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1. The Origins of Sociology

2. Gender Roles

3. Sociology of Sports

4. Culture

5. Socialization

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1. Socialization and Personality: Nearly all aspects of social life are not natural but learned through socialization. Humans at birth are helpless and without knowledge of their society’s ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Socialization is the process of learning to participate in group life. This type of learning takes place in something known as transmission. Psychological case studies point out the fact that importance of socialization starts early in life. Without socialization human beings cannot learn the set of attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors associated with being an individual in society.

2. Importance of Socialization: Without prolonged and intensive social contact, children do not learn such basics as walking, talking, and loving. Psychologists Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow devised experiments that showed the negative effects of social isolation of rhesus monkeys. Many experts on human development believe that human infants, like the monkeys in the experiment have emotional needs for affection, intimacy, and warmth that are as important as their physiological needs for food, water, and protection.

3. Agents of Socialization: The agents of socialization are family, religion, schools, peer group and media. Family is generally the first agent of socialization to teach children the gender roles considered appropriate in the general society or in the family’s culture. Religious values have played an important role in American society from colonial times onward. Schools are a big thing because children are under the care and supervision of adults who are not relatives. Peer group is a big one because it is a set of individuals of roughly the same age and interests. Media is a big thing because it is a way of communication designed to reach the general population.

4. The Family and Socialization: The child’s first exposure to the world occurs within the family. Within the family the child learns to think and speak; internalize norms, beliefs, and values; form some basic attitudes; develop a capacity for intimate and personal relationships; and acquire a self-image. The significance of the family reaches way past its direct effects on the child too.

5. Socialization through the Lifecycle: In the childhood, children have been regarded as adults in miniature. Adolescence is a stage of development between childhood and adulthood; typically spanning an individual’s teenage years. In Adulthood and Old Age, it is known as traditional adulthood and it is a period after high school when young adults have not yet assumed the responsibilities that are usually associated with adulthood. In the death and dying stage, it is from a sociological perspective and death is known as a process rather than an event.

6. Desocialization and Resocialization: Desocialization is known as the process of giving up old norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. Resocialization is the process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.

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1. Culture and Heredity: Instincts are genetically inherited patterns of behavior. Human infants cannot go very far on instincts. Instincts are not enough to solve the problems that humans face.

2. Ideal and Real Culture: Ideal culture is something that refers to cultural guidelines publically embraced by members of society. Real culture is something that that refers to actual behavior patterns. The ideals talked about in the chapter are targets that most people attempt to reach most of the time.

3. Cultural Diversity: Cultural diversity exists in every society. Certain behaviors are associated with particular ages, genders, or religions. Factors that promote cultural diversity are immigration, globalism, better and faster communications, travel, and increase cultural relevance. Cultural relevance is making sure that materials are appropriate for the cultures for which they are intended. Other things involved in cultural diversity would be folk culture and pop culture. Culture shock is another important thing involved in this. Cultural diversity also comes from groups that differ in particular ways from the larger culture.

4. Subcultures: A subculture is part of the dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects. There are many problems that are associated with subcultures. Members in these types of cultures can be labeled with negative stereotypes, from both within and outside the society. Subcultures can also be prone to social problems.

5. Countercultures: A counterculture is a subculture that is deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture. More recent examples of mainly teenage countercultures include the “goth” and the “punk” scenes.

6. Expression of Cultural Universals: Cultural universals are not always carried out in the same way. One cultural universal is caring for children. In the US, women used to only work in the house caring for the children, while the men worked outside the house. Even though since then this has changed, women are still mainly responsible for child care.

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1. Social Issues in Sport: Sport contributes to upward social mobility among collegiate athletes, but the opportunities are few and divert attention from learning academic and business-related skills necessary for success. Minorities still face discrimination in sport. Women suffer from gender-based stereotypes, but it is slowly improving.

2. Theoretical Perspectives and Sport: Functionalists think that sport is important mainly because it helps societies work smoothly. It teaches basic beliefs and values, promotes a sense of social identification, offers a safe release of aggressive feelings, and encourages the development of character. To conflict theorists, sport is a social institution where the most powerful oppress, manipulate, coerce and exploit others.

3. The Nature of Sport: As a social institution, sport fulfills important societal needs. It teaches some of the basic values of society. Sport in American society reflects the culture’s emphasis of achievement.

