help your family handle the costs and emotions from raising your child.
When you consume alcohol, so does your baby. This is because the alcohol you consume passes through the placenta and into the baby's bloodstream. This is bad because babies are so much smaller than adults and they break down alcohol way slower than adults do. This means that the alcohol stays in the baby's blood longer than in a fully developed person.  Alcohol is a teratogen, which is a substance know to be harmful to human development.

"How Alcohol Affects the Baby's Brain" http://www.npaihb.org/images/projects_docs/How%20Alcohol%20Affects%20the%20Baby.pdf (May 2, 2017)

O'Neil, Erica. "Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Central Nervous System Development" https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/effects-prenatal-alcohol-exposure-central-nervous-system-development (May 2, 2017)

"Diseases and Conditions Fetal Alcohol Syndrome" http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20021015 (May 2, 2017)

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Jeanpaul Schiffino
Sandra Thompson

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epzfLRsh3BA

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Kellerman, John. "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome" http://www.come-over.to/FAS/johnfasletter.htm (April 15, 2017)

Allen, Taylor. "Real Stories from People living with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders" https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/stories.html (April 15, 2017)

Kids Health. "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome" http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/fas.html (March 27, 2017)

National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. "Living with FASD" https://www.nofas.org/living-with-fasd/ (March 27, 2017)

Brennan, Dan. 2015. "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome" http://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-alcohol-syndrome (March 27, 2017)

Medline Plus. "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders" https://medlineplus.gov/fetalalcoholspectrumdisorders.html (March 27, 2017)

MedBroadcast. "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effects" http://www.medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-and-fetal-alcohol-effects (March 27, 2017)

Kellerman, Teresa. "Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the BRAIN" http://www.come-over.to/FAS/FASbrain.htm (May 4, 2017)

"How Alcohol Affects the Baby's Brain" http://www.npaihb.org/images/projects_docs/How%20Alcohol%20Affects%20the%20Baby.pdf (May 2, 2017)

O'Neil, Erica. "Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Central Nervous System Development" https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/effects-prenatal-alcohol-exposure-central-nervous-system-development (May 2, 2017)

"Diseases and Conditions Fetal Alcohol Syndrome" http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20021015 (May 2, 2017)

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People who suffer from FAS can be born with physical deformalities.

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Another example is John Kellerman. He is 24 year old man and he suffers from FAS. John was born very small and with many problems. He had a hole in his heart and he needed open heart surgery. Another problem was that his eyes were crossed and needed surgery for that as well. The part that was damaged the most was his brain. He doesn’t have many friends, but he also likes to be independent. John can’t control his behavior at times, so that gets him in trouble.  He has poor judgement skills when it comes to making decisions of his own. John has problems with his memory, emotion, behavior, impulses, and doesn’t learn from his consequences.  He feels that people make him uncomfortable because they don’t understand what he went through. John said that his mom tried to teach him the right and wrongs but little things still get to him, like people not accepting him for who he is. He loves talking to people and understanding big words. People can easily take advantage of him without him realizing it, and can be led in the wrong direction by someone promising him their friendship or affection. He’s afraid to show his emotions because he’s afraid of people taking advantage of him.

Kellerman, John. "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome" http://www.come-over.to/FAS/johnfasletter.htm (April 15, 2017)

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A great example of someone that suffers from Fetal alcohol syndrome is a 23 year old man named Taylor Allen. Taylor was diagnosed with FASD in 8th grade. He struggled with ADHD in the first grade before his parents noticed that he suffered from FAS. Some of Taylor’s behaviors were out of control. He lied and took things that weren’t his from school. He once brought a pocket knife to school and got in trouble with the police so he had to seek counseling. The counselor noticed a gap between action, reaction, and consequences, and had Taylor tested. Taylor was finally diagnosed with FASD. He also struggles with getting a lot of attention from people, has trouble managing time, he had poor solving skills, and he didn’t learn from his consequences. He really suffered from depression and anxiety.  After a great deal of struggles, Taylor earned his associates degree in electronic from a trade school. Taylor currently works as a lead custodian at an area airport. A couple times a year, Taylor speaks to others about what he had to go through and what problems he had to face with his disorder.

