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Characteristics:
Plantation farming is a form of commercial agriculture found in developing countries. Plantations are often owned or operated by Europeans or North Americans, and they grow crops primarily for sale to developed countries. Crops are normally processed at the plantation before being shipped because processed goods are less bulky and or therefor cheaper to ship the long distances to the North American and European markets.

Crop:
Some of the most important crops grown on plantations are cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber and tobacco. Others that are grown in large quantities include cocoa, jute, bananas, tea, coconuts, and palm oil. Latin American- coffee, sugarcane, and bananas.
Asian plantations- rubber and palm oil.
Crops such as tobacco, cotton, and sugarcane are less likely to be planted in large plantations today than in the past, because they can only be planted once a year.
Where is it found:
Most plantations are located in the tropics and subtropics, especially in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. They are generally situated in developing countries.
Pros/cons:
Pros: Workers are provided with food, housing, and social services. Plantation managers try to spread the work as evenly as possible throughout the year to make full use of the large labor force. Where climate is good more than one crop is planted and harvested annually.
Cons: During the Civil War the development of new varieties of cotton were hardier and easier to pick causing slaves from Africa to performed most of the labor until the abolition of slavery and the defeat of the South in the Civil War. Thereafter, plantations declined in the U.S.; they were either subdivided, sold to individual farmers, or worked by tenant farmers.
Important terms:

Plantation- a large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops.

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Intensive subsistence agriculture with wet rice not Dominat

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Intensive subsistence agriculture with wet rice not Dominat

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Characteristics: Climate prevents farmers from growing wet rices in portions of Asia especially where summer precipitation levels are too low and winter are harsh.

Crops: Wheat is the most important crop followed by barley. Other crops that grow there are millet,oats, corn sorghum, and soybeans.

Where is it found: Interior of India and Northeastern China.

Pros/Cons: Con: productivity did not increase as much as the government expected it to because people worked less efficiently. Reorganization is difficult irrigation systems, equipment, and other infrastructure were developed to work for large farms. Small family owned farms cannot afford all the equipment.

Important terms.
Crop rotation- the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop to avoid exhausting the soil.

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Intensive Subsistence with wet rice Dominant

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Intensive Subsistence with wet rice Dominant

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Characteristics: Growing rice involves four principal steps: field preparation, flooding, transplanting, and Harvesting. The agriculture density and ratio of farmers to arable land is high (east and south asia) families must produce in a small area to survive. Also, shifting cultivation, and pastoral normadism are forms of subsistence agriculture found in regions of low density

Crops: Wet rice is the most important source of food.

Where is it found: China and India account for 50% of the world's rice production. Its also in Southeastern China, East India, and much of Southeast Asia.

Pros/Cons: Cons: Too much or too little water can damage the crop which is a problem for farmers so they try to depend on Monsoon rains but they don't always arrive at the same time each summer.

Important terms:
double cropping harvesting twice a year from the same field.

Sawah: Flodded field.

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Characteristics:
Farmers clear land for planting by cutting vegetation and burning the debris. They grow crops on clear fields for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted.

Crops: The crops grown by the villages is rice, maize, manioc, millet and sorghum, yams, sugarcane, plantain, and vegetables.

Where is it found:  Rice is found in Southeast Asia, Maize and Manioc in south america, and millet (seedless grasses) and sorghum (flowering plants) in Africa. Yams,sugarcane, plantation and vegetables are also grown  in some regions.

Pros/cons: Con- shifting cultivation can support only a small portion of an area without causing environmental damage.

Pro- pioneers use shifting cultivation to clear forest in the tropics and open land for development.

Important terms:
intermingled- mix together

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Characteristics: Pastoral nomads depend on animals rather than crops for survival.

animals and crops: Animals provide milk, skin and hair are used for clothing and tents. A crop the nomads consume is grain. The top three animals are Camel, sheep, and goat.

Where is it found: Nomads live primarily in central and southwest Asia and North Africa. They plant the crop in areas where its flooded and return a year later. Camels, goats, and sheep are highly desired in North America and south Asia.

Pro/Cons: Pro: Camels are well suited for dry climates, they can go long periods without water, and carry heavy baggage. Goats can move quickly and survive on areas with low vegetation. Con: Camels are bothered by flies and sleeping sickness. While Goats need more water than camels and sheep. They move very slow and are affected by climate changes.

Important terms:
Transhumance- seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and low land pasture areas.

Agile- be able to move quickly.

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Developing regions: Agricultural regions and climate ???

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Developing regions: Agricultural regions and climate ???

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Characteristics: Agriculture varies between the dry lands and the tropics within developing countries and the dry lands between

Crops: wine production is relatively low in Africa and Asia.

Where is it found: Developed and Developing countries.

Pros/Cons-