4. Positives Effects from Sports: The positives that can come from sports would be that people learn what it is like to have to work as a team and they learn dedication.

5. Negative Effects from Sports: The negatives us that is can produce a lot of stress and it can take away time from school work.

6. We should have sports in high schools everywhere because I feel that students learn from them. Students learn sportsmanship and teamwork. Students may not only learn from the sport, but they can also learn from the coaches. Sometimes the coaches can teach lessons that are vulnerable to the students even off the court or the field.

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1. Women as a Minority Group: The view of biological determinism is believed to have led to racism and sexism. Sexism is a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to justify gender inequality. Sexist ideology is the belief that men are naturally superior to women and it has been used to justify men’s leadership and power positions in the political, economic, and social society. Sex discrimination is getting better and that is known because more women now have big positions in jobs that are traditionally supposed to be for men. Huge numbers of women have made impressive gains in their own lives and some of the most impressive gains that women have made are in education.

2. Sociologists and Gender-Related Behavior: Most sociologists say that gender-related behavior is not primarily the result of biology. An anthropologists named Margaret Mead found that men and women were conditioned to be cooperative, unaggressive, and empathetic. In Mundugumor, both men and women were trained to be “masculine”--they were aggressive, unresponsive, and ruthless to the needs of others. In another example, women were dominant, impersonal, and aggressive, and men were submissive and dependent. Mead concluded that human nature is sufficiently flexible to rule out biological determinism. Mead’s findings clearly supported that gender roles are not fixed at birth.

3. Schools and Gender Socialization: The most critical period of gender socialization is early childhood, but it also occurs in school. Preschool teachers are known to encourage different behaviors from boys and girls. It is shown as the students get older and are in the grades of fourth, sixth, and eighth that the boys are more likely to call out answers in class and the girls would sit and wait to be called on. Teachers were more likely to accept the answers when the boys would yell them out than when the girls would yell them out. The girls were told “In this class we don’t shout out answers, we raise our hands.” It is said that boys should be academically assertive and grab teacher attention and girls should act like ladies and stay quiet.

4. Peers and Gender Socialization: People want to be liked, so acceptance and rejection by their peers can influence their self-concepts in a huge way. People who play football and the girls who are cheerleaders are usually thought of as higher up and are given more respect than “feminine” boys or “masculine” girls. For people to behave in a different way is to chance rejection and a huge loss of their self-esteem.

5. Parents and Gender Socialization: Parents are very important in gender socialization because they send values and attitudes regarding how boys and girls should behave. The learning of gender begins at birth and is established by the time the child is two and a half years old. Studies of baby care have found that girls are cuddled more, talked to more, and handled more gently than the boys are. Gender is taught and reinforced in family chores. In a study by Lynn White and David Brinkerhoff found that boys are usually given more “masculine” chores and girls are given more “feminine” chores.

6. Conflict Theory and Gender: According to conflict theory, it is to men’s advantage to prevent women from gaining access to political, economic, and social resources. The Taliban prohibited girls from attending school and banned women from all work outside of the house. Conflict theorists see traditional gender roles as outdated. They think that the men have maintained their controlling role in government, the workplace, social settings, and at home not because it helps society run smoother but because they want to keep their own advantage and power. Conflict theorists say that a social order like this results in unfair exploitation of women.

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1. Max Weber: Weber’s parents conflicting values affected him psychologically and eventually he suffered a complete mental breakdown, but recovered to do some of his best work. He became a university professor trained in law and economics. Weber wrote about many different topics, including the nature of power, the religions of the world, the nature of social classes, and the development and nature of bureaucracy. His most famous book is titled, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which was published in 1906. He believed that an understanding of the personal intentions of people in groups can be best accomplished through the method of verstehen--understanding the social behavior of others by putting yourself mentally in their places. He identified rationalization as a key influence in the change from a preindustrial to an industrial society. Rationalization is the mindset that emphasizes the use of knowledge, reason, and planning.

2. Auguste Comte: He is a frenchman who is recognized as the father of sociology. Comte was expelled for protesting against the examination procedures at the elite Ecole Polytechnique. Comte’s main concern was the improvement of society. Since no science of society existed, he attempted to create one himself. He made the term sociology to describe the science. He wanted to use scientific observation in the study of social behavior. He called it positivism. He distinguished between the social statics, the study of social stability and order, and social dynamics, which is the study of social change. Comte published his theories in a book called Positive Philosophy, but he died before people were able to begin to appreciate his work.