Allen, Taylor. "Real Stories from People living with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders" https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/stories.html (April 15, 2017)

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          Fetal alcohol syndrome causes a variety of mental, physical, and developmental disabilities. While a woman is pregnant, alcohol crosses the placenta to the fetus and damages the developing cells. Any amount of alcohol can have a negative effect so there is no amount that is considered “safe”. The brain and central nervous system are very sensitive to alcohol and can suffer permanent damage. Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs in about 1 to 3 of every 1000 live births each year. Drinking while pregnant can cause the baby to have many disorders ranging from mild to severe. The symptoms to these disorders can be problems with kidneys and bones, learning disabilities, trouble with coordination and attention, and problems with sleep and suckling as a baby. The symptoms will get worse as the child gets older. One major reason this happens is because as the baby is growing in the fetus, it doesn’t have a fully grown liver to process the alcohol, therefore it easily gets to the other organs and damages them.  

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          Fetal alcohol syndrome causes a variety of mental, physical, and developmental disabilities. While a woman is pregnant, alcohol crosses the placenta to the fetus and damages the developing cells. Any amount of alcohol can have a negative effect so there is no amount that is considered “safe”. The brain and central nervous system are very sensitive to alcohol and can suffer permanent damage. Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs in about 1 to 3 of every 1000 live births each year. Drinking while pregnant can cause the baby to have many disorders ranging from mild to severe. The symptoms to these disorders can be problems with kidneys and bones, learning disabilities, trouble with coordination and attention, and problems with sleep and suckling as a baby. The symptoms will get worse as the child gets older. One major reason this happens is because as the baby is growing in the fetus, it doesn’t have a fully grown liver to process the alcohol, therefore it easily gets to the other organs and damages them.  

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http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/fas.html

Drinking alcohol while a woman is pregnant can cause the child to develop fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The most severe is fetal alcohol syndrome. These disorders are caused by heavy drinking while pregnant. There is no specific amount of alcohol that is considered dangerous, any amount of alcohol can harm the baby and even lead to a miscarriage. Drinking alcohol during the first trimester can cause major birth defects. Further along in the pregnancy, alcohol can cause poor growth and brain damage.

https://www.nofas.org/living-with-fasd/

Having fetal alcohol syndrome can affect you your whole life. While you’re an infant you can be sensitive to light, noises and touch, you can develop slowly, and you have an increased chance of ear infections. While you’re a toddler, your memory can be very poor, you’ll have a lack of fear and be very hyperactive. As a teenager, you will have poor impulse control, and won’t be able to distinguish between public and private behaviors.

http://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-alcohol-syndrome

Drinking while pregnant can cause the baby to have many disorders ranging from mild to severe. The symptoms to these disorders can be problems with kidneys and bones, learning disabilities, trouble with coordination and attention, and problems with sleep and suckling as a baby. The symptoms will get worse as the child gets older. One major reason this happens is because as the baby is growing in the fetus, it doesn’t have a fully grown liver to process the alcohol, therefore it easily gets to the other organs and damages them. The most severe problems happen in the first trimester.

https://medlineplus.gov/fetalalcoholspectrumdisorders.html

Alcohol can affect the baby at any stage during the pregnancy. People with fetal alcohol syndrome have growth problems, facial and nervous system abnormalities. Fetal alcohol syndrome isn’t curable, it last a lifetime. There are some treatments that can help. These include medicines to help with some symptoms and behavior therapy. Every child is different so each child can have a different treatment.

medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-and-fetal-alcohol-effects

Fetal alcohol syndrome causes a variety of mental, physical, and developmental disabilities. While a woman is pregnant, any alcohol intake crosses the placenta to the fetus therefore damaging the developing cells of the fetus.The brain and central nervous system are very sensitive to alcohol and can suffer permanent damage. Any amount of alcohol can have a negative effect so there is no amount that is considered “safe”. Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs in about 1 to 3 of every 1000 live births each year. It is also estimated that about 1,000 babies will be born with fetal alcohol syndrome each year.