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Protein functions include speed up chemical reactions, defence, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and structural support

1. Primary

Set of 20 amino acids

Is its unique sequence of amino acids

2. Secondary

The coils and folds result from hydrogen bonds

a helix & B pleated sheet

3. Tertiary

These interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions

A mix of both a helix and B pleated sheet

4. Quaternary

results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

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Are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

- Fats

Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules (glycerol and fatty acids)

3 fatty acids joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, creating a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

Fats have saturated fats and unsaturated fats which saturated fats is saturated fatty acid with no double bonds while unsaturated fats is unsaturated fatty acids have one or more bonds

*hydrogenation is a process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

-Phospholipids

two fatty acids and phospholipids attached to glycerol

two fatty acid tail which is hydrophobic while phospholipid and its attachment is hydrophilic

- Steroid

Are lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Cholesterol is a type of steroid

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Various functions in gene expression

Single-stranded

Complementary base pairing can occur between two RNA molecules

Thymine is replaced by Uracil (U)

Variable in form

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Stores hereditary information

have two polynucleotides spiralling around, forming a double felix

backbones run in opposite 3' - 5' directions from each other, referred as antiparallel

Certain bases paired up and form hydrogen bond, this is called complementary base pairing

Adenine (A) always with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) always with Cytosine (C)

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Serve as fuel and building materials

1. Monosaccharide

Have molecular formula CH2O

Common monosaccharide is Glucose C6H12O6

2. Disaccharide

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

The covalent bond is called glycosidic linkage

3. Polysaccharide

Have storage and structural roles

The architecture and functions are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages

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Macromolecules are polymers built from monomers