3. Harriet Martineau: She is an Englishwoman and was born into a solidly middle-class home. She lost her sense of taste, smell, and hearing before she even reaches her adult years. Her family lost their business to a business depression. Without the family income, she was forced to find a dependable source of income to be able to support herself. Martineau is best known for her translation of Comte’s Positive Philosophy. Even though she was hearing impaired, she made original contributions in the areas of research methods, political economy, and feminist theory. She became a popular writer of celebrity status. She established herself as a pioneering feminist theorist. By writing about the position of women in society, Martineau helped inspire future feminist theorists.

4. Karl Marx: He is a German scholar that didn’t consider himself a sociologist. He studied law in Bonn and Berlin. After completing his legal studies, he became a journalist and soon became the editor of a radical newspaper. Karl Marx identified several social classes in the nineteenth century. Those social classes were farmers, servants, factory workers, craftspeople, owners of small businesses, and moneyed capitalists. He predicted that at some point all industrial societies would end up only having two social classes, which would be the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie are those who own the means for producing wealth in industrial society. The proletariat work for the bourgeoisie and are paid just the right amount to stay alive. For Karl, the key to the discovery of the history was called class conflict, which is a clash between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

5. Jane Addams: She was the best known of the early female social reformers in the United States. Addams went to the Women’s Medical College of Philadelphia but she had to drop out because she became ill. When Addams saw an example of social action, she began her life’s work which was to seek social justice. With a friend from college named Ellen Gates Starr, she cofounded Hull House in Chicago’s slums. At this place, people who needed refuge--immigrants, the sick, the poor, the aged--could find help. In addition to this, she was active in the woman suffrage and peace movements. She was then awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 and was the first sociologist to receive that honor.

6. Julian Samora: He became the first known Mexican American to earn a doctorate in sociology. After he graduated he went on to conduct pioneering work in Mexican American studies. His focus was on civil rights and discrimination, poverty, the movement of people along the Mexican-American border, and public health.

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The topics are similar because they all relate to sociology in a way. They also relate to society. These things can all change the way that people behave, think, act, and believe in things. People can be treated in a bad way because of their gender or because of their religion or culture. It isn’t right, but it still happens. These things are also similar because they can all change over time and you can change and end up being interested in different things. These things can also affect the way you see yourself and your self-confidence.

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1. The Origins of Sociology: This relates to my life because this had to do with all of the founders of sociology. If people hadn’t figured out all of these different concepts that go into sociology, then we wouldn’t be where we are today and we wouldn’t know the things that we do now about the way people grow up and the way that people learn and interact with others.

2. Gender Roles: This relates to my life because I am a female and it helps me to understand what it is like for women now and back in the old days. I think that it is a huge deal that things have changed for women since back in the day because we used to have to stay home and do the housework and take care of the children. It wasn’t believed that we could do the jobs that the men had, but now women are out doing a lot of the same jobs that men do.

3. Sociology of Sports: This relates to my life because I have played sports through my whole life so far and it has helped me a lot with my social life. I have always been very shy around people that I didn’t know just like my sister and my mom. When I played sports I was able to talk more because there was something that was there for me to talk to my teammates about and that helped us to connect with each other.

4. Culture: This relates to my life because culture is a huge part of my life. The religion that I practice is what has shaped me to believe in what I believe and be who I am today. My parents have told me everything that they know about where I came from and the different types of origins that I come from so that I can be the best me possible and know where I come from.

5. Socialization: This relates to my life because everyone that I have had a relationship with has made me who I am today. All of the people that I am around at school and work has helped me to see myself in a better way and helped me to understand who I am supposed to be as a person. My peers have helped me see the way that negative things can affect you and so I have made sure that I stray away from those negative things in life.

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1. Gender Roles: This connects to the way it was for women in the 19th century. The women were expected to be like maids for their husbands. They had to stay home and take care of the children, clean the house, and have dinner on the table by five. The women were not allowed to have jobs outside the house and were not allowed to complain about anything.

2. Sociology of Sports: Jackie Robinson was a big hero in sports. He changed the history of baseball. He was the first African American to play on the Brooklyn Dodgers team. He took a lot of crap from people and he changed the way that African Americans would look at sports. He showed the world that the color of your skin doesn’t matter and that you can be just as good as the whites if you are black.